Cultural Property in Cross-Border Litigation

Name: Cultural Property in Cross-Border Litigation | Turning Rights into Claims
Brand: De Gruyter
Price: 99.95 EUR
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Turning Rights into Claims

Mara Wantuch-Thole(Autor*in)

De Gruyter (Verlag)

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 10. März 2015

XX, 400 Seiten

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978-3-11-035577-2 (ISBN)

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Inhalt

Intro
Contents
List of Abbreviations
Chapter 1. Introduction
§ 1. The Illicit Trade in Cultural Objects - A Scope of the Problem
I. General Remarks
II. Cross-Border Recovery of Misappropriated Cultural Property
1. The Principle of Justiciability
2. Misappropriated Cultural Objects in Litigation
a. Attorney General of New Zealand v. Ortiz
b. Government of Iran v. Barakat Galleries Ltd
§ 2. Objectives of the Book and Research Task
§ 3. Terminology and Delimitation
I. Movable Cultural Property
II. Antiquities
III. Archaeological and Historical Context
IV. Source Nations and Market Nations
§ 4. The Structure of the Book
Part I: Rights to Cultural Objects
Chapter 2. Sovereign Rights to Movable Cultural Objects
§ 1. Introduction
§ 2. Mechanisms of Acquiring Rights to Cultural Objects
I. Property Rights on the Ground of Ownership Declarations
1. Umbrella Statutes
2. Conditional Ownership Declarations
3. Mixed Law of Finders and State Ownership Approach
a. The UK Treasure Act 1996 - A Market Nation's Protection Scheme
b. Germany: The "Schatzregal"
4. Dual Regime between Finders Law and Cultural Property Law
5. Reporting Duties and Rewards
6. The Quality of the Proprietary Title
a. The Elmali Hoard-Case
b. Turkish Republic v The City of Basel
c. Government of Peru v Johnson
d. United States v McClain
II. Property Rights on the Grounds of an Immediate Right of Possession
III. Property Rights on the Ground of Export Legislation
1. The Ambit of Export Legislation
a. No Export Controls
b. Export Embargos
c. Classified National Heritage
2. Confiscatory Laws
a. Confiscatory Ownership ex lege
(1) Automatic Forfeiture
(2) Moment of Forfeiture
b. Confiscatory Ownership based upon an Administrative Act
3. Export Laws Granting a Right of First Refusal
a. Compulsory Purchase Offer
(1) The Waverley System
(2) The Dutch System
b. Optional Purchase Offer
4. Export Laws not granting Property Rights
5. Export Restriction and EU Law
IV. Property Interests on the Ground of Pre-Emption Rights
1. Pre-Emption Rights as a Mechanism to Acquire Fortuitous Finds
2. Pre-Emption Rights as Means of Acquiring Property from Private Collectors
a. Option to Purchase
b. Right of First Refusal
c. Right of First Negotiation
3. The Proprietary Nature of Options and Pre-Emption Rights
4. Pre-Emption Rights and the ECHR
5. Pre-Emption or Expropriation
§ 3. Mechanisms to Retain Ownership of Cultural Objects in the Public Domain
I. Objects Res Extra Commercium
II. Movable Cultural Objects dedicated for Public Use
1. The "öffentliche Dienstbarkeit"
2. The "dominio eminente"
III. Restrictions on Disposal
1. De-accession Provisions
a. Arising from Trust
b. Arising from Museum Governing Statutes
2. Exceptions to the Rule
a. Through Act of Parliament
b. Through Voluntary Surrender of Title
§ 4. Conclusion for Chapter 2
Chapter 3. Title to Cultural Objects under the Private Law of Finds
§ 1. Introduction
§ 2. The Common Law of Finders
I. Superincumbent Finds
1. Priority of Possession
2. The Manifest Intention-Test
II. Subsoil Finds
III. The Trespassing Finder
IV. The Employee versus his Master
V. Finder Obligations
VI. Concluding Remarks to the Common Law of Finders
§ 3. The Civilian Law of Finders
I. The Acquisition of Title in General
II. Master versus Servant
III. Finder versus Occupier
IV. Fortuitously Discovered Treasure
1. The Allocation of Title based on Equitable Division
2. The Conflict between Civil and Public law
3. Treasure Acquired through Trespass
V. Concluding Remarks to the Civilian Law of Finds
§ 4. Excursion: Finders Law as a Means of Protecting Antiquities
I. The Need for an Incentive to Return Archaeological Finds into Circulation
II. The Protection of Archaeological Data through the Portable Antiquities Scheme
§ 5. Conclusion to Chapter 3
Part II: Turning Rights into Claims
Chapter 4. International Law with Regard to the Recovery of Cultural Objects
§ 1. Introduction
§ 2. European Union Initiatives
