Electric System Operations

Name: Electric System Operations | Evolving to the Modern Grid, Second Edition
Brand: Artech House
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Evolving to the Modern Grid, Second Edition

Mani Vadari(Autor*in)

Artech House (Verlag)

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 31. Januar 2020

290 Seiten

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978-1-63081-689-6 (ISBN)

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Inhalt

Intro
Electric System Operations Evolving to the Modern Grid, Second Edition
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
CHAPTER 1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction to Utilities
1.2 Electric Utility Explained
1.2.1 Generation
1.2.2 Transmission
1.2.3 Subtransmission
1.2.4 Distribution
1.2.5 Customer
1.3 Electric Utilities: A U.S. Historical Perspective
1.3.1 First Came PUHCA
1.3.2 Along Came Deregulation
1.3.3 Then Came Smart Grid
1.3.4 A Global Outlook
1.4 Utilities and Regulation
1.5 Utility Types and Other Nontraditional Utility-Like Entities
1.5.1 IOUs
1.5.2 Publicly Owned Utilities
1.5.3 Cooperatives
1.5.4 RTOs and ISOs
1.5.5 Federal Utilities
1.5.6 Community Choice Aggregate
1.5.7 Aggregators
1.5.8 Independent Power Producers
Endnotes
CHAPTER 2 Define System Operations
2.1 System Operations
2.2 Key Drivers for Systems Operations
2.2.1 Impact of Drivers on Distribution
2.2.2 Impact of Drivers on Transmission
2.3 What Changes from Transmission to Distribution System Operations?
2.3.1 New Technologies and Integration Points
2.3.2 Network Configuration
2.3.3 Accuracy of the Power System Model
2.3.4 Component Location
2.3.5 Three-Phase versus Single-Phase
2.3.6 Level of Observability
2.4 Distribution System Operations: An Introduction
2.5 Key Challenges Facing System Operations
Endnotes
CHAPTER 3 Introduction to Power Systems
3.1 Basic Electric Components
3.1.1 Capacitors and Reactors
3.1.2 Transformers
3.1.3 Switches
3.1.4 Relays and Protection Equipment
3.1.5 Kilovolt Classes or Common Voltage Levels
3.1.6 Busbars
3.1.7 Substations
3.1.8 Smart Inverters
3.1.9 Microgrid
3.2 Key Power System Physical Concepts Explained
3.2.1 The Basics: Voltage and Current
3.2.2 Ohm's Law
3.2.3 Kirchhoff's Laws
3.2.4 DC versus AC
3.2.5 Complex Power Representation
3.2.6 Power Factor
3.2.7 Three-Phase versus Single Phase
3.2.8 Six-Phase Transmission System
3.2.9 Phasors
3.2.10 Superconductivity in Transmission Lines and Transformers
3.2.11 Bold® Transmission Line
3.3 Key Business Concepts Explained
3.3.1 Utility Interconnected System
3.3.2 Control Area or Balancing Authority Areas
3.3.3 Renewable Energy Zones
Endnotes
CHAPTER 4 Impact of Deregulation on System Operations
4.1 Wholesale Markets
4.1.1 The New Participants and Their Activities
4.1.2 Summary Description of the Participants and How They Interact
4.1.3 Architectural Discussion
4.2 Retail Markets
4.2.1 ERCOT
4.2.2 NY REV and the Emergence of the DSO
4.3 Key Retail Market Constructs
4.3.1 Transactive Energy
4.3.2 Customer Choice Aggregate
4.3.3 Energy Imbalance Market
4.3.4 Renewable Energy Buyers Alliance
4.3.5 Summarizing Retail Markets and Their Impacts to System Operations
4.4 Case Studies
4.4.1 Case Study 1: Energy Imbalance Market-PacifiCorp
4.4.2 Case Study 2: Simple Energy VPP
4.5 History of Deregulation
4.6 Summary
Endnotes
CHAPTER 5 Impact of Grid Modernization on System Operations
5.1 Setting the Context
5.2 Conceptual View of a Modern Grid
5.3 Defining Key Terms
5.4 Smart Grid Changes Impacting System Operations
5.5 Community Changes Impacting System Operations
5.5.1 DERs
5.5.2 Electric Transportation
5.5.3 Microgrids
5.5.4 Smart Appliances and the Advent of the Smart Home
