Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
Introduction
Definitions, Titles, and Credentials
Nurse-Midwives
Lay, Empirical, Community, and Direct-Entry Midwives
Midwifery and Midwives Through the Centuries
Midwifery Models of Care
The ACNM Midwifery Model of Care
MANA: ?The Midwives' Model of Care™?
Summary of Midwifery Models of Care
SECTION I: EARLY HISTORY OF MIDWIFERY IN THE UNITED STATES (1600s?1940s)
1. The Early Voices of Midwives
The Voices of Predecessor Midwives in Antiquity
The Voices of Midwives in the Colonies (1607?1775) and Early History of the United States (1776−Mid-1800s)
The Voices of Traditional African American Antebellum Slave Midwives (1619?1861)
The Voices of Granny Midwives (Late 1800s−Mid-1900s)
The Voices of Immigrant Midwives and Other Midwives in the Late 1800s and Early 1900s
2. Silencing the Early Voices of Midwives: 1600s to 1800s
Advances in Knowledge and Exclusion of Midwives and Women From Learning
Midwifery in Europe
Study Abroad for Physicians and Their Takeover of Midwifery in the United States
Development of Medical Schools and the Flexner Report
Women in Medicine
Professionalization of Medicine and the Specialty of Obstetrics
Pain Relief During Childbirth: Ether and Chloroform
3. Silencing the Early Voices of Midwives (Late 1800s?Early 1900s)
The ?Midwife Problem?
Legislation/Rules/Regulations and the Practice of Midwifery
Nursing and Midwifery
The Bellevue School for Midwives
?Twilight Sleep?
Professionalization of Nursing, Nursing Education, and Public Health Nursing
Professionalization of Midwifery Needed to Survive
4. Silencing the Early Voices of Midwives (Late 1910s?Mid-1940s)
Closure of the Bellevue School for Midwives
Restrictive Legislation
The Continuing Move Into Hospitals
Silencing the Immigrant Japanese Sanba Midwives
SECTION II: HISTORY OF EARLY NURSE-MIDWIFERY PRACTICE AND EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES (1920s?EARLY 1950s)
5. Nursing Roots
Florence Nightingale
Public Health Nursing
Public Health Policies, Programs, and Public Health Nursing
Children's Bureau
Prenatal Care
Maternity Center Association
Public Health Nurses as Midwives
Sheppard?Towner Act
6. The Nurse-Midwife Starts Practicing (1920s?Early 1950s)
Frontier Nursing Service
Lobenstine Midwifery Clinic
Practice of Early Nurse-Midwifery Education Program Graduates (1925?1954)
Family-Centered Maternity Care and Natural Childbirth
7. Early Education for Nurse-Midwives (1920s?1954)
Manhattan Midwifery School
Lobenstine/Maternity Center Association Midwifery School
Frontier Nursing School of Midwifery
Tuskegee School of Nurse-Midwifery
Dillard University Flint-Goodridge School of Nurse-Midwifery
Catholic Maternity Institute School of Nurse-Midwifery and Catholic University of America
SECTION III: HISTORY OF THE RESURGENCE OF COMMUNITY MIDWIVES AND EARLY EDUCATION PATHWAYS IN THE UNITED STATES (1960s?1980s)
8. Resurgence of Community Midwives
Consumer Demand for Out-of-Hospital Birth
Responses to Consumer Demands
Midwife Responses to Consumer Demands
Legal Responses to Consumer Demands
Organizational Responses to Consumer Demands
Variety of Lay Midwife Practitioners in the 1960s and 1970s
Communication and Networking
9. Early Education Pathways for Community and Lay Midwives (1970s and 1980s)
Apprentice Education: 1800s to 1970s
Definitions
Early History of Apprentice Education in Medicine
Early History of Apprentice Education in Nursing
Apprentice Education in Midwifery During the 1970s and Early 1980s
Key Issues Related to Apprentice Education in Midwifery
Academic Models of Lay/Community Midwife Education
The Maternity Center at El Paso Training Program (1976)
Arizona School of Midwifery (1977)?Tucson
Seattle Midwifery School (1978)
Utah College of Midwifery/Midwives College of Utah (1980)?Salt Lake City
Northern Arizona College of Midwifery (1981)
Maternidad La Luz (1987)?El Paso
The Northern Arizona School of Midwifery (1988)?Flagstaff
The New Mexico College of Midwifery (1989)/National College of Midwifery (1991)?Taos
SECTION IV: DEVELOPMENT OF MIDWIFERY ORGANIZATIONS?LIFE-GIVING FORCES FOR MIDWIVES
Introduction and Overview of Professionalism and Professionalization