I. Council Regulation (EC) No 116/2009
II. Council Directive 93/7/EEC
III. Iraq Council Regulation (EC) No 1210/2003
IV. Syria Council Regulation (EU) No 1332/2013
§ 3. Uniform Law International Instruments
I. Treaty of Washington 1935
II. The Hague Convention 1954
1. First Protocol of the 1954 Hague Convention
2. Second Protocol of the 1954 Hague Convention
IV. The 1970 UNESCO Convention
1. The Principles of the Convention
2. Implementing the Convention into National Law
a. Bilateral Approach
(1) United States of America
(2) Switzerland
b. Multilateral Approach
(1) Germany
(2) Netherlands
c. UK Implementation
V. The 1995 UNIDROIT Convention
1. Principles of the Convention
2. Weaknesses Preventing Implementation
VI. Commonwealth Scheme for the Protection of the Material Cultural Heritage 1993
VII. The 2011 UNESCO and UNIDROIT Model Provisions on State Ownership of Undiscovered Cultural Objects
§ 4. Conclusion
Chapter 5. Choice of Law Methodology in International Cultural Property Cases
§ 1. Introduction
§ 2. Acquisition of Title to Stolen Property
I. Jurisdictions favouring the Original Owner
II. Jurisdictions favouring the Good Faith Acquirer
III. Moderate Jurisdictions
§ 3. The Application of the Lex Situs and its Consequences
§ 4. Legal Alternatives for Disputes involving Cultural Property
I. The Law of the Closest Connection
II. Renvoi
III. Lex Situs Originis
1. The Resolution of the "Institute de Droit International"
2. Art. 12 of the EC Directive 93/7 EEC
3. Belgian Code on PIL of 16 July 2004
IV. The Proposed Choice of Law Rule
1. Characterisation of the Object
2. Protection of the Good Faith Purchaser
3. The Good Faith - Test
4. Reversed Burden of Proof
5. ARule on Discovery
6. The Nationality of the Object
a. The Closest Connecting Factor
b. Problematic Constellations
(1) Orphaned Objects
(2) State Succession
(3) Subjective Cultural Importance
c. Sharing Agreements as an Alternative Method
§ 5. Conclusion to Chapter 5
Chapter 6. Cross-Border Enforcement and Justiciability in a Comparative Perspective
§ 1. Introduction
§ 2. International Resolutions on the Justiciability of Foreign Public Law
I. The Wiesbaden Resolution 1975
II. Resolution of the "Institute de Droit International"
III. Resolution adopted by the International Law Association in 1988
§ 3. England and Wales
I. Enforcement: Prerogative Claims to Cultural Objects
1. Acta Jure Gestionis and Acta Jure Imperii
a. Attorney General of New Zealand v Ortiz
b. Iran v Barakat: First Instance Decision
2. 'Penal laws' within the Context of Dicey Rule 3 (1)
3. 'Other Public Laws' within the Context of Dicey Rule 3 (1)
a. Unjusiticiable Public Laws - A Conundrum
b. The Adoption of the 'Governmental Interest' - Test
II. Recognition: Patrimonial Claims to Cultural Objects
1. The Recognition of Claims according to the Doctrine of Vested Rights
a. Iran v Barakat - Court of Appeal Decision
b. The Medici-Archives
c. City of Gotha v Sotheby's
2. Recognition based on a Possessory Title
a. The Common Law Action in Conversion
b. Immediate Right of Possession as Title under English Law
3. Recognition based on Confiscatory Legislation
a. Possession at the Time of the Confiscatory Act
b. Lack of Possession at the Time of Confiscatory Act
III. Cross-Border Enforcement on the Ground of Public Policy
1. The Notion of Public Policy
2. Public Policy and its Function as a Correction Tool
a) Positive Public Policy
b) Negative Public Policy
c) Transnational Public Policy
3. Cultural Property as a Policy Consideration
IV. Reflections on England and Wales
§ 4. The U.S. Approach
I. The McClain-Doctrine
II. McClain Revisited - United States v Schultz
III. Civil Recovery on the Grounds of McClain - An Antique Platter of Gold
IV. Reflections on U.S. Law
§ 5. The German Approach
I. General Rules
II. Rules on Cross-Border Enforcement and Justiciability
1. The Imprint Theory
2. Cross-Border Enforcement on the Ground of Public Policy
3. Cross-Border Enforcement Jurisprudence
a) The Egyptian Sarcophagus-Case
b) The Greek Coins-Case
4. Recognition within the Scope of the Immorality of Conduct
a) The Nigeria-Decision
b) Three Phrygian Offering Cups and Two Byzantine Incense Burners
III. Reflections on German Law
§ 6. The Swiss Approach
I. Swiss Federal Act on Private International Law 1987
II. India v Crédit Agricole Indosuez
III. Reflections on Swiss Law
IV. Conclusion to Chapter 6
Summary
Bibliography
Annex

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