Darwin's metaphor and his Russian audience; Malthus, Darwin and Russian social thought; Beketov, botany and the harmony of nature; Korzhinskii, the steppe and the theory of heterogensis; Mechnikov, Darwinism and the Phagocytic theory; Kessler and Russia's mutual aid tradition; Kropotkin's theory of mutual aid; Severtsov, Timiriazev and the classical tradition.
