The State of American Policing

Series Foreword
Foreword by Jim Bueermann
1 History and Oppressive Police Practices against Minorities
Purpose of Police in the United States
Modern American Police Scandals
Psychology of Policing
Psychology of Oppression
Victims and Tools of Oppression
Policy and Law
2 Police Culture, Misconduct, and Consent Decrees
Psychology of Police Culture
Psychology of Police Misconduct and Brutality
The Internal Affairs Process
Consent Decrees
Community Policing-A Failed Attempt at Change
Conclusion
3 The Psychology of Bias and Racism in Policing
Psychology of Implicit Bias
Threat Assessment by Police-Does It Foster Implicit Bias?
The Origins of Implicit Bias
Psychological Testing and Bias
Agency Policies and Affirmative Action
Blacks and Women in Policing
Conclusion
4 Police Decision-Making-Law, Policy, and Psychology
The Law and Police Decision-Making
Defining the Force Continuum/Decision Matrix
Why Does an Officer Use Force?
Factors Influencing Use of Force
Use of Force-Physiological and Psychological Responses
Violence Models in Response to Stimuli
Conclusion
5 Deadly Force Decision-Making-Law, Policy, and Training
The Law and Deadly Force
Three Categories of Police Shootings
I Was in Fear for My Life
Police Privilege
Black Hysteria
Black and Police = Anti-American
Conclusion
6 Psychological Mind-Set and Militarization of American Police
Traditional Policing
Changing Times: From Officer Friendly to a Warrior
Psychology of Survival
Presidential Order 13688-Law Enforcement Acquires Military Equipment
Conclusion
7 Twenty-First-Century Policing, Crime Control, or Quality Assurance
Twenty-First-Century Policing Task Force
Professionalism through Accreditation
Quality Assurance in Policing
The Psychology of Survival and Disconnect
Conclusion
8 The Future and Recommendations for Change
Resistance to Change
Psychology of Cultural Change
Social Work Mentality
Building Blocks for Success-Trust and Communication
Not a Police Problem Alone
Conclusion
9 Closing Commentary: Stop Shouting, Start Listening
Appendix: Chief's Letter to Agency Officers Regarding Surveys
Index
About the Author