Dietary Polyphenols

Name: Dietary Polyphenols | Metabolism and Health Effects
Brand: Wiley
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Metabolism and Health Effects

Francisco A. .. Tomás-Barberán Antonio González-Sarrías Rocío García-Villalba(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

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Erschienen am 20. Oktober 2020

560 Seiten

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Beschreibung

Presents recent research on metabolism and the health effects of polyphenols

Consumer interest in the health benefits of many phenolic compounds found in plant foods and derivatives has grown considerably in recent years, giving rise to an increased demand for functional foods. Although preclinical and observational studies have promoted the protective properties of polyphenols for a range of chronic diseases, evidence has shown that most dietary polyphenols have little bioavailability. Once ingested, most of them are metabolized by either the intestinal enzymes or by the gut microbiota and then undergo extensive phase-II metabolism reaching significant concentrations of conjugated metabolites. They remain in the systemic circulation and target systemic tissues where trigger biological effects. The polyphenol-derived metabolites produced in humans are dependent upon the composition of the gut microbiota and the subject genetics. Thus all the metabolites do not show the same biological activity in different individuals. To fully understand the health effects of polyphenols, further clinical investigations are required.

Dietary Polyphenols describes the latest findings on the polyphenol metabolism and reviews the current evidence on their health effects and that of their bioavailable metabolites. Emphasizing the importance of interindividual variability and the critical role of gut microbiota, this authoritative volume features contributions from recognized experts in the field, exploring specific families of extractable and non-extractable phenolic compounds that exhibit potential health effects. Topics include structural diversity of polyphenols and distribution in foods, bioavailability and bioaccessibility of phenolics, metabolism, and gastrointestinal absorption of various metabolites and their health effects. This comprehensive volume:

* Discusses the bioavailability, bioaccessibility, pharmacokinetics studies, and microbial metabolism of different groups of phenolic compounds

* Examines the interaction between polyphenols and gut microbiota

* Describes analytical methods for identifying and quantifying polyphenols in foods and biological samples

* Reviews recent epidemiological and clinical intervention studies showing protective effects of polyphenols

Dietary Polyphenols: Metabolism and Health Effects is an important resource for scientists working in the area of dietary polyphenols and health effects, microbiota, and their interaction with other nutritional compounds, and for health professionals, nutritionists, dieticians, and clinical researchers with interest in the role of polyphenols in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases.

