Electromagnetic Waves in Stratified Media

Preface to Second EditionPreface to First EditionI General Introduction 1. Scope of the Subject 2. Notation and Some Basic Ideas 3. Summary of Subject Matter in following Chapters General ReferencesII Reflection of Electromagnetic Waves from Horizontally Stratified Media Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Plane Wave Incidence 3. Extension to Perpendicular Incidence 4. Impedance Matching and Natural Oscillations in Stratified Media 5. Line Source Excitation 6. Line Source on a Homogeneous Medium 7. Line Source over a Thin Layer 8. The Radiation Field of the Line Source for Any Number of Layers 9. Magnetic Line Source over a Stratified Medium 10. Magnetic Line Source over a Dielectric Coated Conductor 11. The Fields of a Vertical Electric Dipole over a Stratified Half-Space 12. Some Experimental Measurements Appendix A Evaluation of the Integral P Appendix B Numerical Results for Surface Impedance of a Stratified Conductor ReferencesIII Reflection of Electromagnetic Waves from Inhomogeneous Media with Special Profiles Abstract 1. Introduction 2. General Considerations 3. Inverse Square Profile 4. Profile with an Exponential Transition 5. Other Exponential Profiles 6. Linear Profile 7. Extension to Vertical Polarization 8. Exponential Profile with Vertical Polarization 9. Power Law Profile for Normal Incidence ReferencesIV Approximate Methods for Treating Reflections from Inhomogeneous Media Abstract 1. Introduction and the Conventional WKB Method 2. WKB Method for Oblique Incidence 3. Generalization of WKB Method 4. Generalized WKB Method for Vertical Polarization 5. Relation to Geometrical Optics 6. Application to Tropospheric Propagation 7. The Phase Integral Approach 8. A Generalization of the Phase Integral Method 9. Phase Integral for Vertical Polarization 10. Rapidly Varying Transition Region 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Differential Equation for the Reflection Coefficient 10.3 Iterative Solution 10.4 Some Simple Extensions of the Solution 10.5 Discussion of the Form of the Solution ReferencesV Propagation along a Spherical Surface Abstract 1. Basic Formulation 2. The Watson Transformation 3. Formula for Small Curvature 4. Influence of an Inhomogeneous Atmosphere 5. Equivalent Earth Radius Concept 6. Extension to Non-Linear Atmosphere 7. Asymptotic Form of the Solution 8. Distance to the Horizon 9. Concluding Remarks ReferencesVI Fundamentals of Mode Theory of Wave Propagation Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Basic Concepts 3. Formulation for Flat Earth Case 3.1 Vertical Dipole Excitation 3.2 Horizontal Dipole Excitation 4. Properties of the Modes for Flat Earth Case 4.1 Vertical Polarization 4.2 Horizontal Polarization 5. Influence of Earth Curvature 6. Mode Series for a Curved Earth 7. Antipodal Effects 8. Resonator-Type Oscillations between Earth and the Ionosphere 9. Excitation by Horizontal Dipoles for the Curved Earth 10. Higher Approximations to the Curved Earth Theory 11. Influence of Stratification at the Lower Edge of the Ionosphere 12. Average Decay Laws 13. Appendix ReferencesVII Characteristics of the Modes for VLF Propagation Abstract 1. Introduction 2. The Ground Wave 3. The Sky Waves 4. The Roots of the Modal Equation 5. Comments on a More Accurate Form of the Mode Equation 6. The Height-Gain Functions 7. The Excitation of VLF Modes 8. Discussion of the Earth Detached Mode ReferencesVIII Propagation in Stratified Magneto-Plasma Media Abstract 1. Introduction 2. The Dielectric Properties of a Plasma 3. The Field Equations 4. Reflection Coefficient for a Plane Boundary between Free Space and Plasma 5.