State Ocean Jurisdiction

Preface xiii

Abbreviations xv

Table of Cases xx

Table of International Instruments xxvii

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Maritime uses 1

1.3 Maritime stakeholders 6

1.4 The concept of "State jurisdiction" 9

1.5 Analytical framework 17

2 The form of State ocean jurisdiction 22

2.1 Introduction 22

2.2 Legislative jurisdiction 24

2.2.1 Introduction 24

2.2.2 Categories of legislative provisions 25

2.2.2.1 Introduction 25

2.2.2.2 Constitutive provisions 26

2.2.2.3 Normative provisions 26

2.2.2.4 Performative provisions 27

2.2.2.5 Combination of provisions 28

2.2.3 Impact of legislative acts performed in the exercise of

legislative jurisdiction 28

2.2.3.1 Introduction 28

2.2.3.2 Performance of legislative acts 28

2.2.3.3 Contents of legislative provisions 29

(a) Introduction 29

(b) Constitutive provisions 29

(c) Performative provisions 31

Contents

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(d) Normative provisions 32

(i) Introduction 32

(ii) Spatial application 32

(iii) Personal application 34

(iv) Hybrid application 35

(v) Subject matter 38

2.2.4 Executive acts 39

2.2.4.1 Introduction 39

2.2.4.2 Logistic acts 39

2.2.4.3 Process acts 40

2.2.4.4 Enforcement acts 40

2.2.5 Adjudicative acts 40

2.2.6 Definition of "legislative jurisdiction" 41

2.3 Executive jurisdiction 41

2.3.1 Introduction 41

2.3.2 Legislative acts 42

2.3.3 Executive acts 44

2.3.3.1 Types of executive acts 44

(a) Introduction 44

(b) Logistic acts 44

(c) Process acts 45

(i) Definition 45

(ii) Acts performed iure imperii 45

(iii) Acts performed iure gestionis 46

(d) Enforcement acts 46

2.3.3.2 Impact of executive acts 47

(a) Logistic acts 47

(b) Process acts 48

(c) Enforcement acts 48

2.3.4 Adjudicative acts 49

2.3.5 Definition of "executive jurisdiction" 50

2.4 Adjudicative jurisdiction 51

2.4.1 Introduction 51

2.4.2 Legislative acts 51

2.4.3 Adjudicative acts 52

2.4.3.1 Introduction 52

2.4.3.2 Acts performed to settle disputes between States

and other legal persons 52

2.4.3.3 Acts performed to settle disputes between private

legal persons 53

2.4.3.4 Acts performed to settle internal disputes 54

Contents? vii

2.4.4 Executive acts 54

2.4.4.1 Introduction 54

2.4.4.2 Logistic acts 55

2.4.4.3 Process acts 55

2.4.4.4 Enforcement acts 56

2.4.5 Definition of "adjudicative jurisdiction" 56

2.5 Relationship between the legislative, executive and adjudicative

jurisdictions 56

2.6 Conclusion 59

3 The ground of State ocean jurisdiction 63

3.1 Introduction 63

3.2 Flag State jurisdiction 66

3.2.1 Introduction 66

3.2.2 Connecting factor 67

3.2.3 Establishment of the legal relationship 69

3.2.4 Evidence of the legal relationship 71

3.2.4.1 The right to fly a flag 71

3.2.4.2 Ship registries 72

3.2.4.3 Nature of the evidence 73

3.2.5 Nature of the legal relationship 76

3.2.5.1 Exclusive competence of every State 76

3.2.5.2 The requirement of genuineness 77

(a) Introduction 77

(b) The existence of the requirement that the link

be genuine 77

(c) The meaning of "genuineness" 82

(i) Introduction 82

(ii) Discussions at the International Law

Commission 84

(iii) Developments at and after UNCLOS I 87

(d) The recognition of genuineness 92

2.2.5.3 Additional requirements and restrictions 95

3.2.6 Cessation and change of the legal relationship 97

3.2.7 Multiplicity of legal relationships 100

3.2.8 Artificial objects other than ships 101

3.3 Coastal zone jurisdictions 102

3.3.1 Introduction 102

3.3.2 Territorial jurisdiction 102

3.3.2.1 Introduction 102

3.3.2.2 The concept of "coastal State" 103

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3.3.2.3 The existence of the marine territory 106