5.6 What Does All This Mean for the System Operator?
5.7 Impact of Smart Grid on New Systems
5.7.1 MDMS
5.7.2 OMS
5.7.3 GIS
5.7.4 ADMS
5.7.5 Distributed Energy Resources Management System
5.8 Cybersecurity
5.9 Case Studies
5.9.1 Case Study #1: Smart Grid Technology Increasing Reliability for PPL Customers
5.9.2 Case Study #2: How Smart Sensors Improved Reliability at FPL
Endnotes
CHAPTER 6 Business of System Operations
6.1 Anatomy of a Regulated Utility
6.1.1 Generation Business
6.1.2 Transmission and Distribution
6.1.3 Customer
6.1.4 Storage and other NWA between Generation and T&D
6.2 T&D Operating Model
6.2.1 Asset Management and System Planning
6.2.2 Asset Owner
6.2.3 Work and Resource Management
6.2.4 Field Execution
6.3 Other Utility-Like Entities
6.3.1 RTO/ISO
6.3.2 CCA
6.3.3 Aggregators or REPs
6.4 The Regulatory Regime
6.4.1 State Level: PUC
6.4.2 Federal Level: FERC
6.4.3 Regulation for Municipalities and Cooperatives
6.5 Architecting the Business of System Operations
6.5.1 Drivers
6.5.2 Strategy
6.5.3 People
6.5.4 Process
6.5.5 Technology
6.6 System Operations Processes
6.6.1 Monitor and Execute Real-Time Operations
6.6.2 Manage Planned Events
6.6.3 Manage Unplanned Events
6.6.4 Coordinate Emergency Response
6.6.5 Plan Daily Operations
6.6.6 Perform System Analysis
6.6.7 Report Operational Performance
6.7 Changes to the Business of System Operations
6.7.1 DER
6.7.2 NWA
6.7.3 Electric Transportation
6.8 Case Studies
6.8.1 Case Study 1: California's Move Toward Distributed Generation
6.8.2 Case Study 2: Navigating the California Duck Curve
Endnotes
CHAPTER 7 Control Center: The Hub of System Operations
7.1 Organization of Work
7.2 Transmission Control Center
7.2.1 Transmission Desk
7.2.2 Generation Desk
7.2.3 Energy and Transmission Scheduling Desk
7.2.4 Other Support Desks
7.3 Distribution Control Center
7.3.1 Clearance Desk
7.3.2 Switching Desk
7.3.3 Other Support Desks
7.4 Other Key Aspects of a Control Center
7.5 Introducing a High-Performing System Operator
7.6 Case Studies
7.6.1 Case Study 1: Impact of Automation on the Control Center of the Future
7.6.2 Case Study 2: Control Centers Backing Each Other Up
Endnotes
CHAPTER 8 Energy Management Systems
8.1 How an EMS Supports the System Operator's Mandate
8.1.1 Transmission Operator
8.1.2 Generation Operator
8.1.3 RTO/ISO
8.1.4 RTO/Wholesale Market Participant
8.2 Key Components of an EMS
8.2.1 EMS Hardware
8.2.2 EMS Software
8.2.3 EMS Databases
8.2.4 EMS UI
8.3 EMS Application Suites
8.3.1 SCADA
8.3.2 Network Apps
8.3.3 Generation Apps
8.3.4 Dispatching Training Simulator
8.3.5 WAMS
8.3.6 Modeling Apps
8.4 Case Studies
8.4.1 Case Study 1: Use of WAMS Implementations to Analyze the Northeast Blackout of 2003
8.4.2 Case Study 2: Implementation of a Hierarchical EMS
Endnotes
CHAPTER 9 Outage Management System
9.1 Types of Outages
9.1.1 Transmission Outages
9.1.2 Distribution Outages
9.2 Origins of the OMS
9.2.1 The Paper Age
9.2.2 The Move to an OMS
9.3 The Architecture of an OMS
9.3.1 Outage Engine
9.3.2 Key Interfaces
9.3.3 Customer Portal
9.3.4 Report
9.3.5 Operator User Interface
9.4 Impact of Smart Meter on the OMS
9.4.1 Key Smart Meter Outage Support Characteristics
9.4.2 Smart Meter Preprocessing
9.5 Outage Customer Experience
9.5.1 Estimated Time of Restoration and What It Means
9.5.2 Forecasting Outages and Damage Prediction
9.5.3 Damage Assessment
9.5.4 Control Center as the Information Hub for Outages and Damage
9.6 The Business of Managing Outages
9.7 The Future of OMS?
Endnotes
CHAPTER 10 Advanced Distribution Management System
10.1 Introduction to the ADMS
10.2 The Utility Context: Why Is an ADMS Needed?
10.2.1 Greater Standards for Customer Satisfaction
