Handbook of Polymers for Pharmaceutical Technologies, Volume 2, Processing and Applications

Name: Handbook of Polymers for Pharmaceutical Technologies, Volume 2, Processing and Applications
Brand: Wiley-Scrivener
Price: 193.99 EUR
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Vijay Kumar Thakur Manju Kumari Thakur(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley-Scrivener (Verlag)

Erschienen am 27. Juli 2015

496 Seiten

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Inhalt

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
1 Particle Engineering of Polymers into Multifunctional Interactive Excipients
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Polymers as Excipients
1.3 Material Properties Affecting Binder Activity
1.3.1 Particle Size
1.3.2 Deformation Mechanisms
1.3.3 Glass Transition Temperature (Tg)
1.4 Strategies for Improving Polymeric Filler-Binder Performance for Direct Compression
1.4.1 Interactive Mixing
1.4.2 Challenges to Interactive Mixing
1.4.3 Controlling Interparticle Cohesion
1.5 Preparation and Characterization of Interactive Excipients
1.5.1 Particle Size and Size Distribution of Excipients
1.5.2 Effect of L-leucine on Surface Morphology
1.5.3 Effect of L-leucine on Surface Composition
1.5.4 Effect of L-leucine on Surface Energy
1.5.5 Effect of L-leucine on Interparticle Cohesion
1.6 Performance of Interactive Excipients
1.6.1 Blending Ability
1.6.2 Effect on Flow
1.6.3 Binder Activity
1.7 Investigation of the Effect of Polymer Mechanical Properties
1.8 Conclusion
References
2 The Art of Making Polymeric Membranes
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Types of Membranes
2.2.1 Porous Membranes
2.2.2 Nonporous Membranes
2.2.3 Liquid Membranes (Carrier Mediated Transport)
2.2.4 Asymmetric Membranes
2.3 Preparation of Membranes
2.3.1 Phase Inversion/Separation
2.3.2 Vapor-Induced Phase Separation (VIPS)
2.3.3 Thermally-Induced Phase Separation (TIPS)
2.3.4 Immersion Precipitation
2.3.5 Film/Dry Casting Technique
2.3.6 Track Etching
2.3.7 Electrospinning
2.3.7.1 Preparation of Electrospun Nanofiber Membranes (ENMs) with Single Component
2.3.7.2 Preparation of Nanofibers with Two Side-by-Side Components
2.3.7.3 Preparation of Core-Sheath and Hollow Nanofibers
2.3.8 Spraying
2.3.9 Foaming
2.3.10 Particle Leaching
2.3.11 Precipitation from the Vapor Phase
2.3.12 Emulsion Freeze-Drying
2.3.13 Sintering
2.3.14 Stretching
2.3.15 Composite/Supported
2.3.16 Mixed Matrix Membranes (MMMs)
2.3.17 Hollow Fiber Membranes
2.3.17.1 Methods for Spinning
2.3.18 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
2.4 Modification of Membranes
2.4.1 Modification of Polymeric Membrane by Additives/Blending
2.4.2 Coating
2.4.3 Surface Modification by Chemical Reaction
2.4.4 Interfacial Polymerization (IP)/Copolymerization
2.4.5 Plasma Polymerization/Treatment
2.4.6 Surface Modification by Irradiation of High Energy Particles
2.4.7 UV Irradiation
2.4.8 Ion-Beam Irradiation
2.4.9 Surface Modification by Heat Treatment
2.4.10 Graft Polymerization/Grafting
2.4.11 Other Techniques
2.5 Characterization of Membrane by Different Techniques
2.5.1 Conventional Physical Methods to Determine Pore Size and Pore Size Distribution
2.5.1.1 Bubble Gas Transport Method
2.5.1.2 Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry
2.5.1.3 Gas Liquid Equilibrium Method (Permporometry)
2.5.1.4 Adsorption-Desorption Method: Barett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) Method
2.5.1.5 Permeability Methods
2.5.2 Morphology
2.5.2.1 Microscopic Method
2.5.2.2 Spectroscopic Method
2.5.2.3 Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy (PAL)
2.5.2.4 X-Ray Analysis and Other Methods
2.5.3 Thermal Properties
2.5.4 Mechanical Properties
2.5.4.1 Tensile Strength
2.5.4.2 Young's Modulus or Tensile Modulus of Elasticity
2.6 Summary
References
3 Development of Microstructuring Technologies of Polycarbonate for Establishing Advanced Cell Cultivation Systems
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Material Properties of Polycarbonate
3.2.1 Physical Properties