3.3.2.4 The link between the matter and the territory 107

3.3.3 Extraterritorial coastal zone jurisdictions 109

3.3.3.1 Contiguous zone jurisdiction 109

3.3.3.2 Exclusive economic zone jurisdiction 110

3.3.3.3 Continental shelf jurisdiction 111

3.4 Personal jurisdiction 112

3.4.1 Introduction 112

3.4.2 Connecting factor 112

3.4.3 Legal relationship between the State and the person 113

3.4.4 Factual link between the State and the person 114

3.4.5 Link between the matter and the person 115

3.5 Universal jurisdictions 115

3.5.1 Introduction 115

3.5.2 Piracy jurisdiction 116

3.5.3 Slave trade jurisdiction 117

3.5.4 Statelessness jurisdiction 119

3.5.4.1 Introduction 119

3.5.4.2 Vessels without nationality 120

3.5.4.3 Vessels with more than one nationality 121

3.6 Port State jurisdiction 121

3.7 Delegated jurisdictions 122

3.8 Collective jurisdictions 124

3.9 Protective jurisdictions 126

3.10 Conclusion 126

4 The scope of State ocean jurisdiction 129

4.1 Introduction 129

4.2 Flag State jurisdiction 131

4.2.1 Extent of flag State jurisdiction 131

4.2.2 Relationship between flag State jurisdictions 132

4.2.3 Summary 134

4.3 Territorial jurisdiction 135

4.3.1 Extent of territorial jurisdiction 135

4.3.2 Relationship between territorial jurisdictions 137

4.3.3 Relationship between territorial jurisdiction and flag

State jurisdiction 139

4.3.3.1 Introduction 139

4.3.3.2 Legislative jurisdiction 139

4.3.3.3 Executive jurisdiction 141

(a) Principle 141

Contents? ix

(b) Innocent passage, transit passage and

archipelagic sea lanes passage 143

(i) Introduction 143

(ii) Innocent passage 143

(iii) Transit passage 145

(iv) Archipelagic sea lanes passage 146

(c) Warships and other government vessels

operated for non-commercial purposes 146

(d) Cases of distress 148

4.3.3.4 Adjudicative jurisdiction 148

4.3.3.5 Relationship outside of the territory of the

coastal State 149

4.3.4 Summary 150

4.4 Personal jurisdiction 150

4.4.1 Extent of personal jurisdiction 150

4.4.2 Relationship between personal jurisdictions 151

4.4.3 Relationship between personal jurisdiction and flag State

jurisdiction 152

4.4.4 Relationship between personal jurisdiction and territorial

jurisdiction 154

4.4.5 Summary 155

4.5 Contiguous zone jurisdiction 155

4.5.1 Extent of contiguous zone jurisdiction 155

4.5.2 Relationship between contiguous zone jurisdictions 159

4.5.3 Relationship between contiguous zone jurisdiction and

flag State jurisdiction 162

4.5.4 Relationship between contiguous zone jurisdiction and

territorial jurisdiction 163

4.5.5 Relationship between contiguous zone jurisdiction and

personal jurisdiction 164

4.5.6 Summary 164

4.6 Exclusive economic zone jurisdiction 165

4.6.1 Extent of exclusive economic zone jurisdiction 165

4.6.1.1 Introduction 165

4.6.1.2 Article 56(1)(a) matters 165

4.6.1.3 Article 56(1)(b) matters 166

(a) Introduction 166

(b) Article 56(1)(b)(i) matters 167

(c) Article 56(1)(b)(ii) matters 167

(d) Article 56(1)(b)(iii) matters 168

4.6.1.4 Extent ratione loci 169

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4.6.2 Relationship between exclusive economic zone

