Edible and Useful Plants of the Southwest

List of PhotographsList of IllustrationsPreface to the Revised EditionAcknowledgmentsIntroduction What's in This Book Vegetation Regions Why Use Botanical Terminology?1. Edible and Useful Wild Plants of the Southwest Cautions and Notes on Using Wild Edibles Why Bother with Wild Foods? Native Plants for Agriculture Grazing from the Wild: Tips and Precautions Edible and Useful Wild Plants by Family, Including Recipes Alismataceae--Water-plantain Family Arrowhead--Sagittaria Species Amaranthaceae--Amaranth Family Amaranth--Amaranthus Species Lamb's-quarters--Chenopodium Species Orach, Four-wing Saltbush--Atriplex Species Tumbleweed--Salsola Species Amaryllidaceae--Amaryllis Family Onion, Garlic, Chives--Allium Species Anacardiaceae--Sumac Family Sumac--Rhus Species Asparagaceae--Asparagus Family Agave, Lechuguilla, Mescal--Agave Species Beargrass--Nolina Species Blue Camass--Camassia scilloides Sotol--Dasylirion Species Yucca--Yucca Species Asteraceae--Composite Family, Sunflower Family Chicory--Cichorium intybus Dandelion--Taraxacum officinale Goldenrod--Solidago odora Lettuce--Lactuca Species Ragweed--Ambrosia trifida Sow Thistle--Sonchus Species Sunflower--Helianthus Species Maximilian Sunflower--Helianthus maximiliani Thistle--Cirsium Species Bixaceae--Lipsticktree Family Yellow Show, Saiya--Amoreuxia Species Boraginaceae--Borage Family Sandfood--Pholisma Species Cactaceae--Cactus Family Cholla--Cylindropuntia Species Tasajillo--Cylindropuntia leptocaulis Prickly Pear--Opuntia Species Saguaro Cactus--Carnegiea gigantea Strawberry Cactus--Echinocereus stramineus, Echinocereus enneacanthus Caryophyllaceae--Pink Family Chickweed--Stellaria media Cleomaceae--Caper Family Bee Plant--Cleome Species Clammyweed--Polanisia dodecandra Commelinaceae--Spiderwort Family Dayflower--Commelina Species Spiderwort--Tradescantia Species Crassulaceae--Orpine Family Sedum, Stonecrop--Sedum Species Cucurbitaceae--Gourd Family Buffalo Gourd--Cucurbita foetidissima Cyperaceae--Sedge Family Nut-grass--Cyperus Species Euphorbiaceae--Spurge Family Bull Nettle--Cnidoscolus texanus Cassava--Manihot Species Noseburn--Tragia Species Fabaceae--Legume Family Acacia, Huisache, Catclaw--Acacia Species Alfalfa--Medicago sativa Black Locust--Robinia pseudoacacia Desert Ironwood--Olneya tesota Groundnut--Apios americana Hog Peanut--Amphicarpaea bracteata Honey Locust--Gleditsia triacanthos Indian Breadroot, Scurf Pea--Pediomelum Species Kudzu--Pueraria Species Mesquite, Tornillo--Prosopis Species Redbud--Cercis canadensis Retama--Parkinsonia aculeata Tepary Bean--Phaseolus acutifolius Fagaceae--Beech Family Oak--Quercus Species Fouquieriaceae--Ocotillo Family Ocotillo--Fouquieria splendens Juglandaceae--Walnut Family Hickory--Carya Species Pecan--Carya illinoinensis Walnut--Juglans Species Lamiaceae--Mint Family Henbit--Lamium amplexicaule Liliaceae--Lily Family Lily--Lilium Species Golden Mariposa Lily, Sego Lily--Calochortus Species Spanish Bayonet--Hesperoyucca whipplei Loasaceae--Eveningstar Family Blazing Star--Mentzelia Species Malvaceae--Mallow