3.2.2 Chemical Properties
3.2.3 Biological Properties
3.3 Use of Polycarbonate Foils in Structuration Processes
3.3.1 Hot Embossing
3.3.2 Thermoforming
3.4 Simulation of Microstructuring of a Polycarbonate Foil
3.5 Chemical Functionalization of Polycarbonate
3.6 Surface Micropatterning of Polycarbonate
3.7 Application Examples
3.7.1 3D Liver Cell Cultivation in Polycarbonate Scaffolds
3.7.2 3D Lung Cell Cultivation in Semi-Actively Perfused Systems
3.7.3 Guiding 3D Cocultivation of Cells by Micropatterning Techniques
3.8 Conclusion and Further Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
4 In-Situ Gelling Thermosensitive Hydrogels for Protein Delivery Applications
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Polymers for the Design of Hydrogels
4.2.1 Polymer Architectures
4.2.2 Natural, Synthetic and Hybrid Hydrogels
4.2.3 Crosslinking Methods
4.2.4 Thermogelling Polymer Hydrogels
4.3 Pharmaceutical Applications of Hydrogels: Protein Delivery
4.3.1 Strategies for Protein Release from Hydrogels
4.3.1.1 Physical Entrapment of Proteins into Hydrogels: General Principles and Release Mechanisms
4.3.1.2 Covalent Binding
4.3.1.3 Dual/Multiple Delivery Systems
4.4 Application of Hydrogels for Protein Delivery in Tissue Engineering
4.5 Conclusions
References
5 Polymers as Formulation Excipients for Hot-Melt Extrusion Processing of Pharmaceuticals
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Overview of Hot-Melt Extrusion (HME)
5.1.2 Solubility/Dissolution Enhancement by Solid Dispersions
5.2 Polymers for HME Processing
5.2.1 Basic Requirements
5.2.2 Suitability - Examples
5.3 Polymer Selection for the HME Process
5.3.1 Thermodynamic Considerations - Drug-Polymer Solubility and Miscibility
5.4 Processing of HME Formulations
5.4.1 Physical Properties of Feeding Material - Flowability, Packing and Friction
5.4.1.1 Crystallinity
5.4.1.2 Molecular Weight and Viscosity
5.5 Improvements in Processing
5.5.1 Equipment Modifications
5.5.2 Plasticizers
5.5.2.1 Drugs Acting as Plasticizers
5.2.2.2 Extrusion Based on Use of Plasticizers
5.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
6 Poly Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) Copolymer and Its Pharmaceutical Application
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Physicochemical Properties
6.3 Biodegradation
6.4 Biocompatibiliy, Toxicty and Pharmacokinetics
6.5 Mechanism of Drug Release
6.6 PLGA-Based DDS
6.7 Bone Regeneration
6.8 Pulmonary Delivery
6.9 Gene Therapy
6.10 Tumor Trageting
6.11 Miscellaneous Drug Delivery Applications
6.12 Conclusion
References
7 Pharmaceutical Applications of Polymeric Membranes
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Obtaining Pure and Ultrapure Water for Pharmaceutical Usage
7.3 Wastewater Treatment for Pharmaceutics
7.4 Controlled Drug Delivery Devices Based on Membrane Materials
7.5 Molecularly Imprinted Membranes
7.6 Conclusions
References
8 Application of PVC in Construction of Ion-Selective Electrodes for Pharmaceutical Analysis: A Review of Polymer Electrodes for Nonsteroidal, Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Properties and Usage of Poly(vinyl)chloride (PVC)
8.3 PVC Application and Properties in Construction of Potentiometric Sensors for Drug Detection
8.3.1 Role of Polymer Membrane Components
8.4 Ion-Selective, Classic, Liquid Electrodes (ISEs)
8.5 Ion-Selective Solid-State Electrodes
8.5.1 Ion-Selective Coated-Wire Electrodes (CWE)
8.5.2 Ion-Selective BMSA Electrodes
8.5.3 Electrodes Based on Conductive Polymers (SC-ISEs )
8.6 Application of Polymer-Based ISEs for Determination of Analgetic, Anti-Inflammatory and Antipyretic Drugs: Literature Review (2000-2014)
8.6.1 Electrodes for Determination of Narcotic Medicines
8.6.2 Electrode Sensitive to Dextromethorphan
8.6.3 Electrode Sensitive to Tramadol
8.6.4 Electrodes for Determination of Non-Narcotic Drugs
8.6.5 Salicylate Electrode
8.6.6 Ibuprofen Electrode
8.6.7 Ketoprofen Electrodes
8.6.8 Piroxicam Electrode
8.6.9 Tenoxicam Electrode
8.6.10 Naproxen Electrodes
8.6.11 Indomethacin Electrodes
8.6.12 Sulindac Electrode
