Imposing Data Sharing among Private Actors

Name: Imposing Data Sharing among Private Actors | A Tale of Evolving Balances
Brand: Wolters Kluwer
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A Tale of Evolving Balances

Thomas Tombal(Autor*in)

Wolters Kluwer (Verlag)

Erschienen am 13. Januar 2022

488 Seiten

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Inhalt

Intro
Half-Title Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Author
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Part I The Fundaments of (Data) Sharing: What, Why and How?
Chapter 1 Sharing What? A Typology of Data
1.1 Form of the Data Along the Value Chain
1.2 Personal and Non-personal Data: A Porous Boundary
1.3 Proposed Data Typology
Chapter 2 Why Sharing? The Rationale for (Data) Sharing
2.1 To Share or Not to Share Resources: A Balance Between Exclusive Use and Access/Sharing
2.1.1 Balance Between Exclusive Use of and Access to/Sharing of Tangible Resources
2.1.1.1 The Tragedy of the Commons
2.1.1.2 Reconsidering (the Tragedy of) the Commons
2.1.2 Balance Between Exclusive Use of and Access to/Sharing of Intangible Resources (Information and Knowledge)
2.1.2.1 The Underproduction Problem
2.1.2.2 The Advent of IP Rights as a Solution to the Underproduction Problem
2.1.2.3 Questioning the Underproduction Problem and the IP Answer to It
2.1.2.3.1. Is There Really an Underproduction Problem?
2.1.2.3.2 Even If There Is an Underproduction Problem, Are IP Rights the Adequate Solution?
2.1.3 The Rationale for Sharing Intangible Resources
2.1.3.1 Economic Rationale for Sharing Intangible Resources
2.1.3.2 Societal Rationale for Sharing Intangible Resources
2.2 Economic Rationale for Data Sharing
2.2.1 Data's Characteristics
2.2.2 Are Data Subject to (Intellectual) Property Rights?
2.2.2.1 Evolution of the Debates on (Intellectual) Property over Information Towards Discussions on (Intellectual) Property over Data
2.2.2.2 Creation of a New 'Property-Like' Right over Data?
2.2.2.2.1 Data Producer's Right
2.2.2.2.2 Criticism in the Literature
2.2.2.2.3 Contractual Freedom and Market Self-Regulation Rather than 'Property' Rights
2.2.2.3 (Anti-)'Reservation' of Data Rather Than 'Property' on Data
2.2.2.3.1 Data Reservation
2.2.2.3.2 Data Commons: Anti-reservation of Data
2.2.3 The Economic Rationale for Data Sharing
2.2.3.1 Data Collection and Production Incentives
2.2.3.2 Entry Barriers to Data Markets
2.2.3.3 Data Market Failures
2.2.3.3.1 Data Concentration
2.2.3.3.2 Data Conglomerates and Domino Effects
2.2.3.4 Benefits from Sharing
2.2.3.5 Need for a Balance Between the Benefits and Costs of Data Sharing
2.3 The Societal and the 'Empowerment' Rationale for Data Sharing
2.3.1 Societal Rationale for Data Sharing
2.3.2 The 'Empowerment' Rationale for Data Sharing and Its Impact on Individuals' Autonomy and Self-Determination
Chapter 3 Sharing How? A Typology of Data Sharing Models and Initiatives
3.1 Conceptual Models of Data Sharing
3.1.1 Diversity of Conceptual Data Sharing Models
3.1.1.1 Bilateral Contracts
3.1.1.2 Data Portability
3.1.1.3 Personal Information Management Systems
3.1.1.4 Data Clearing Houses
3.1.1.5 Data Marketplace
3.1.1.6 Data Pools
3.1.1.7 Open Data Platforms
3.1.2 A Typology of Conceptual Data Sharing Models
3.1.2.1 Bilateral/Multilateral Sharing
3.1.2.2 Intermediated/Non-intermediated Sharing
3.1.2.3 Summary
3.1.3 The Typology in the European Legal Framework
3.2 Two Distinct Categories of Compulsory B2B Data Sharing Initiatives
3.2.1 'Empowerment' Initiatives Imposing B2B Data Sharing
3.2.2 Economic or Societal Initiatives Imposing B2B Data Sharing
Part II 'Empowerment' Initiatives Imposing B2B Data Sharing
Chapter 4 Main 'Empowerment' Initiatives Imposing B2B Data Sharing and Recent Trends
4.1 'Empowerment' Initiatives Imposing B2B Data Sharing in Order to Allow the Exercise of Fundamental Rights: Personal Data Portability in the GDPR
