Liability Rules Applicable to International Air Transportation as Developed by the Courts in the United States

Name: Liability Rules Applicable to International Air Transportation as Developed by the Courts in the United States | From Warsaw 1929 to Montreal 1999
Brand: Kluwer Law International
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From Warsaw 1929 to Montreal 1999

Jr. Tompkins(Autor*in)

Kluwer Law International (Verlag)

Erschienen am 3. Oktober 2010

472 Seiten

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Inhalt

Cover
Half Title Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Editorial Page
Dedication
About the Author
Table of Contents
List of Abbreviations
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1 The Road from Warsaw 1929 to Montreal 1999
1.1. Introduction
1.2. The Warsaw Liability System at the Time of the 1999 Montreal Conference
1.2.1. The Private International Law Conventions
1.2.1.1. The 1929 Warsaw Convention
1.2.1.1.1. The Establishment of Uniform Liability Rules
1.2.1.1.2. New Legal Rights for Passengers and Shippers of Cargo
1.2.1.1.3. The Goal of a Uniform Body of Law
1.2.1.1.4. Recourse to Local or National Law
1.2.1.2. The 1955 Hague Protocol Amending the 1929 Warsaw Convention
1.2.1.2.1. The Status of the United States as a Party to the 1955 Hague Protocol
1.2.1.3. The 1961 Guadalajara Supplementary Convention
1.2.1.4. The 1975 Montreal Protocol No. 4
1.2.2. The Intercarrier Agreements (Applicable to Article 17 Passenger Death and Bodily Injury Claims Only)
1.2.2.1. The 1966 Montreal Intercarrier Agreement (MA66)
1.2.2.2. The 1992 Japanese Initiative (JI)
1.2.2.3. The IATA Intercarrier Agreements of 1995 (IIA) and 1996 (MIA)
1.2.2.4. The 1996 ATA Intercarrier Agreement (IPA)
1.3. Summary
Chapter 2 The Evolution of the Montreal Convention 1999
2.1. Introduction
2.2. The Events Setting the Stage for the Adoption of MC99
2.2.1. The International Aviation Law Seminar (1981)
2.2.2. Changes in Japanese Limits of Liability (1981-1982)
2.2.3. The United States Failure to Ratify MP3 and MP4 (1983)
2.2.4. The Proposed Alvor Convention (1987)
2.2.5. A Proposal for Strict Liability (1991)
2.2.6. The Japanese Initiative (1992)
2.2.7. The United States Failure to Revive MP3 and MP4 (1994)
2.2.8. The IATA Intercarrier Agreement on Passenger Liability (IIA) (1995)
2.2.9. The IATA Agreement on Measures to Implement the IATA Intercarrier Agreement on Passenger Liability (MIA) (1996)
2.2.10. The ICAO Draft Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air (1996-1998)
Chapter 3 The Birth of the Montreal Convention 1999
3.1. Introduction: The Work Preceding and Leading to the Montreal Conference of May 10-28, 1999
3.2. The Montreal Conference of May 10-28, 1999
3.2.1. The Objectives of the Montreal Conference
3.2.2. The Cornerstone for a New Convention
3.2.2.1. The Predominant Warsaw System Liability Rules
3.2.2.2. The Desire for a New Compromise Convention
3.2.2.3. The Final Result in Montreal
3.2.3. The Objectives Achieved at the Montreal Conference
3.2.3.1. No New Definitions
3.2.3.2. No Changes to MP4
3.2.3.3. The Adoption of a Two-Tier Liability System
3.2.3.4. The Treatment of Claims for Mental Injuries
3.2.3.5. Liability for ''Delay'' Damages
3.2.3.6. Guadalajara Convention Incorporated
3.2.3.7. The Establishment of a ''Fifth'' Jurisdiction
3.2.3.8. The Preservation of Existing Warsaw Convention Jurisprudence
3.2.3.9. The Retention of Liability Limits
3.2.3.10. The Adoption of a Consensus Package