10.2.2 Decision Tools
10.2.3 Reduced Outage, Whether Planned or Unplanned, Duration
10.2.4 Ability to Process Real-Time Data Quickly
10.2.5 Disaster Recovery
10.2.6 Increased Manageability of the Distribution Infrastructure
10.2.7 ADMS Is a Tool for Optimizing Employee and System Performance
10.3 ADMS: An Architectural Description
10.4 How the ADMS Supports the System Operator's Mandate
10.5 How the ADMS Supports the Smart (Modern) Grid
10.6 Key Component of an ADMS
10.6.1 ADMS Hardware
10.6.2 ADMS Databases
10.6.3 ADMS UI
10.6.4 ADMS Software
10.7 ADMS Application Components
10.7.1 Core Applications
10.7.2 Advanced Applications
10.7.3 Distribution Automation Applications
10.7.4 Integrating Applications
10.8 ADMS Models and Its Interface with GIS
10.8.1 Complete and Accurate Data
10.8.2 Strong Supporting Functions
10.8.3 Robust Integration
10.9 What Changes at a Utility When an ADMS Is Implemented?
10.10 Case Studies
10.10.1 Case Study 1: Small Utility ADMS Implementation-Bluebonnet Electric Cooperative
10.10.2 Case Study 2: Large Utility ADMS Implementation-Pennsylvania Power and Light
10.11 The Future of ADMS
Endnotes
CHAPTER 11 Distributed Energy Resource Management System
11.1 DERs and Establishing the Need for a DERMS System
11.2 What Is Complicating This Situation?
11.2.1 Data Deluge or Tsunami
11.2.2 Multiple Noncoordinated Demand Response Programs
11.2.3 Management Reporting
11.2.4 Continued Customer Apathy
11.3 DERMS Architecture
11.3.1 Core Components of a DERMS
11.3.2 What Makes DERMS a Necessary System?
11.4 Who Would Use This System?
11.5 Service Models That Need to Be Considered
11.6 Challenges
11.7 Case Studies
11.7.1 Case Study 1: Duke Energy's Integrated ADMS and DERMS for Grid Modernization
11.7.2 Sample Use Case: Modeling and Visualization of Energy Storage and EV Scheduling
11.7.3 Sample Use Case: Solar Forecasting Visualization
11.7.4 Summary
11.8 Does DERMS Have a Future?
Endnotes
CHAPTER 12 System Operator Training Simulators
12.1 Drivers Behind the Need for a Training Simulator
12.2 Establishing the Need for Operator/Dispatcher Training
12.2.1 New Controls
12.2.2 Economics and Markets
12.2.3 Retail Choice: New Competitors
12.2.4 NWAs
12.2.5 Distributed Generation
12.2.6 Renewable (and Distributed) Power Generation
12.2.7 Distribution Ancillary services
12.2.8 Customer Expectations Are Changing
12.2.9 Self-Healing Grid
12.2.10 Existing Electromechanical Devices Being Replaced by Electronic Devices
12.2.11 Security and Stability of the Changing System
12.2.12 Regulatory Changes
12.2.13 Safety Concerns
12.2.14 Summary
12.3 Identifying the Target Audience
12.4 Introducing the Dispatcher Training Simulator
12.5 Key Characteristics of a Good System Operator Training Simulator
12.6 Architecture of a System Operator Simulator
12.7 Setting Up a Training Environment
12.7.1 Hardware/Software Environment
12.7.2 Training Environment
12.7.3 Database Models
12.8 How to Set up a Training Program
12.9 Key Steps in Setting Up a System Operator Training Program
12.9.1 People
12.9.2 Process
12.9.3 Technology
12.10 Training Simulators as a Real-Time Simulation Platform
12.11 Case Studies
12.11.1 Case Study 1: Use of Dispatching Training Simulator as a Training Tool
12.11.2 Case Study 2: Use of Dispatcher Training Simulator as a Tool to Support Complex Switching
12.12 Training Simulators in the Future
Endnotes
CHAPTER 13 Conclusions and What Is Coming Next
13.1 Key Takeaways for the System Operator of the Future
13.2 Key Takeaways from the Systems Described in This Book
13.3 Final Conclusions
Endnotes
Acronyms and Abbreviations
About the Author
Index

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