8.6.13 Diclofenac Electrodes
8.7 Conclusion
References
9 Synthesis and Preservation of Polymer Nanoparticles for Pharmaceutical Applications
9.1 Introduction: Polymer Nanoparticles Production
9.2 Production of Polymer Nanoparticles by Solvent Displacement Using Intensive Mixers
9.2.1 Influence of Polymer-Solvent Type and Hydrodynamics on Particle Size
9.2.2 Dependence on Operating Conditions - Polymer and Drug Concentration, Solvent/Antisolvent Ratio, Processing Conditions
9.2.3 Process Design: Selection of Mixing Device, Scale Up and Process Transfer
9.3 Freeze-Drying of Nanoparticles
9.4 Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
10 Pharmaceutical Applications of Maleic Anhydride/Acid Copolymers
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Maleic Copolymers as Macromolecular Drugs
10.3 Maleic Copolymer Conjugates
10.3.1 Polymer-Protein Conjugates
10.3.2 Polymer-Drug Conjugates
10.4 Noncovalent Drug Delivery Systems
10.4.1 Enteric Coatings
10.4.2 Solid Dispersions
10.4.3 Polymeric Films and Hydrogels
10.4.4 Microspheres and Microcapsules
10.4.5 Nanoparticles
10.4.6 Micelles
10.5 Conclusion
References
11 Stimuli-Sensitive Polymeric Nanomedicines for Cancer Imaging and Therapy
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Pathophysiological and Physical Triggers
11.2.1 Acidosis
11.2.1.1 pH-Sensitive Tumor Imaging
11.2.1.2 pH-Sensitive Prodrugs
11.2.1.3 pH-Dependent Change of Structure/Size or Shape
11.2.1.4 pH-Induced Exposure of an Internalization Moiety
11.2.1.5 pH-Sensitive Coordination Bonds
11.2.1.6 pH-Sensitive Dendrimer Nanoparticles
11.2.1.7 Drug Conjugated to Dendrimer via pH-Sensitive Linkages
11.2.2 Reductive Stress
11.2.2.1 Reduction-Sensitive Prodrug
11.2.2.2 Reduction-Induced Exposure of an Internalizing Moiety
11.2.2.3 Reduction-Sensitive Crosslinking
11.2.3 Tumor Hypoxia
11.2.3.1 Hypoxia-Induced Drug Release or Exposure of Positive Charge
11.2.4 Cancer Associated Extracellular Enzymes
11.2.4.1 Activatable Cell Penetrating Peptides for Tumor Imaging
11.2.4.2 MMP-Induced Exposure of Internalization Moiety
11.2.4.3 MMP-Induced Exposure of Positive Charge
11.2.4.4 Combination Therapy
11.2.4.5 Enzyme-Sensitive Dendrimers
11.2.5 Magneto-Responsive Polymers
11.2.6 Temperature-Sensitive Dendrimers
11.2.7 Photoresponsive Polymers
11.2.7.1 Photodynamic Therapy
11.2.7.2 Photosensitive Dendrimers
11.2.7.3 Photoimmunotherapy
11.3 Stimuli-Responsive Polymers for Patient Selection and Treatment Monitoring
11.3.1 Selection of Patients Amenable to Nanomedicine Treatment
11.3.2 Selection of Patients for pH-Sensitive Nanocarriers
11.3.3 Selection of Patients for Redox-Sensitive Nanocarriers
11.3.4 Mapping of Dominant Active Pathways Using Enzyme-Sensitive Probes
11.3.5 Selection of Patients for Molecularly-Targeted Therapies
11.3.6 Evaluation of Response to Treatment
11.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
12 Artificial Intelligence Techniques Used for Modeling of Processes Involving Polymers for Pharmaceutical Applications
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Artificial Neural Networks
12.2.1 Elements and Structure
12.2.2 Working Methodology
12.2.3 Variants of ANN Modeling
12.3 Support Vector Machines
12.3.1 General Aspects
12.3.2 SVM Modeling Methodology
12.4 Modeling of Processes Involving Polymers for Pharmaceutical Applications
12.4.1 Neural Networks Used for Modeling of Processes Involving Pharmaceutical Polymers
12.4.2 Support Vector Machines Used for Modeling of Processes Involving Pharmaceutical Polymers
12.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
13 Review of Current Pharmaceutical Applications of Polysiloxanes (Silicones)
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Variety of Polysiloxane - Structure, Synthesis, Properties
13.2.1 Basic Silicone Chemistry
13.2.2 Properties of Silicones
13.3 Polysiloxanes as Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API)
13.3.1 Mechanism of Action of Dimethicone and Simethicone
13.3.2 Current Legislative Standards Related to Oral Application of Dimethicone and Simethicone (PDMS)