Family Turk's Cap--Malvaviscus arboreus var. drummondii Martyniaceae--Unicorn Plant Family Devil's Claw--Proboscidea Species Nelumbonaceae--Lotus Family Lotus--Nelumbo lutea Nymphaeaceae--Water-lily Family Spatterdock--Nuphar lutea Water-lily--Nymphaea odorata Onagraceae--Evening Primrose Family Showy Evening Primrose--Oenothera speciosa Orobanchaceae--Broom-rape Family Broom-rape--Orobanche Species Oxalidaceae--Wood Sorrel Family Wood Sorrel--Oxalis Species Pinaceae--Pine Family Pinon--Pinus Species Plantaginaceae--Plantain Family Plantain--Plantago Species Poaceae--Grass Family Carrizo--Arundo donax Giant Cane--Arundinaria gigantea Reed--Phragmites australis Polygonaceae--Knotweed Family Dock, Canaigre--Rumex Species Pontederiaceae--Pickerelweed Family Pickerelweed--Pontederia cordata Water Hyacinth--Eichhornia crassipes Portulacaceae--Purslane Family Purslane--Portulaca Species Rubiaceae--Madder Family Bedstraw--Galium aparine Smilacaceae--Greenbriar Family Greenbriar--Smilax bona-nox Typhaceae--Cattail Family Cattail--Typha Species Urticaceae--Nettle Family Pellitory--Parietaria Species Stinging Nettle--Urtica Species Violaceae--Violet Family Violet--Viola Species Xanthorrhoeaceae--Grass Tree Family Day Lily--Hemerocallis fulva2. Plants as Medicine3. Teas and Spices Teas Alfalfa--Medicago sativa--Fabaceae Basswood--Tilia Species--Malvaceae Bee Balm--Monarda Species--Lamiaceae Bee Brush--Aloysia gratissima--Verbenaceae Blackberry, Dewberry--Rubus Species--Rosaceae Catnip--Nepeta cataria--Lamiaceae Clover--Trifolium Species--Fabaceae Goldenrod--Solidago odora--Asteraceae Greenthread--Thelesperma Species--Asteraceae Horehound--Marrubium vulgare--Lamiaceae Limoncillo--Pectis Species--Asteraceae Limoncillo--Hedeoma Species--Lamiaceae Mormon Tea--Ephedra antisyphilitica--Ephedraceae Mullein--Verbascum thapsus--Scrophulariaceae Peppermint--Mentha piperita--Lamiaceae Persimmon--Diospyros virginiana--Ebenaceae Prairie Tea--Croton monanthogynus--Euphorbiaceae Redroot--Ceanothus americanus--Rhamnaceae Rose--Rosa Species--Rosaceae Sage--Salvia Species--Lamiaceae Sassafras--Sassafras albidum--Lauraceae Spearmint--Mentha spicata--Lamiaceae Strawberry--Fragaria Species--Rosaceae Yarrow--Achillea millefolium--Asteraceae Yaupon--Ilex vomitoria--Aquifoliaceae Spices Chile Pequin--Capsicum annuum--Solanaceae Epazote--Chenopodium ambrosioides--Amaranthaceae Juniper, Cedar--Juniperus Species--Cupressaceae Knotweed--Polygonum aviculare--Polygonaceae Mintweed--Lippia graveolens--Verbenaceae Mustard--Brassica Species--Brassicaceae Onion, Garlic--Allium Species--Amaryllidaceae Peppergrass--Lepidium Species--Brassicaceae Red Bay--Persea borbonia--Lauraceae Shepherd's Purse--Capsella bursa-pastoris--Brassicaceae Spicebush--Lindera benzoin--Lauraceae Sweet Bay--Magnolia virginiana--Magnoliaceae Watercress--Nasturtium officinale--Brassicaceae Wax Myrtle--Myrica cerifera--Myricaceae Wormwood--Artemisia ludoviciana--Asteraceae4. Edible and Poisonous Berries and Other Fleshy Fruits Key to Southwestern Plants with Edible or Poisonous Fruits Poisonous Fruit Blue, Purple, or