3.3. The Principal Features of the Montreal Convention
3.3.1. Overview and General Comments
3.3.2. Liability for Passenger Death and Bodily Injury
3.3.2.1. Liability Premised Upon an Article 17 ''Accident''
3.3.2.2. Strict Liability for the First 100,000 SDRs of Proven Damages
3.3.2.3. Liability in Excess of 100,000 SDRs of Proven Damages
3.3.2.4. The ''Fifth Jurisdiction''
3.3.3. The Transportation Documents
3.3.3.1. Electronic Passenger Tickets and Air Waybills
3.3.3.2. Required Documents for Passengers
3.3.3.3. Preserving the Place of Departure and Agreed Stopping Place
3.3.3.4. Baggage Identification Tags
3.3.3.5. No Sanction for Failure to Comply with Documentation Requirements
3.3.3.6. Air Waybill for Carriage of Cargo
3.3.4. Liability for Baggage
3.3.5. Liability for Cargo
3.3.6. Liability For Delay
3.3.7. Damages
3.3.7.1. Delay in the Carriage of Passengers
3.3.7.2. Loss, Damage or Delay in the Carriage of Baggage
3.3.7.3. Cargo
3.3.7.4. Punitive Damages
3.3.7.5. Advance Payments
3.3.8. Periodic Review of Liability Limits
3.3.9. Incorporation of Prior Instruments
3.3.10. Application
3.4. Summary
Chapter 4 The Developing Body of Montreal Convention 1999 Jurisprudence
4.1. Introduction
4.2. United States Court Decisions
4.2.1. General Topics
4.2.1.1. MC99 in Relation to the Warsaw System
4.2.1.2. Preemption
4.2.1.3. Exclusivity
4.2.1.4. Application of Local Law
4.2.1.5. Application to Domestic Flights
4.2.1.6. Notice of Application of MC99
4.2.1.7. Right of Action
4.2.1.8. Meaning of ''Carrier''
4.2.1.9. Successive Carriage: Article 36
4.2.1.10. Incomplete, Incorrect or Absent Transportation Documents
4.2.2. Passenger Liability
4.2.2.1. Article 17: Death or Bodily Injury
4.2.2.1.1. ''Accident''
4.2.2.1.2. Disembarking
4.2.2.1.3. Mental Injury
4.2.2.2. Article 19: Delay
4.2.3. Baggage Liability: Article 17
4.2.3.1. Checked Baggage: Period of Carriage by Air
4.2.3.2. Carry-on Baggage: Damages
4.2.3.3. Checked Baggage: Damages
4.2.3.4. Seizure, Damage, and Delay of Baggage
4.2.3.5. Checked Baggage - Conditions of Carriage: Articles 26, 27
4.2.4. Cargo Liability: Article 18
4.2.4.1. Basis for Liability
4.2.4.2. Transportation Documents
4.2.4.3. Period of Carriage by Air
4.2.4.4. Notice of Arrival to Consignee
4.2.4.5. Notice of Claim
4.2.5. Damages Generally
4.2.5.1. Punitive Damages: Article 29
4.2.5.2. Pre-Judgment Interest: Article 22(6)
4.2.5.3. Intentional Wrongdoing: Article 22(5)
4.2.5.4. Attorneys Fees and Costs of Litigation: Article 22(6)
4.2.6. Jurisdiction: Article 33
4.2.6.1. Application of the Doctrine of Forum Non Conveniens
4.2.6.2. The Fifth Jurisdiction: The ''Principal and Permanent Residence'' of the Passenger
4.2.6.3. Cargo Transportation: The Place Where the Contract Is Made
4.2.7. Limitations Period: Article 35
4.2.8. Carrier's Right of Recourse: Article 37
4.2.9. Exoneration of the Carrier: Article 20
4.2.10. Application to Agent of Carrier: Article 30
4.2.11. Conclusion
4.3. Australia Court Decisions
4.3.1. Article 17: Passenger Liability
4.3.1.1. ''Accident''
4.4. Italy Court Decisions
4.4.1. Article 17: Baggage Liability
4.4.1.1. Delay in Delivery of Checked Baggage: Damages
4.4.1.2. Loss of Checked Baggage: Damages
4.4.2. Article 17: Accident - Death of Passenger Due to DVT
4.5. Spain Court Decisions
4.5.1. Article 22(2): Loss of Checked Baggage - Damages
4.6. United Kingdom Court Decisions
4.6.1. Article 17: Passenger Liability
4.6.1.1. ''Accident''
4.7. Summary
Chapter 5 The Application of the Convention Liability Rules