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Inhalt

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
List of Contributors
Chapter 1 Structural Diversity of Polyphenols and Distribution in Foods
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Classification and Chemistry of Polyphenols
1.2.1 Flavonoids
1.2.2 Nonflavonoids
1.3 Dietary Intake and Food Sources of Polyphenols
1.3.1 Flavonoids
1.3.2 Nonflavonoids
1.4 Databases Used to Assess Dietary Exposure to Polyphenols
1.5 Bioavailability, Metabolism, and Bioactivity of Dietary Polyphenols
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2 Nonextractable Polyphenols: A Relevant Group with Health Effects
2.1 Introduction: The Concept of Nonextractable Polyphenols (NEPP)
2.2 Contribution of NEPP to Total Polyphenol Content and Intake
2.2.1 Strategies for the Extraction and Analysis of NEPP
2.2.2 NEPP Content in Common Foods
2.2.3 Estimation of NEPP Intake in Different Populations
2.3 Metabolic Fate of NEPP: A Key Process for Their Health Effects
2.3.1 Current Evidence of the Metabolic Transformation of NEPP
2.3.2 Specific Features of the Metabolic Fate of NEPP
2.4 How NEPP may Exhibit Health Effects
2.4.1 Antioxidant Effects
2.4.2 Microbiota Modulation
2.4.3 Biological Activities of Microbial Metabolites
2.4.4 Synergy with Dietary Fiber
2.5 Studies on the Health Effects of NEPP
2.5.1 Local vs Systemic Effects
2.5.2 Effects on Gastrointestinal Health
2.5.3 Effects on Cardiometabolic Health
2.6 Perspectives
References
Chapter 3 Analytical Strategies for Determining Polyphenols in Foods and Biological Samples
3.1 Introduction: Importance of the Determination of Polyphenols
3.2 Most Widely Used Extraction Systems and New Trends
3.3 Determination of the Phenolic Compounds in Foods
3.3.1 Classic Methods For Polyphenols Determination: Spectrophotometric Assays
3.3.2 Evolution of the Traditional Methods to Characterize the Polyphenolic Fraction of Foods: Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Separation and Subsequent Detection
3.3.3 Other Analytical Strategies
3.4 Some Considerations Regarding the Determination of Polyphenols in Biological Samples
3.5 Conclusions and Future Directions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4 Hydroxycinnamates
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Metabolism of Hydroxycinnamates and Metabolic Pathways
4.2.1 Absorption in the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
4.2.2 Absorption in the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
4.3 Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of Hydroxycinnamates: Influence of Food Matrix, Processing, Dose, and Interindividual Differences
4.3.1 Bioavailability of Hydroxycinnamates in Fruits, Vegetables, and Beverages
4.3.2 Bioavailability in Cereal-Based Products
4.4 Biological Activity of Hydroxycinnamates and Their Derivatives
References
Chapter 5 Flavonols and Flavones
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Uptake and Metabolism of Flavonols and Flavones
5.2.1 Flavonols or 3-Hydroxyflavones (Quercetin, Kaempferol, Myricetin)
5.2.2 Flavones (Luteolin, Apigenin)
5.3 Microbiota Formation of Low Molecular Weight Phenolic, Common Colonic Metabolites
5.3.1 Flavonols (Quercetin, Kaempferol, Myricetin)
5.3.2 Flavones (Luteolin, Apigenin)
5.4 Health Effects of Flavonol and Flavone Metabolites
5.4.1 Flavonols or 3-Hydroxyflavones
5.4.2 Flavones (Luteolin, Apigenin)
5.4.3 Flavonols, Flavones and Their Low Molecular Weight Colonic Metabolites in Health
5.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6 Isoflavones
6.1 Uptake and Metabolism of Isoflavones
6.1.1 Gut Microbial Metabolism
6.1.2 Pharmacokinetic Studies
6.2 Biological Mechanisms of Isoflavones
6.2.1 Hormonal
6.2.2 Antioxidant
6.2.3 Antiinflammatory
6.3 Physiological and Health Effects of Isoflavones
6.3.1 Bone
6.3.2 Cancer
6.3.2.0 Breast and Endometrial Cancers
6.3.2.0 Prostate Cancer
6.3.2.0 Gastrointestinal and Colorectal Cancers
6.3.3 Reproductive Hormones
6.3.4 Cardiovascular Disease, Blood Triglycerides and Cholesterol, and Inflammatory Markers
6.3.5 Diabetes, Insulin Resistance, and Blood Glucose and Insulin
6.3.6 Obesity
6.3.7 Menopausal Symptoms
6.3.8 Neurological Outcomes
6.4 Physiological and Health Effects of Isoflavone Metabolites and Metabotypes
6.5 Summary of Isoflavone Intake and Health
References
Chapter 7 Dietary Anthocyanins
7.1 Absorption and Metabolism of Anthocyanins
7.1.1 Oral Cavity Absorption
7.1.2 Gastric Absorption
7.1.3 Intestinal Absorption
7.1.4 Microbial Metabolism
7.2 Pharmacokinetics of Anthocyanins
7.3 Factors Affecting Anthocyanin Bioavailability
7.4 Biological Activity of Anthocyanin Metabolites
7.4.1 Phase II Metabolites
7.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Flavan-3-ols: Catechins and Proanthocyanidins
8.1 Introduction: Chemistry and Main Dietary Sources
8.2 Bioavailability of Flavan-3-ols
8.2.1 Absorption and Metabolism: Native and Colonic Phase II Metabolites
8.2.2 Pharmacokinetics and Urinary Excretion of Circulating Metabolites: Interindividual Differences
8.3 Health Benefits of Flavan-3-ols and Their Derived Circulating Metabolites
8.3.1 Cognitive
8.3.2 Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases
8.3.3 Urinary Tract Infections
8.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 9 Ellagitannins and Their Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites: Urolithins
9.1 Chemistry and Sources of Ellagitannins and Ellagic Acid
9.2 Bioavailability of Ellagitannins and Ellagic Acid
9.3 The Microbial Metabolism of Ellagitannins and Ellagic Acid: Urolithins
9.3.1 Urolithin Production and Bioavailability
9.3.2 Tissue Distribution of Urolithins after Consumption of Ellagitannins
9.3.3 Interaction of ETs and Urolithins with the Gut Microbiota
9.3.4 Interindividual Variability: Metabotypes
9.3.5 Analysis of Urolithins
9.4 Significance of Ellagitannins, Ellagic Acid, and Urolithins for Human Health
9.4.1 Antioxidant Effects
9.4.2 Antiinflammatory Properties
9.4.3 Anticarcinogenic Effects
9.4.4 Neuroprotective Effects
9.4.5 Estrogenic Modulation
9.4.6 Urolithins, Clinical Trials, and Interindividual Variability-Health Relationship
9.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10 Lignans
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Lignans in Foods
10.3 Metabolism of Lignans
10.3.1 Kinetics of Absorption of Plant Lignans
10.3.2 Conversion of Plant Lignans to Enterolignans
10.3.2.0 Impact of Intestinal Microbiota
10.3.2.0 Impact of Antibiotic Use
10.3.2.0 Kinetics of Absorption of Enterolignans
10.4 Blood Levels of Lignans after Dietary Intervention
10.5 Bioactivity of Plant Lignans and Enterolignans
10.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 11 Stilbenes: Beneficial Effects of Resveratrol Metabolites in Obesity, Dyslipidemia, Insulin Resistance, and Inflammation
11.1 Introduction: Occurrence and Intake
11.2 Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion of Resveratrol
11.3 Biological Effects of Resveratrol Metabolites
11.3.1 In vitro Studies
11.3.2 In vivo Studies
11.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 12 Flavanones
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Flavanones and Their Occurrence
12.3 Absorption of Flavanone Metabolites in the Proximal and Distal Gastrointestinal Tract
12.4 Formation of 3-(3´-Hydroxy-4´- Methoxyphenyl)Hydracrylic Acid
12.5 Factors Affecting the Bioavailability of Flavanones
12.5.1 Impact of Physical Activity
12.5.2 Matrix Effects
12.5.3 Probiotics
12.5.4 Inter- and Intraindividual Variability
12.5.5 Other Effects
12.6 Analysis of Flavanone Metabolites and Catabolites
12.7 Biomarkers and Metabolomics
12.8 Protective Effects
12.8.1 Cardiovascular Disease
12.8.2 Diabetic and Metabolic Syndrome
12.8.3 Cancer
12.8.4 Cognition and Neuroprotection
12.8.5 Bones
12.8.6 Liver
12.8.7 Immunomodulation and Antiinflammatory Activity
12.8.8 Gastric Function and the Microbiome
12.8.9 Modulation of the Microbiota and Biological Activity of Microbial Metabolites
References
Chapter 13 Understanding Polyphenols' Health Effects Through the Gut Microbiota
13.1 Microbial Metabolism of Dietary Polyphenols
13.2 Bacteria Responsible for Dietary Polyphenols Transformations and Health Implications
13.3 Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Dietary Polyphenols
Acknowledgments
References
Index
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