From Polysemy to Semantic Change

Name: From Polysemy to Semantic Change | Towards a typology of lexical semantic associations
Brand: John Benjamins Publishing Company
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Towards a typology of lexical semantic associations

Martine Vanhove(Herausgeber*in)

John Benjamins Publishing Company

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 21. November 2008

XIII, 404 Seiten

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From Polysemy to Semantic Change
Editorial page
Title page
LCC data
Table of contents
Semantic associations: A foreword
References
Acknowledgements
PART I. State of the Art
Approaching lexical typology
1. Introduction
2. Typology, semantic and lexical typology
3. General premises: Words and meanings
3.1 Possible words
3.2 Semantic generality vs. polysemy, or when are meanings lexicalized?
3.3 The meaning of "meaning": Denotation vs. sense, approximate vs. precise meaning definitions
4. What meanings can and cannot be expressed by a single word?
4.1 Categorization within lexical fields and conceptual domains: A couple of examples to start with
4.2 Domain-categorization studies: Language coverage and focus
4.3 Methodology
4.4 Questions and generalizations
4.5 Explanations
4.6 Universal vs. language-specific lexicalizations?
5. What different meanings can be expressed by one and the same lexeme or by words derivationally related to each other?
5.1 Focusing on semantic motivation: Another look at the body and outside
5.2 Formal motivation and its semantic correlates
5.3 Lexical semantics in cross-linguistic research on motivation
6. What cross-linguistic patterns are there in lexicon-grammar interaction?
7. Lexical typology: Past, present and future
Acknowledgements
References
PART II. Theoretical and methodological issues
Words and their meanings
1. Introduction*
2. Language malleability and variation at the unit level
2.1 Different means of reference accessing (on synonymy)
2.1.1 Variable categorization, segmentation and construals
2.1.2 Property selections and referential paths
2.1.3 The internal architecture of meaning and the referential background
2.2 Meaning's malleability (polysemy and meaning shifts)
2.2.1 Metaphor
2.2.2 Metonymy
2.2.3 Combining metaphor and metonymy
2.2.4 Active zones and contextual interactions
2.3 The depth dimension of language
2.3.1 Semantic universes: Frames and scenarios
2.3.2 Connotations
2.3.3 The depth dimension of language: Fabric of networks
3. The problem of transparency and referential accessibility
3.1 Motivation
3.2 Opacity and accessibility
4. Construing meaning in discourse: Stabilization mechanisms
4.1 Application domains, meaning attractors and semantic isotopics
4.1.1 Application domains
4.1.2 Primitive meaning attractors (prototypes, personal attractors and discourse situations)
4.1.3 Contextual meaning attractors: Semantic isotopics
4.2 Contextual linkage and multiple landmarks
4.2.1 Lexical interactions
4.2.2 The framing role of the verbal context
4.2.3 Interactions between syntax and semantics
4.2.4 Some semantic mechanisms at the utterance level
4.3 Semantic layering
5. Conclusion
References
The typology of semantic affinities
1. Introduction
2. Semantic divergence or polysemy
2.1 Polysemy and homonymy
2.2 The role of cultural habits
2.3 The parameter of the domains of instantiation
2.4 The parameter of synaesthesic fields
2.5 Mental schemas
2.5.1 The visueme
2.5.2 The ideeme
2.5.3 The noeme
2.5.4 The analytic schema
3. Semantic convergence or Parasemy
3.1 From referentiality to signs: Polysemiosis
3.2 Semiotization
3.3 The fields homology: Co-hyponymy and co-semy
3.4 Paradigmatic parasemy: The taxeme
4. Conclusion
References
Cognitive onomasiology and lexical change
1. Theoretical and methodological preliminaries
1.1 The search for semantic parallels
1.2 Onomasiology
1.3 Language samples
1.4 Change of designation and types of lexical change
1.5 A two-dimensional lexicological approach
2. A look at the data
2.1 A first exemplification: the target concept eyelash
2.2 Extending the analysis: The concepts eyelid, eyebrow, and eyeball
3. Refining the analysis
3.1 Dependent and independent conceptualisation
3.2 Typical shifts within the frame eye
3.3 Redundant compounds
4. Typology and lexical change
5. Conclusion
References
Mapping semantic spaces
1. Introduction
2. The Persian verbal system
3. The verb xordæn
4. Theoretical methods
5. XORDÆN's islands
5.1 XORDÆN: Affected
5.1.1 XORDÆN: Affected: Modified: Fused
5.1.2 XORDÆN: Affected: Modified: Damaged
5.1.3 XORDÆN: Affected: Modified: Topology
5.1.4 XORDÆN: Affected: Modified: Surface
5.1.5 XORDÆN: Affected: Hurting: Weapon: Type of Hit
5.1.6 XORDÆN: Affected: Hurting: Weapon: Hand Held
5.1.7 XORDÆN: Affected: Hurting: Weapon: Projectile
5.1.8 XORDÆN: Affected: Hurting: Weapon: Blunt
5.1.9 XORDÆN: Affected: Hurting: Trick
5.2 XORDÆN: Suffering
5.2.1 XORDÆN: Suffering: Emotional
5.2.2 XORDÆN: Suffering: Physical
5.3 XORDÆN: Usurping