5.1. Introduction
5.2. The Application of the Convention is Determined by Reference to the Contract of Transportation or Carriage
5.3. The Contract of Carriage
5.4. The Meaning of ''International Carriage'' and ''International Transportation''
5.5. Examples of ''International Carriage''
5.6. Examples of ''Non-International Carriage''
5.7. Application to Domestic Flights
5.8. The Intent of the Passenger
5.9. Multiple Carriers and Tickets
5.10. Amendment of the Passenger Ticket
5.11. Citizenship of the Parties
5.12. Charter Transportation
5.13. Transportation Purchased for Passengers by Another
5.14. Application of the Convention to Other than the Carrier
5.15. Summary
Chapter 6 The Legal Status of the Convention Liability System in the United States
6.1. Introduction
6.2. The Legal Status of the Convention Liability System in United States Law
6.3. The Preemptive and Exclusivity Effect of the Convention Liability System
6.4. The Distinction between the Applicability of the Convention to a Claim and Liability under the Convention for the Claim
6.5. Summary
Chapter 7 Definition of Terms
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Convention-Defined Terms
7.2.1. Montreal Convention
7.2.1.1. ''International Carriage''
7.2.1.2. ''Baggage''
7.2.1.3. ''Carriage by Air''
7.2.1.4. ''Special Drawing Right''
7.2.1.5. ''Commercial Agreement''
7.2.1.6. ''Principal and Permanent Residence''
7.2.1.7. ''Contracting Carrier''
7.2.1.8. ''Actual Carrier''
7.2.1.9. ''Days''
7.2.2. Warsaw Convention
7.2.2.1. ''International Transportation''
7.2.2.2. ''Transportation by Air''
7.2.2.3. ''Days''
7.2.3. Hague Protocol
7.2.3.1. ''International Carriage''
7.2.4. Guadalajara Supplemental Convention
7.2.4.1. ''Contracting Carrier''
7.2.4.2. ''Actual Carrier''
7.2.5. Montreal Protocol No. 4
7.2.5.1. ''Carriage by Air''
7.3. Judicial Definitions of Convention Terms
7.3.1. General Comments
7.3.2. ''Carrier''
7.3.3. ''Bodily Injury''
7.3.4. ''Accident''
7.3.5. ''Operations of Embarking''
7.3.6. ''Operations of Disembarking''
7.3.7. ''Destination''
7.3.8. Crew Members as Passengers
7.3.9. Willful Misconduct
7.3.9.1. Introduction
7.3.9.2. Montreal Convention (MC99)
7.3.9.3. Warsaw Convention/Hague Protocol
7.3.9.4. Willful Misconduct Defined
7.3.9.5. Willful Misconduct and Preemptive Effect of the Convention
7.3.9.6. Burden of Proof
7.3.9.7. Presumption of Willful Misconduct
7.3.9.8. Effect of Proof of Willful Misconduct
7.3.9.9. The Test to Determine Willful Misconduct
7.3.9.10. Conduct of Employees, Servants, or Agents of the Carrier
7.3.9.11. Theft is Not Willful Misconduct
7.3.9.12. Significant Willful Misconduct Cases and Results
7.3.9.13. Miscellaneous Cases Involving Allegations of Willful Misconduct
7.4. Summary
Chapter 8 Transportation of Passengers
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Liability for Passenger Death and Bodily Injury
8.3. The Passenger Ticket
8.3.1. The Montreal Convention
8.3.2. The Warsaw Convention/Hague Protocol
8.4. Basis and Elements of Article 17 Liability for Passenger Death and Bodily Injury
8.5. Meaning of Article 17 Liability Terms
8.5.1. Question of Law for the Court
8.5.2. ''Damage Sustained''
8.5.3. ''Death''
8.5.4. Bodily Injury
8.5.5. ''Accident''
8.5.6. ''The Operations of Embarking and Disembarking''
8.6. Presumption and Nature of Article 17 Liability
8.6.1. Presumption
8.6.2. Determining Liability under the Convention
8.6.3. Cause of Action Created
8.6.4. Exclusive Cause of Action