Black Fruit: Toxic Cherry--Prunus Species--Rosaceae Coyotillo--Karwinskia humboldtiana--Rhamnaceae Eve's Necklace--Styphnolobium affine--Fabaceae Juniper, Cedar--Juniperus Species--Cupressaceae Lantana--Lantana Species--Verbenaceae Ligustrum--Ligustrum Species--Oleaceae Nightshade--Solanum americanum--Solanaceae Poke--Phytolacca americana--Phytolaccaceae Virginia Creeper--Parthenocissus quinquefolia--Vitaceae Red Fruit: Toxic Coralito--Rivina humilis--Phytolaccaceae Holly, Yaupon--Ilex Species--Aquifoliaceae Jerusalem-cherry--Solanum pseudocapsicum--Solanaceae Snailseed--Cocculus carolinus--Menispermaceae Wahoo--Euonymus Species--Celastraceae Yellow, Cream, or White Fruit: Toxic Chinaberry--Melia azederach--Meliaceae Mistletoe--Phoradendron Species--Santalaceae Nightshade, Silverleaf Nightshade--Solanum elaeagnifolium--Solanaceae Poison Ivy, Poison Oak, Poison Sumac--Toxicodendron Species--Anacardiaceae Soapberry--Sapindus saponaria var. drummondii--Sapindaceae Tallow Tree--Triadica sebifera--Euphorbiaceae Fruits with Unknown Toxicity: Avoid Eating Them American Beauty-berry--Callicarpa americana--Lamiaceae Ampelopsis, Heartleaf--Ampelopsis cordata--Vitaceae Carolina Buckthorn--Frangula caroliniana--Rhamnaceae Dogwood--Cornus Species--Cornaceae Elbow-bush--Forestiera pubescens--Oleaceae Greenbriar--Smilax Species--Smilacaceae Hercules' Club--Aralia spinosa--Araliaceae Honeysuckle--Lonicera Species--Caprifoliaceae Indian Strawberry--Duchesnea indica--Rosaceae Peppervine--Ampelopsis arborea--Vitaceae Edible Fruit Standard Jelly and Jam Recipes Blue, Purple, or Black Fruit: Edible Blackberry, Dewberry--Rubus Species--Rosaceae Blackhaw, Rusty Blackhaw, Withe Rod--Viburnum Species--Adoxaceae Blueberry, Whortleberry, Farkleberry--Vaccinium Species--Ericaceae Brasil--Condalia hookeri--Rhamnaceae Cherry, Black Cherry, Chokecherry--Prunus Species--Rosaceae Coma, Gum Bumelia--Sideroxylon lanuginosum--Sapotaceae Currant--Ribes Species--Grossulariaceae Elderberry--Sambucus nigra subsp. canadensis--Adoxaceae Grape--Vitis Species--Vitaceae Mulberry--Morus Species--Moraceae Palms--Arecaceae California Fan Palm--Washingtonia filifera Sabal Palm, Texas Palmetto--Sabal mexicana Persimmon, Texas Persimmon--Diospyros texana--Ebenaceae Prickly Pear Cactus--Opuntia Species--Cactaceae Serviceberry--Amelanchier Species--Rosaceae Brown Fruit: Edible Pawpaw--Asimina triloba--Annonaceae Green Fruit: Edible Crab Apple--Malus Species--Rosaceae Red, Orange, or Yellow Fruit: Edible Agarita, Barberry--Mahonia Species--Berberidaceae Anacua--Ehretia anacua--Boraginaceae Buffaloberry--Shepherdia argentea--Elaeagnaceae Chile Pequin--Capsicum annuum--Solanaceae Desert Yaupon--Schaefferia cuneifolia--Celastraceae Hackberry--Celtis Species--Cannabaceae Hawthorn--Crataegus Species--Rosaceae Jujube--Ziziphus jujuba--Rhamnaceae Madrone--Arbutus xalapensis--Ericaceae Mayapple--Podophyllum peltatum--Berberidaceae Passionflower--Passiflora incarnata--Passifloraceae Persimmon--Diospyros virginiana--Ebenaceae Plum--Prunus Species--Rosaceae Pyracantha--Pyracantha coccinea--Rosaceae Rose--Rosa