More Effective C#

Introduction xi



Chapter 1: Working with Data Types 1

Item 1: Use Properties Instead of Accessible Data Members 1

Item 2: Prefer Implicit Properties for Mutable Data 8

Item 3: Prefer Immutability for Value Types 12

Item 4: Distinguish Between Value Types and Reference Types 18

Item 5: Ensure That 0 Is a Valid State for Value Types 24

Item 6: Ensure That Properties Behave Like Data 28

Item 7: Limit Type Scope by Using Tuples 34

Item 8: Define Local Functions on Anonymous Types 39

Item 9: Understand the Relationships Among the Many Different Concepts of Equality 45

Item 10: Understand the Pitfalls of GetHashCode() 54



Chapter 2: API Design 61

Item 11: Avoid Conversion Operators in Your APIs 61

Item 12: Use Optional Parameters to Minimize Method Overloads 65

Item 13: Limit Visibility of Your Types 69

Item 14: Prefer Defining and Implementing Interfaces to Inheritance 73

Item 15: Understand How Interface Methods Differ from Virtual Methods 82

Item 16: Implement the Event Pattern for Notifications 86

Item 17: Avoid Returning References to Internal Class Objects 93

Item 18: Prefer Overrides to Event Handlers 97

Item 19: Avoid Overloading Methods Defined in Base Classes 100

Item 20: Understand How Events Increase Runtime Coupling Among Objects 104

Item 21: Declare Only Nonvirtual Events 107

Item 22: Create Method Groups That Are Clear, Minimal, and Complete 113

Item 23: Give Partial Classes Partial Methods for Constructors, Mutators, and Event Handlers 120

Item 24: Avoid ICloneable Because It Limits Your Design Choices 125

Item 25: Limit Array Parameters to params Arrays 129

Item 26: Enable Immediate Error Reporting in Iterators and Async Methods Using Local Functions 134



Chapter 3: Task-Based Asynchronous Programming 139

Item 27: Use Async Methods for Async Work 139

Item 28: Never Write async void Methods 143

Item 29: Avoid Composing Synchronous and Asynchronous Methods 149

Item 30: Use Async Methods to Avoid Thread Allocations and Context Switches 154

Item 31: Avoid Marshalling Context Unnecessarily 156

Item 32: Compose Asynchronous Work Using Task Objects 160

Item 33: Consider Implementing the Task Cancellation Protocol 166

Item 34: Cache Generalized Async Return Types 173



Chapter 4: Parallel Processing 177

Item 35: Learn How PLINQ Implements Parallel Algorithms 177

Item 36: Construct Parallel Algorithms with Exceptions in Mind 189

Item 37: Use the Thread Pool Instead of Creating Threads 195

Item 38: Use BackgroundWorker for Cross-Thread Communication 201

Item 39: Understand Cross-Thread Calls in XAML Environments 205

Item 40: Use lock() as Your First Choice for Synchronization 214

Item 41: Use the Smallest Possible Scope for Lock Handles 221

Item 42: Avoid Calling Unknown Code in Locked Sections 225



Chapter 5: Dynamic Programming 229

Item 43: Understand the Pros and Cons of Dynamic Typing 229

Item 44: Use Dynamic Typing to Leverage the Runtime Type of Generic Type Parameters 238

Item 45: Use DynamicObject or IDynamicMetaObjectProvider for Data-Driven Dynamic Types 242

Item 46: Understand How to Use the Expression API 253

Item 47: Minimize Dynamic Objects in Public APIs 259



Chapter 6: Participate in the Global C# Community 267

Item 48: Seek the Best Answer, Not the Most Popular Answer 267

Item 49: Participate in Specs and Code 269

Item 50: Consider Automating Practices with Analyzers 271



Index 273