5.4. XORDÆN: Agitated
5.4.1 XORDÆN: Agitated: General
5.4.2 XORDÆN: Agitated: Rotation
6. Concluding remarks
References
Semantic maps and the typology of colexification
1. General issues of lexical typology*
2. Ensuring the comparability of lexicons
2.1 Monosemy vs. polysemy
2.2 Overlapping polysemies
3. Towards a typology of colexification
3.1 Senses: The atoms within each molecule
3.2 Colexification: The bonds between the atoms
3.3 Strict vs. loose colexification
3.4 Interpreting colexification
3.5 Typological prospects
4. Lexical semantic maps
4.1 General principles of semantic maps
4.2 Connecting senses together
4.3 Choosing a pivot notion
5. Elaborating a universal map for "breathe"
5.1 A first overview of the verb "breathe"
5.2 From the sense list to the map
5.3 Exploring the noun "breath"
5.3.1 "Breath", "breath of air", "scent" .
5.3.2 "Life", "spirit", "mind", "feelings" .
5.3.3 "Soul", "spirit", "supernatural being" .
5.3.4 "Going from "breath" to "supreme spirit"
5.3.5 From "soul" to reflexive marking
5.4 Drawing a more complete map for "breathe"
6. Conclusion
7. Appendices
7.1 Appendix 1: Lexical data
7.1.1 Sanskrit
7.1.2 Classical Greek
7.1.3 Classical Latin
7.1.4 Russian
7.1.5 Mandarin Chinese
7.1.6 Inuit/Aleut
7.1.7 Nahuatl
7.1.8 Mwotlap
7.1.9.Nêlêmwa
7.1.10 Standard Arabic
7.1.11 Beja
7.1.12 Makonde
7.1.13 Sar
7.2 Appendix 2: Results and semantic map
7.3 Appendix 3: Some isolectic sets for "breathe"
References
A catalogue of semantic shifts
1. Preliminary remarks
2. The structure of the lexicographic entry
3. Problems
Appendix. Examples of semantic shifts and their realizations.
References
Semantic associations and confluences in paradigmatic networks
1. Introduction
2. The structure of French dictionary graphs
2.1 Properties of field graphs
2.2 Lexical graphs
2.3 Hypothesis: The paradigmatic graphs of all natural languages are hierarchical small worlds
3. Confluences in hierarchical small world networks
3.1 Proxemy for confluence calculation
3.2 Prox for disambiguating homonymy in dictionaries
4. Confluence and semantic associations
5. A typology of languages based on co-confluence in paradigmatic graphs
6. Conclusion
References
PART III. Case studies
About "Eating" in a few Niger-Congo languages
1. Introduction
2. Eating as lexical item
3. The co-text of orthonymic eat
4. The polysemy of eat in non orthonymic context
5. Conclusion
References
Eating beyond certainties
1. Introduction
2. Eat: Concrete aspects
2.1 "Eat" and "tooth, masticating, biting"
2.2 "Eat" and "swallow"
2.3 "Eat" and "irritate, itch"
3. Eat, taste, try
3.1 "Eating" and "trying, attempting, testing" & "choosing" and "tasting, sampling, savouring"
3.2 "Tasting" and "knowing"
4. "Eat": Emotional aspects and physical sensations
4.1 "Eat" and pleasant emotions: "Find sb. attractive"
4.2 "Eat" and undergone emotions and sensations: "Undergo sth. unpleasant", "suffer", "be beaten"
4.3 "Eat" and controlled activity: "Do sb. harm, make sb.'s life impossible", "hate", "destroy"
5. Conclusion
References
From semantic change to polysemy
1. Introduction
2. "Meat/animal"
3. "Drink"
References
Appendix: Quoted languages and sources
Is a "friend" an "enemy"? Between "proximity" and "opposition"
1. Introduction
2. "Friend" ~ "duality" ~ "proximity"
2.1 "Friend" ~ "other" ~ "one of the two"
2.2 "Friend" ~ 'follow, following" ~ "proximity"
2.3 Etymological discussion
2.4 "Friend" ~ "sharing"
3. "Friend" ~ "duality" ~ "similarity" ~ "complementarity"
3.1 "Friend" ~ "similar"
3.2 "Friend" ~ complementarity
3.3 "Friend" ~ "one's own" ~ "the familiar one"
4. "Friend" ~ "duality" ~ "opposition"
4.1 "Friend" ~ duality ~ "enemy"
4.2 Etymological discussion
4.3 "Duality" ~ "opposition" ~ "enemy"
4.4 Etymological discussion
5. Conclusion
References
Semantic associations between sensory modalities, prehension and mental perceptions
1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Data and methodology
4. The auditory sense and mental perceptions
4.1 Auditory sense and internal reception
4.2 Auditory sense, internal and intellectual perceptions
4.3 Auditory sense and intellectual perceptions
4.4 Discussion and conclusions
5 Vision and mental perceptions
5.1 Vision and "understanding"
5.2 Vision and "knowing"
5.3 Vision, "understanding" and "knowing"
5.4 Discussion and conclusions
6 Prehension verbs and intellectual perceptions
6.1 Prehension and "understanding"
6.2 Prehension and "learning"
6.3 Prehension, "understanding" and "learning"
6.4 Conclusions
7. General conclusion
References
Cats and bugs
1. Introduction
2. Parallelisms in isolation
3. Parallelisms in networks
3.1 Parallelism associating the monkey and the cat to drunkenness
3.2 Cat and insects
3.3 Cat, monkey, insects and black mood
3.4 Cat, monkey, insects and dreadful creatures
3.5 Cultural and historical explanation
4. The semantic parallelism with "gloomy, grinning"
5. Conclusion
References
Index of general
Index of languages
Index of names
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