4.1.1 Definition and Objectives
4.1.2 Scope of the Right to Data Portability
4.1.2.1 Specific Categories of Personal Data Processing
4.1.2.2 Specific Categories of Personal Data
4.1.2.2.1 Personal Data Concerning the Data Subject
4.1.2.2.2 Personal Data 'Provided' by the Data Subject
4.1.3 Exercise of the Right to Data Portability
4.1.3.1 Cost and Deadline to Respond to a Portability Request
4.1.3.2 Data Format
4.1.3.3 'Temporality' of the Right
4.2 'Empowerment' Initiatives Imposing B2B Data Sharing in Order to Address Specific Market Failures
4.2.1 Data Retrieval Right in the Digital Content Directive
4.2.1.1 Objectives and Scope of Application
4.2.1.2 Exercise of the Right
4.2.2 PSD2 and Open Banking
4.2.2.1 Access to and Use of Banking Data in PSD2
4.2.2.2 The UK's Open Banking Initiative
4.2.3 Electricity Directive
4.3 Growing Call for a New 'Empowerment' Initiative Imposing B2B Data Sharing: 'Continuous Portability'
4.4 The Recent Phenomenon of Regulatory Initiatives Pertaining to Specific (Small) Business Users: From Individual Empowerment Towards Small Businesses Empowerment
4.4.1 Regulation on the Free-Flow of Non-personal Data
4.4.2 Platform to Business Regulation
Chapter 5 Key Balancing Exercises Entailed by 'Empowerment' Initiatives Imposing B2B Data Sharing
5.1 Balancing the Benefits from These 'Empowerment Initiatives' with Their Potential Costs
5.1.1 Finding a Balance Between the Benefits for the Specific Individual and the Business Interests of the Data Holder
5.1.1.1 The Data Holders' (IP and Trade Secret) Rights Should Not Be Affected
5.1.1.2 Limitation of the Scope of the Data Covered
5.1.1.3 Possibility for the Data Holders to Keep Using the Data Despite the Sharing
5.1.2 Considering the Other Data Subjects' Right to Personal Data Protection
5.1.3 Finding a Balance Between the Potential Individual Short-Term Gains of 'Empowerment' Initiatives and Their Potential Long-Term Costs and Collective Costs in Terms of Control, Autonomy and Self-Determination
5.2 The Ambiguous Competitive Effects of 'Empowerment' Initiatives Imposing B2B Data Sharing
5.3 Insights on How Potential Future 'Empowerment' Initiative Imposing B2B Data Sharing Should Be Constructed
5.3.1 Scope of the Regulatory Initiative
5.3.1.1 Ratione Materiae: Types of Data Covered?
5.3.1.2 Ratione Personae: Symmetric or Asymmetric Regulatory Initiative?
5.3.2 Remuneration Considerations
5.3.3 Potential Certification of Data Recipients?
5.3.4 Beyond (Continuous) Data Sharing: (Full Protocol) Interoperability
Part III Economic or Societal Initiatives Imposing B2B Data Sharing
Chapter 6 Balancing Exercises in Competition Law: Incentivising Innovation Versus Maximising Social Welfare Through Large Dissemination
6.1 Abuse of Dominant Position: Essential Facilities Doctrine
6.1.1 The 'Traditional' Essential Facilities Doctrine Balance
6.1.2 Application of the Essential Facilities Doctrine to Data Markets: Adaptation Required?
6.1.2.1 The 'Indispensability' Condition
6.1.2.2 The Condition of the Reservation of, and the Exclusion of Competition on, a Secondary Market
6.1.2.3 The 'New Product' Condition
6.1.2.4 Adaptation to the Characteristics of Data
6.2 Abuse of Economic Dependence
6.2.1 The 'Traditional' Abuse of Economic Dependence Balance
6.2.1.1 State of Economic Dependence
6.2.1.2 Abuse of the Economic Dependence
6.2.1.2.1 Types of Conduct That May Constitute a Potential Abuse
6.2.1.2.2 Anticompetitive Effects
6.2.2 Application of Abuses of Economic Dependence to Data Markets?
6.2.2.1 Assessment of the State of Economic Dependence
6.2.2.1.1 Objective Assessment of the Sufficiency of Alternatives for Any Undertaking
6.2.2.1.2 Subjective Assessment of the Reasonableness to Resort to These Alternatives for the Access Seeker
6.2.2.2 Assessment of the Abuse
6.2.2.2.1 Demonstrating a Conduct That Constitutes a Potential Abuse