Definition and Characteristics of a Profession
Key Characteristics of a Professional
Professionalism and Professionalization
10. The American College of Nurse-Midwives
Predecessor Organizations
Founding of the American College of Nurse-Midwifery
Organizational Development
Incorporation
The Seal of the American College of Nurse-Midwifery/Nurse-Midwives
Mission
Bylaws and Structure
Presidents
Headquarters/National Office
Communication
A.C.N.M. Foundation
Awards
Core Documents
Definitions
Philosophy
Functions, Standards, and Qualifications
Core Competencies
ACNM Code of Ethics
Peer Review
Home Birth, Practice Settings, and Review of Clinical Practice Statement Documents
11. Midwives Alliance of North America
Predecessor Organizations
First International Conference of Practicing Midwives (January 14?16, 1977)
National Midwives Association (June 1977)
Second International Conference of Practicing Midwives (March 17−19, 1978)
Meeting of CNMs and Non-Nurse Midwives (October 30, 1981)
Founding of Midwives Alliance of North America
Organizational Development
MANA Goals
First Convention and the MANA Process
Mission
Philosophy
Bylaws
Presidents
Committee Structure
Statistics and Research Committee
Communication/Public Relations (Education) Committee
Communication/MANA News
Central Office
Essential (Core) Documents
Standards and Qualifications for the Art and Practice of Midwifery
Core Competencies for Basic Midwifery Practice
MANA Statement of Values and Ethics
MANA Position Statements
Descriptive Statistics
Coda
12. National Association of Certified Professional Midwives
Early History and Founding
Organizational Development
Purpose and Aim
Board of Directors
Standards Committee
Practice Committee
Core Documents
Mission
Philosophy and Principles of Practice
Scope of Practice
The Standards of Practice for NACPM Members
Issue Brief: Certified Professional Midwives in the United States
NACPM Website
Coda
SECTION V: HISTORY OF NURSE-MIDWIFERY PRACTICE AND EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES (1950s−1980s)
13. Nurse-Midwifery Practice (1950s?1980s)
Nurse-Midwives Move Into Large City and University Medical Center Hospitals
Psychoprophylaxis
Technological Advances and the Continuing Quest for Pain Relief
Nurse-Midwives Move Into Private Practice With Births Both In and Out of a Hospital
Nurse-Midwives Create the Modern Out-of-Hospital Birth Center
Practical Practice Help From the ACNM
Evaluation and Effectiveness Studies
Descriptive Studies
14. Nurse-Midwifery Education (1955−1980s)
Types of Programs
Growth Spurts
Education Workshops
Developments in Education
Mastery Learning Using Modules
Directors of Midwifery Education
A Textbook for Midwifery
Distance Learning
SECTION VI: HISTORY OF DIRECT-ENTRY MIDWIFERY EDUCATION AND THE CREDENTIALING OF MIDWIVES IN THE UNITED STATES
15. Direct-Entry Midwifery Education
American College of Nurse-Midwives (1978?1996)
ACNM Education Committee
ACNM Division of Accreditation
Midwives Alliance of North America (1983?1991)
MANA Education Committee
National Coalition of Midwifery Educators
Association of Midwifery Educators
16. Credentialing of Midwives
Accreditation
Accreditation Commission for Midwifery Education and Predecessors
Committee to Study and Evaluate Standards for Schools of Midwifery
Committee on Curriculum and Accreditation
Committee on Approval of Educational Programs
Division of Approval
Division of Accreditation
Accreditation Commission for Midwifery Education
Midwifery Education Accreditation Council
Credentialing Committee
MEAC Incorporated
MEAC Criteria for Direct-Entry Midwifery Education Programs
USDOE Recognition
Early MEAC-Accredited Programs
Certification
American Midwifery Certification Board and Predecessors
ACNM Testing Committee
Division of Examiners
ACNM Certification Council/American Midwifery Certification Board
North American Registry of Midwives
MANA Interim Registry Board
Creation of the MANA Registry Examination
North American Registry of Midwives Incorporated
Conversion From Registry to Certification Examination
NARM Certification of Direct-Entry Midwives
Licensure
Certified Nurse-Midwives and Certified Midwives
Legislation Committee