Species--Rosaceae Strawberry--Fragaria Species--Rosaceae Sumac--Rhus Species--Anacardiaceae Tomatillo--Physalis Species--Solanaceae Turk's Cap--Malvaviscus arboreus var. drummondii--Malvaceae Wolfberry, Desert-thorn, Matrimony Vine--Lycium Species--Solanaceae White Fruit: Edible White Mulberry--Morus alba--Moraceae5. Poisonous and Harmful Plants First Aid for Toxic Plant Ingestion Plant Poisoning: Dispelling Some Myths about Poisonous Plants Who Is Affected by Plant Poisonings? Livestock Poisoning The Toxins in Plants Toxic Wild Plants by Family Amaryllidaceae, Iridaceae, Liliaceae--Amaryllis, Iris, and Lily Families Apiaceae--Carrot Family Poison Hemlock--Conium maculatum Water Hemlock--Cicuta maculata Apocynaceae--Dogbane Family Dogbane, Indian Hemp--Apocynum Species Milkweed--Asclepias Species Araceae--Arum Family Asteraceae--Composite Family, Sunflower Family Fabaceae--Legume Family Black Locust--Robinia pseudoacadia Bluebonnet, Lupine--Lupinus Species Coral Bean--Erythrina herbacea Devil's Shoestring--Tephrosia virginiana Locoweed, Milk Vetch--Astragalus Species Mescal Bean--Sophora secundiflora Rattlebush--Sesbania Species Singletary Pea, Sweetpea--Lathyrus Species Wisteria--Wisteria Species Gelsemiaceae--Jessamine Family Jasmine--Gelsemium sempervirens Melanthiaceae Death Camus--Zigadenus Species Phytolaccaceae--Pokeweed Family Coralito--Rivina humilis Poke--Phytolacca americana Rosaceae--Rose Family Sapindaceae--Soapberry Family Buckeye, Horse-chestnut--Aesculus Species Mexican Buckeye--Ungnadia speciosa Solanaceae--Nightshade Family Jerusalem-cherry--Solanum pseudocapsicum Jessamine--Cestrum Species Jimsonweed--Datura Species Nightshade, Silverleaf--Solanum elaeagnifolium Tobacco--Nicotiana Species Toxic Ornamental Houseplants and Yard Plants: The Enemy Within Poisons in the Garden and the Kitchen Rashes, Itches, and Stings Contact Dermatitis Allergic Contact Dermatitis Poison Ivy, Poison Oak, Poison Sumac--Toxicodendron Species Pollen Dermatitis Photodermatitis Irritant Dermatitis Chemical Irritants Mechanical Irritants Stinging Nettles Hay Fever Plants--Pollen Allergies Fall Winter Spring and Summer6. Mushrooms: To Eat or Not to Eat7. Colorful Dyes with Southwestern Plants Vegetable Dyes: A Historical Perspective Dyes Today: Synthetic versus Vegetable Dyes Fibers for Dyeing Factors that Influence Dye Colors Pigments from Plants Colorfastness Water Dyeing Techniques Plants for Dyes How Much Should I Collect? What Plant Parts Should I Use? Kitchen and Garden Dyes Mordants Procedures for Dyeing Wool and Other Fibers Equipment Preparing the Plant Material for the Dye Pot Preparing the Wool Dyeing the Wool Simmer Dyeing Solar Dyeing Cold-water Fermentation Final Tips on Dyeing with Plants Vegetable Dye Recipes Symbol Key Plant Species Used for Dyes8. Fibers and Baskets from Southwestern Plants Plants for Basketmaking Preparation of Plants Textile Fibers Extracting Fibers: Retting and Scutching Fibers Attached to Seeds Dyeing Plant Fibers Papermaking9. Rubber, Wax, Oil, and Soap: Industrial ResourcesAppendix: Fifty Important PlantsGlossaryBibliographyIndex