8.6.5. Relation to Local Law
8.6.6. Burden of Proof
8.6.7. Claims Outside the Scope of Article 17
8.7. Compensable Bodily Injury: Objective and Identifiable Nature
8.8. Compensable Bodily Injury: Mental Injuries
8.9. Incidents Constituting Article 17 ''Accidents'': Court Decisions
8.9.1. General Comments
8.9.2. The ''Accident'' as Related to Aircraft Operation
8.9.3. Examples of Events Found Not to Be an Article 17 ''Accident''
8.9.4. Examples of Events Found to Be an Article 17 ''Accident''
8.9.5. Actions of Crew Members
8.9.6. On Board Food and Beverage Service
8.9.7. Actions of Injured Passenger
8.9.8. Condition of Passenger Cabin
8.9.9. Physical Ailments of Passenger
8.9.10. Crew Response to Physical Ailments of Passenger
8.9.11. Actions of Other Passengers
8.9.12. Sexual and Other Assaults of a Passenger
8.9.13. Hijacking of Aircraft
8.9.14. Terrorist Activity
8.9.15. Deep Vein Thrombosis
8.9.16. Turbulence
8.9.17. Hard Landing
8.10. Operations of Embarking
8.10.1. General Comments
8.10.2. Examples of Non-embarking Events
8.10.3. Examples of ''Embarking'' Events
8.11. Operations of Disembarking
8.11.1. General Comments
8.11.2. Examples of Non-disembarking Events
8.12. Delay in the Transportation of Passengers
8.13. Summary
Chapter 9 Transportation of Baggage
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Montreal Convention
9.2.1. General Comments
9.2.2. The Baggage Check
9.2.3. Nature of Liability: Destruction, Loss or Damage
9.2.4. Nature of Liability: Delay
9.2.5. Limitation of Carrier Liability
9.2.6. Notice of Complaint
9.3. Warsaw Convention/Hague Protocol
9.3.1. General Comments
9.3.2. Application
9.3.3. Checked Baggage
9.3.4. Carry-on Baggage
9.3.5. Damages Limited to Specific Amount
9.3.6. The Baggage Check
9.3.6.1. Required Particulars
9.3.6.2. The Number of the Passenger Ticket
9.3.6.3. The Number and Weight of the Packages
9.3.6.4. The Statement as to the Application of the Convention to the Transportation
9.3.6.5. Non-delivery of Baggage Check
9.3.7. Interline Transportation of Checked Baggage
9.3.8. Notice of Claim
9.4. Summary
Chapter 10 Transportation of Cargo
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Montreal Convention
10.2.1. General Comments
10.2.2. Contents of the Air Waybill or Cargo Receipt
10.2.3. Relative Rights of Consignor, Consignee, Carrier
10.2.4. Liability for Damage
10.2.4.1. ''Carriage by Air''
10.2.4.2. Defenses
10.2.5. Liability for Delay
10.2.6. Limitation of Liability
10.2.7. Notice of Complaint for Damage or Delay
10.2.8. Arbitration of Cargo Claims
10.3. Warsaw Convention/Hague Protocol/MP4
10.3.1. Contents of the Air Waybill
10.3.2. Agreed Stopping Places
10.3.3. Sanction for Non-compliance with Air Waybill Content Requirements
10.3.4. Basis of Liability for Damage
10.3.4.1. Rebuttable Presumption of Liability
10.3.4.2. ''Transportation by Air''
10.3.5. Liability for Delay
10.3.6. Limitation of Liability
10.3.7. Notice of Claim
10.3.7.1. Requirements for Valid Notice of Claim
10.3.7.2. Sufficiency of Form of Notice
10.3.8. Who Can Assert the Right Of Action
10.3.9. Preparation of Customs Documents
10.3.10. Agents of Carrier
10.4. Summary
Chapter 11 Liability for Delay in Transportation
11.1. Introduction
11.2. General Comments
11.2.1. The Montreal Conference and ''Delay''
11.2.2. The Convention Creates an Exclusive Cause of Action for Delay
11.3. Delay in the Transportation of Passengers
11.3.1. ''Bumping'' and ''Denied Boarding''
11.3.2. Other Incidents of Passenger Delay Claims