13.3.3 Admissible Doses for Dimethicone and Simethicone (PDMS)
13.4 Polysiloxanes as Excipients
13.4.1 Skin Adhesive Patches
13.4.2 Carrier for Controlled-Release Drugs
13.4.2.1 Transdermal Drug Delivery System
13.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
14 Polymer-Doped Nano-Optical Sensors for Pharmaceutical Analysis
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Sol-Gel Process
14.1.1.1 Mechanism of Sol-Gel Formation
14.1.1.2 Hybrid Nanomaterials
14.1.2 Molecular Imprinting Nanomaterial Polymer
14.1.2.1 Approach of Molecular Imprinted Polymer Formation
14.1.3 Poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymer (PMMA)
14.2 Processing
14.2.1 Sol-Gel Technique
14.2.1.1 Preparation of Optical Sensor Doped in TEOS
14.2.1.2 Preparation of Thin Film Nano-Optical Sensor Doped in Sol-Gel Matrix
14.2.2 Molecular Imprinted Nanomaterials
14.2.2.1 Imprinted Nanoparticles (Imp-NPs)
14.2.2.2 Imprinted Nanospheres
14.2.2.3 Imprinted Nanoshells
14.2.2.4 Imprinted Nanofibers
14.2.3 Preparation of Optical Sensor Doped in PMMA Matrix
14.2.4 Determination of Pharmaceutical Drug in Pharmaceutical Preparations
14.2.5 Determination of Pharmaceutical Drug in Serum Solution
14.3 Application of Optical Sensor for Pharmaceutical Drug Determination
14.3.1 TEOS-Doped Nano-Optical Sensor for Pharmaceutical Determinations
14.3.1.1 Determination of Ramipril by Using Sm3+-Doxycycline Doped in TEOS matrix
14.3.1.2 Determination of Metoclopramide Hydrochloride by Using Europium Doped in TEOS Matrix
14.3.1.3 Nano-Optical Sensor for Chlorzoxazone and Ibuprofen Determination
14.3.1.4 Nano-Optical Sensor for Norfloxacin and Gatifloxacin Determination
14.3.2 Molecular Imprinted Nano-Polymer
14.3.2.1 Hollow Molecular Imprinting Polymer for Ofloxacin Determination
14.3.2.2 Molecular Imprinted Solid-Phase Extraction for Determination of Ofloxacin (OFL) and Lomefloxacin
14.3.2.3 Ofloxacin-Imprinted Polymer Using Poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylenedimethacrylate) Particles as a Support
14.3.2.4 Molecular Imprinted Polymer Nanoparticles for Ofloxacin Determination
14.3.2.5 Molecular Imprinted Polymer for Ciprofloxacin Determination
14.3.2.6 Molecular Imprinted Polymeric Membrane on a Porous Silica-Gel for Norfloxacin Determination
14.3.2.7 Electrochemical Sensor Combined with Molecular Imprinted Polymer for Paracetamol Determination
14.3.3 Sensor Embedded in Polymethymethacrylate
14.3.3.1 Metoclopramide Hydrochloride Determination by Using an Optical Sensor Tb3+ Embedded in PMMA
14.3.3.2 Hydrochlorothiazide Determination by Using an Optical Sensor Eu3+ Embedded in PMMA
14.4 Conclusion
References
15 Polymer-Based Augmentation of Immunosuppressive Formulations: Application of Polymer Technology in Transplant Medicine
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Polymer-Based Immunosuppressive Formulations
15.2.1 Sirolimus
15.2.1.1 Oral and Injectable Formulations
15.2.1.2 Device Slow-Release Formulations
15.2.2 Cyclosporine A
15.2.2.1 CsA Delivery via Polymeric Micelles
15.2.2.2 CsA Delivery via Nanoparticles
15.2.2.3 CsA Delivery via Biodegradable Matrices
15.2.2.4 Ophthalmic CsA Delivery Systems
15.2.3 Tacrolimus
15.2.3.1 Polymer Applications for Oral Tacrolimus Formulations
15.2.3.2 Other Polymer Applications for Tacrolimus
15.2.4 Mycophenolic Acid
15.3 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
16 Polymeric Materials in Ocular Drug Delivery Systems
16.1 Introduction
16.2 A Brief Description of Ocular Anatomy and Physiology
16.2.1 Anatomy of the Human Eye
16.2.2 Routes of Ocular Drug Delivery
16.2.3 Barriers in Ocular Drug Delivery
16.2.3.1 Lacrimation, Drainage and Blood Vessels
16.2.3.2 Corneal-Aqueous Barrier
16.3 Polymeric Ocular Drug Delivery Systems
16.3.1 Non-Biodegradable Polymeric Ocular Drug Delivery Systems
16.3.1.1 Non-Biodegradable Synthetic Polymers
16.3.2 Biodegradable Polymeric Ocular Drug Delivery Systems
16.3.2.1 Biodegradable Synthetic Polymers
16.4 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
Index
EULA

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