Political and Economic Affairs Committee/Government Affairs Committee
Lay and Direct-Entry Midwives
Licensure Debates
State Recognition of Lay Midwifery Practice Prior to 1982
State Recognition of Direct-Entry Midwifery Practice After 1982
Certified Professional Midwives
The Big Push for Midwives Campaign (2008)
SECTION VII: EXTERNAL/INTERNAL RELATIONSHIPS AFFECTING MIDWIFERY
17. Federal Legislation Affecting Midwifery Practice
The American College of Nurse-Midwives' Involvement in Legislation
Washington Task Force
Legislation Committee
Master Plan and ACNM Legislative Response Mechanisms
ACNM Lobbyist
Early Federal Legislation
Midwives-PAC
Direct-Entry Midwifery Groups' Involvement in Legislation
MANA Legislative Committee
MANA Legislative Conferences
MANA Legislative Lobbyist, 1994
NACPM and the Midwives and Mothers in Action Campaign
Collaborative Efforts in Maternity Care Legislation
Safe Motherhood Acts, 1996, 2002
Affordable Care Act of 2010
Coalition for Quality Maternity Care
18. Midwives With Women and Childbearing Families
Consumers and Midwives Working Together for Safe Choices Among Childbirth Alternatives
Maternity Center Association
La Leche League, 1958, and La Leche League International, 1964
International Childbirth Education Association, 1960
American Society for Psychoprophylaxis in Obstetrics/Lamaze, 1960
National Association of Parents & Professionals for Safe Alternatives in Childbirth, 1975
Other Partnerships Supporting Safe Alternatives in Childbirth
Listening to Women
ACNM Ad Hoc Committee on Consumer Affairs
ACNM's Listen to Women Campaign
Citizens for Midwifery, Inc.
Childbirth Connection 2005
Public Policy Agenda for Women
Midwives With Vulnerable Populations
ACNM Position Statements on Health Policy
American Public Health Association Policy Statements on Midwives and Women's Health
Safe Motherhood Initiatives, USA
19. Midwives (CNMs) With Physicians
Historical Evolution
Joint Statements
Coda
20. Midwives (CNMs) With Nurses and Nursing
Early Confusion With Identity of Nurse-Midwives
Nurse Practitioners, Physician Assistants, and ANA
National Federation of Specialty Nursing Organizations and ANA
ANA and Early Certification Efforts
ACNM's Continuing Internal Struggle With Self-Identification and the Working Document
Nurse-Midwives and OB-GYN Nurse Practitioners
ANA Develops a Credentialing Center
ANA Defines Nurse-Midwives as Nurse Practitioners
ACNM Defines Nurse-Midwives
ANA Defines Nurse-Midwives as Advanced Practice Registered Nurses
AACN and Accreditation
Nursing Response to ACNM Involvement in Direct-Entry Midwifery
Nurse-Midwives Included in APRN Regulation
Self-Identification and Loss of Autonomy
Coda
21. Midwives With Midwives: United States
Carnegie Meetings Stimulate Midwifery Dialogue in the United States
First Carnegie Meeting: July 16 to 18, 1989
MANA?ACNM Activities Between the Two Carnegie Meetings
Second Carnegie Meeting: July 22 to 24, 1990
The MANA-ACNM Interorganizational Workgroup on Midwifery Education
Carnegie Funds Awarded
Goals of IWG
Selection of Workgroup Members
The IWG Meetings
Factors Mitigating Against Achievement of Carnegie and IWG Goals
Different Organizational Processes
Words and Concepts Without Common Meaning
Philosophy of Inclusiveness
Level of Midwifery Education
University Affiliation for Midwifery Education
Misunderstanding on Who Develops Education Programs
Suspicions About IWG Activities
Final Outcomes of IWG Meetings
The Grand Midwife Statement
Midwifery Certification Document
Liaison Planning Document
Continuing ACNM and MANA Dialogue
The Bridge Club
ACNM?MANA Liaison Group
United States Midwifery Education, Regulation, and Association
22. Midwives With Midwives: International
The International Confederation of Midwives
Brief History
Aim and Strategic Actions
Organization and Structure
ICM Activities and Documents
ICM International Definition of the Midwife
ICM Mission and Vision
ICM International Code of Ethics for Midwives
ICM Philosophy and Model of Midwifery Care
ICM Essential Competencies for Basic Midwifery Practice
ICM Global Standards for Education and Regulation
The Three Pillars of Education, Regulation, and Association
ACNM's Role in International Midwifery
Index