6.2.2.2.2 Demonstrating the Anticompetitive Harm Deriving from This Abuse
6.2.2.3 Potential Remedy and Potential Adaptation of EU Competition Law
6.3 Input Foreclosure in Vertical Mergers
6.3.1 The Traditional 'Input Foreclosure' Theory
6.3.2 Application to 'Data Foreclosure'?
6.3.3 The Particular Issue of the Acquisition of 'Nascent Innovative Players'
6.4 Overarching Considerations Pertaining to Compulsory B2B Data Sharing as a Competition Law Remedy
6.4.1 Identification of the Third Parties That Will Be Entitled to Benefit from the Data Sharing Remedy
6.4.2 Determination of the Categories of Data That Should Be Shared
6.4.3 Remuneration of the Large Data Holder
6.4.4 Factoring the Potential Anticompetitive Effects of the Data Sharing Remedy
6.5 The Issue of the Time-Consuming Process of Competition Intervention
6.5.1 Exploring the Use of Interim Measures and Market Investigations
6.5.2 Competition Law May Not Be Sufficient on Itself: Growing Call for Ex Ante Legislations Imposing Data Sharing
Chapter 7 Articulation Between Data Protection and Competition Law
7.1 Data Protection and Competition Law: Friends or Foes Regarding Data Sharing?
7.1.1 Growing Concern That the GDPR Limits Competition and Increases Concentration
7.1.2 Challengeable Nature of the Premises on Which This Concern Relies
7.1.2.1 Premise 1: The GDPR Is More Lenient Towards Personal Data Reuse Within the Ecosystem of Large Data Holders Than It Is Towards the Sharing of Personal Data with Third Parties
7.1.2.2 Premise 2: The Way in Which Large Data Holders Reuse This Data Within Their Ecosystem Complies with Data Protection Law
7.1.3 Failure of Controlling Authorities to Address the 'Double Standards' Applied by Large Data Holders
7.1.4 Crucial Need for More Enforcement by Controlling Authorities
7.2 Data Sharing as a Competition Law Remedy: Articulation with the GDPR
7.2.1 Lawful Basis for the Data Sharing
7.2.1.1 Lawful Basis for the Data Holder
7.2.1.1.1 Consent
7.2.1.1.2 Necessary for the Compliance with a Legal Obligation to Which the Data Holder Is Subject
7.2.1.2 Lawful Basis for the Data Recipient
7.2.1.2.1 Consent
7.2.1.2.2 Necessary for the Purposes of the Legitimate Interests Pursued by the Data Recipient
7.2.2 Compliance with the General Principles of Personal Data Protection
7.2.3 Need for Competition and Data Protection Authorities to Cooperate
7.2.4 Articulating a Competition Law Data Sharing Remedy with the GDPR: No Incompatibility but Risk of Inefficiency
Chapter 8 Towards More Ex Ante Legislations Imposing B2B Data Sharing for Economic Purposes
8.1 'Ex Ante' Sectoral Legislations Imposing B2B Data Sharing for Economic Purposes
8.1.1 The Current Strong Reliance on Sectoral Legislations
8.1.2 Balancing Exercises to Be Considered When Adopting Sectoral Legislations
8.2 Creation of Horizontal 'Ex Ante' Legislations Imposing B2B Data Sharing for Economic Purposes: Necessary Balancing Exercises
8.2.1 Who Will Have to Share Data?
8.2.2 Who Can Receive the Data?
8.2.3 To Which Types of Data Would This Apply?
8.2.3.1 Balance with the Data Holder's Business Interests
8.2.3.2 Compliance with the Privacy and Personal Data Protection of the Multiple Individuals Whose Data Would Be Shared in an Aggregated Way
8.2.4 Should This Be Remunerated?
8.2.5 How Could This Be Implemented Technically?
8.2.6 How Will These Legislations Be Enforced?
Chapter 9 Societal Initiatives Imposing B2B Data Sharing
9.1 Contextualisation
9.2 Prospective Thoughts on How These Societal Initiatives Imposing B2B Data Sharing Could Be Constructed
9.2.1 Who Will Have to Share Data?
9.2.2 Who Can Receive the Data?
9.2.3 To Which Types of Data Would This Apply?
9.2.4 Should This Be Remunerated?
9.2.5 How Could This Be Implemented Technically and How Will This Be Enforced?
Conclusion
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