jurisdictions 170

4.6.3 Relationship between exclusive economic zone

jurisdiction and flag State jurisdiction 171

4.6.3.1 Introduction 171

4.6.3.2 Article 56(1)(a) jurisdiction 171

4.6.3.3 Article 56(1)(b)(i) jurisdiction 172

4.6.3.4 Article 56(1)(b)(ii) jurisdiction 173

4.6.3.5 Article 56(1)(b)(iii) jurisdiction 174

4.6.4 Relationship between exclusive economic zone

jurisdiction and territorial jurisdiction 175

4.6.5 Relationship between exclusive economic zone

jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction 175

4.6.6 Relationship between exclusive economic zone

jurisdiction and contiguous zone jurisdiction 177

4.6.7 Summary 177

4.7 Continental shelf jurisdiction 178

4.7.1 Extent of continental shelf jurisdiction 178

4.7.2 Relationship between continental shelf jurisdictions 179

4.7.3 Relationship between continental shelf jurisdiction and

flag State jurisdiction 179

4.7.4 Relationship between continental shelf jurisdiction and

territorial jurisdiction 180

4.7.5 Relationship between continental shelf jurisdiction and

personal jurisdiction 181

4.7.6 Relationship between continental shelf jurisdiction and

contiguous zone jurisdiction 182

4.7.7 Relationship between continental shelf jurisdiction and

exclusive economic zone jurisdiction 182

4.7.8 Summary 183

4.8 Universal jurisdictions 183

4.8.1 Extent of the universal jurisdictions 183

4.8.1.1 Introduction 183

4.8.1.2 Extent of piracy jurisdiction 184

4.8.1.3 Extent of slave trade jurisdiction 185

4.8.1.4 Extent of statelessness jurisdiction 185

4.8.2 Relationship between universal jurisdictions 186

4.8.3 Relationship between the universal jurisdictions and flag

State jurisdiction 187

4.8.4 Relationship between the universal jurisdictions and

territorial jurisdiction 187

Contents? xi

4.8.5 Relationship between the universal jurisdictions and

personal jurisdiction 188

4.8.6 Relationship between the universal jurisdictions and the

extraterritorial coastal zone jurisdictions 188

4.8.7 Summary 189

4.9 Port State jurisdiction 189

4.9.1 Extent of port State jurisdiction 189

4.9.1.1 Introduction 189

4.9.1.2 Supplementary function 189

4.9.1.3 Environmental protection 190

4.9.1.4 Fisheries 192

4.9.2 Relationship between the port State jurisdictions 195

4.9.3 Relationship between port State jurisdiction and flag

State jurisdiction 195

4.9.4 Relationship between port State jurisdiction and

territorial jurisdiction 195

4.9.5 Relationship between port State jurisdiction and personal

jurisdiction 196

4.9.6 Relationship between port State jurisdiction and the

extraterritorial coastal zone jurisdictions 197

4.9.7 Relationship between port State jurisdiction and the

universal jurisdictions 197

4.9.8 Summary 197

4.10 Delegated jurisdictions 198

4.10.1 Extent of the delegated jurisdictions 198

4.10.2 Relationship between the delegated jurisdictions and

the other jurisdictions 199

4.11 Collective jurisdictions 199

4.11.1 Extent of the collective jurisdictions 199

4.11.2 Relationship between the collective jurisdictions and

the other jurisdictions 200

4.12 Protective jurisdictions 200

4.12.1 Extent of the protective jurisdictions 200

4.12.1.1 Introduction 200

4.12.1.2 Protective jurisdiction exercised for State

security purposes 200

4.12.1.3 Protective jurisdiction exercised for economic

purposes 206

4.12.2 Relationship between the protective jurisdictions 207

4.12.3 Relationship between the protective jurisdictions and

flag State jurisdiction 207

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4.12.4 Relationship between the protective jurisdictions and

territorial jurisdiction 208

4.12.5 Relationship between the protective jurisdictions and

personal jurisdiction 208

4.12.6 Relationship between the protective jurisdictions and

the extraterritorial coastal zone jurisdictions 209

4.12.7 Relationship between the protective jurisdictions and

the universal jurisdictions 209

4.12.8 Relationship between the protective jurisdictions and

port State jurisdiction 210

4.12.9 Summary 211

4.13 Conclusion 211

5 The purpose of State ocean jurisdiction 216

5.1 Introduction 216

5.2 Sovereign equality of States 216

5.3 Mare clausum, mare liberum and the package deal 219

5.4 Teleological principles 223

5.4.1 Introduction 223

5.4.2 Protection of the ius communicationis 224

5.4.3 Avoidance of harm 225

5.4.3.1 Introduction 225

5.4.3.2 Harm to States 225

5.4.3.3 Harm to individuals 227

5.4.3.4 Harm to the cultural and natural

environment 234

5.4.4 Pursuit of equity 238

5.4.5 Integrative cooperation 243

5.5 Purposive parameters 250

5.5.1 Introduction 250

5.5.2 Good faith 251

5.5.3 Abuse of rights 252

5.5.4 Reasonableness 253

5.5.4.1 Introduction 253

5.5.4.2 Performative reasonableness 254

5.5.4.3 Intersective reasonableness 258

5.6 Conclusion 261

6 Conclusion 263

Index