11.4. Delay in the Transportation of Baggage
11.5. Delay in Transportation of Cargo
11.6. Who Can Sue for Delay
11.7. Damages for Delay
11.8. Exclusivity of the Liability Rule for Delay
11.9. Defenses to Delay Claims
11.10. Summary
Chapter 12 Jurisdiction
12.1. Introduction
12.2. General Comments
12.3. The Places Where an Action for Damages Must Be Brought
12.3.1. The Montreal Convention
12.3.2. The Warsaw Convention
12.4. EXCLUSIVITY OF CONVENTION JURISDICTION
UNITED STATES JURISDICTION GENERALLY
12.5. Warsaw Convention Article 28 Jurisdiction and the Doctrine of Forum Non Conveniens
12.6. The Montreal Convention, the Fifth Jurisdiction and the Doctrine of Forum Non Conveniens
12.7. The Montreal Convention, the Fifth Jurisdiction, and the ''Principal and Permanent Residence'' of the Passenger
12.8. Jurisdiction as Opposed to Venue
12.9. Burden of Proof to Establish Jurisdiction
12.10. The ''Place'' Where an Action Must be Brought
12.10.1. The Meaning of ''Place''
12.10.2. The Principal Place of Business and Domicile of the Carrier
12.10.3. The Place of Business through Which the Contract Has Been Made
12.10.3.1. Internet Purchases
12.10.4. The Place of Destination
12.10.4.1. Ultimate Destination
12.10.4.2. Roundtrip Ticket
12.10.4.3. The Intent of the Parties
12.10.4.4. The Destination of the Flight
12.10.4.5. The Destination of Checked Baggage
12.10.4.6. The Amendment of the Contract of Transportation
12.10.4.7. Multiple Tickets
12.11. Application to Parties Other Than Actual ''Air Carrier''
12.12. Jurisdiction over Contribution and Indemnity Claims against the Carrier
12.13. Summary
Chapter 13 Limitations Period
13.1. Introduction
13.2. General Comments
13.3. Effect of Late Commencement of Action for Damages
13.4. Nature of Limitation Period
13.5. Calculating the Two-Year Period of Limitation
13.5.1. Transportation of Cargo
13.6. Tolling of the Two-Year Period of Limitation
13.7. Claimant's Lack of Knowledge of Limitation Period
13.8. Applicable to Agents of the Carrier
13.9. Amendment of Filed Complaint
13.10. Third-Party Action against the Carrier
13.11. Indemnity Action by the Carrier against Its Ground Handler
13.12. Summary
Chapter 14 Damages, Limitations of Liability, Defenses
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Damages
14.2.1. Application of Local Law
14.2.2. Pre-Judgment Interest
14.2.3. Punitive Damages
14.2.4. Costs and Other Expenses of Litigation
14.3. Limitations of Liability
14.3.1. Montreal Convention
14.3.1.1. Transportation of Passengers: Death or Bodily Injury
14.3.1.2. Transportation of Passengers: Delay
14.3.1.3. Transportation of Baggage: Generally
14.3.1.4. Transportation of Baggage: Delay
14.3.1.5. Transportation of Cargo: Generally
14.3.1.6. Transportation of Cargo: Delay
14.3.2. The Warsaw Convention/Hague Protocol/Intercarrier Agreements
14.3.2.1. Passenger Death or Bodily Injury
14.3.2.2. Baggage
14.3.2.3. Cargo
14.4. Defenses
14.4.1. Montreal Convention
14.4.1.1. Defenses Applicable to All Damage Claims
14.1.1.2. Defenses Applicable to Destruction, Loss of or Damage to Baggage
14.4.1.3. Defenses Applicable to Destruction, Loss of or Damage to Cargo
14.4.1.4. Defenses Applicable to Delay in Transportation
14.4.2. Warsaw Convention/Hague Protocol
14.4.2.1. ''All Necessary Measures''
14.4.2.2. Contributory Negligence of the Passenger or Claimant
14.5. Summary
Appendix A
Appendix B Table of Cases
Selected Reference Material
Index
Back Cover

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