Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials, Volume 8, Nanocomposites

Name: Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials, Volume 8, Nanocomposites | Advanced Applications
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Advanced Applications

Vijay Kumar Thakur Manju Kumari Thakur Michael R. Kessler(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley-Scrivener (Verlag)

Erschienen am 29. März 2017

608 Seiten

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Beschreibung

The Handbook of Composites From Renewable Materials comprises a set of 8 individual volumes that brings an interdisciplinary perspective to accomplish a more detailed understanding of the interplay between the synthesis, structure, characterization, processing, applications and performance of these advanced materials. The handbook covers a multitude of natural polymers/ reinforcement/ fillers and biodegradable materials. Together, the 8 volumes total at least 5000 pages and offers a unique publication.
This 8th volume of the Handbook is solely focused on the Nanocomposites: Advanced Applications. Some of the important topics include but not limited to: virgin and recycled polymers applied to advanced nanocomposites; biodegradable polymer-carbon nanotube composites for water and wastewater treatment; eco-friendly nanocomposites of chitosan with natural extracts, antimicrobial agents and nanometals; controllable generation of renewable nanofibrils from green materials and their application in nanocomposites; nanocellulose and nanocellulose composites; poly (lactic acid) biopolymer composites and nanocomposites for biomedical and biopackaging applications; impact of nanotechnology in water treatment: carbon nanotube and graphene; nanomaterials in energy generation; sustainable green nanocomposites from bacterial bioplastics for food packaging applications; PLA-nanocomposites: a promising material for future from renewable resources; bio-composites from renewable resources: preparation and applications of chitosan-clay nanocomposites; nano materials: an advanced and versatile nano additive for kraft and paper industries; composites and nanocomposites based on polylactic acid obtaining; cellulose-containing scaffolds fabricated by electrospinning: applications in tissue engineering and drug delivery; biopolymer-based nanocomposites for environmental applications; calcium phosphate nanocomposites for biomedical and dental applications: recent developments; chitosan-metal nanocomposites: synthesis, characterization and applications; multi-carboxyl functionalized nano-cellulose/nano-bentonite composite for the effective removal and recovery of metal ions; biomimetic gelatin nanocomposite as a scaffold for bone tissue repair; natural starches-blended ionotropically-gelled microparticles/beads for sustained drug release and ferrogels: smart materials for biomedical and remediation applications.

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Personen

Vijay Kumar Thakur is a Lecturer in the School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing Engineering, Cranfield University, UK. Previously he had been a Staff Scientist in the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at Washington State University, USA. He spent his postdoctoral study in Materials Science & Engineering at Iowa State University, USA, and gained his PhD in Polymer Chemistry (2009) at the National Institute of Technology, India. He has published more than 90 SCI journal research articles in the field of polymers/materials science and holds one US patent. He has also published about 25 books and 33 book chapters on the advanced state-of-the-art of polymers/materials science with numerous publishers, including Wiley-Scrivener.
Manju Kumar Thakur has been working as an Assistant Professor of Chemistry at the Division of Chemistry, Govt. Degree College Sarkaghat Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India since 2010. She received her PhD in Polymer Chemistry from the Chemistry Department at Himachal Pradesh University. She has deep experience in the field of organic chemistry, biopolymers, composites/ nanocomposites, hydrogels, applications of hydrogels in the removal of toxic heavy metal ions, drug delivery etc. She has published more than 30 research papers in peer-reviewed journals, 25 book chapters and co-authored five books all in the field of polymeric materials.
Michael R. Kessler is a Professor and Director of the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at Washington State University, USA. He is an expert in the mechanics, processing, and characterization of polymer matrix composites and nanocomposites. His honours include the Army Research Office Young Investigator Award, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research Young Investigator Award, the NSF CAREER Award, and the Elsevier Young Composites Researcher Award from the American Society for Composites. He has more than 150 journal articles and 5800 citations, holds 6 patents, published 5 books on the synthesis and characterization of polymer materials, and presented at least 200 talks at national and international meetings.

Inhalt

1 - Cover [Seite 1]
2 - Title Page [Seite 5]
3 - Copyright Page [Seite 6]
4 - Dedication [Seite 7]
5 - Contents [Seite 9]
6 - Preface [Seite 21]
7 - 1 Virgin and Recycled Polymers Applied to Advanced Nanocomposites [Seite 23]
7.1 - 1.1 Introduction [Seite 23]
7.2 - References [Seite 34]
8 - 2 Biodegradable Polymer-Carbon Nanotube Composites for Water and Wastewater Treatments [Seite 37]
8.1 - 2.1 Introduction [Seite 37]
8.2 - 2.2 Synthesis of Biodegradable Polymer-Carbon Nanotube Composites [Seite 39]
8.2.1 - 2.2.1 Introduction [Seite 39]
8.2.2 - 2.2.2 Starch-Carbon Nanotube Composites [Seite 39]
8.2.3 - 2.2.3 Cellulose-Carbon Nanotube Composites [Seite 40]
8.2.4 - 2.2.4 Chitosan-Carbon Nanotubes Composites [Seite 42]
8.3 - 2.3 Applications of Biodegradable Polymer-Carbon Nanotube Composites in Water and Wastewater Treatments [Seite 45]
8.3.1 - 2.3.1 Removal of Heavy Metals [Seite 45]
8.3.2 - 2.3.2 Removal of Organic Pollutants [Seite 48]
8.4 - 2.4 Concluding Remarks [Seite 49]
8.5 - References [Seite 49]
9 - 3 Eco-Friendly Nanocomposites of Chitosan with Natural Extracts, Antimicrobial Agents, and Nanometals [Seite 57]
9.1 - 3.1 Introduction [Seite 57]
9.2 - 3.2 Properties and Formation of Chitosan Oligosaccharides [Seite 59]
9.3 - 3.3 Nanomaterials from Renewable Materials [Seite 61]
9.3.1 - 3.3.1 Chitosan Combined with Biomaterials [Seite 61]
9.3.2 - 3.3.2 Chitosan Cross-Linked with Natural Extracts [Seite 63]
9.3.3 - 3.3.3 Chitosan Co-Polymerized with Synthetic Species [Seite 64]
9.4 - 3.4 Synthesis Methods for Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites [Seite 66]
9.4.1 - 3.4.1 Biological Methods [Seite 66]
9.4.2 - 3.4.2 Physical Methods [Seite 67]
9.4.3 - 3.4.3 Chemical Methods [Seite 69]
9.5 - 3.5 Analytical Techniques for the Identification of the Composite Materials [Seite 70]
9.6 - 3.6 Advanced Applications of Bionanomaterials Based on Chitosan [Seite 71]
9.6.1 - 3.6.1 Antimicrobial Applications [Seite 72]
9.6.2 - 3.6.2 Biomedical Applications [Seite 73]
9.6.2.1 - 3.6.2.1 Antimicrobial Activity of Wound Dressings [Seite 73]
9.6.2.2 - 3.6.2.2 Drug Delivery [Seite 73]
9.6.2.3 - 3.6.2.3 Tissue Engineering [Seite 73]
9.6.3 - 3.6.3 Food-Related Applications [Seite 74]
9.6.4 - 3.6.4 Environmental Applications [Seite 74]
9.6.4.1 - 3.6.4.1 Metal Absorption [Seite 74]
9.6.4.2 - 3.6.4.2 Wastewater Treatment [Seite 74]
9.6.4.3 - 3.6.4.3 Agricultural Crops [Seite 75]
9.6.5 - 3.6.5 Applications in Heritage Preservation [Seite 75]
9.7 - 3.7 Conclusions [Seite 76]
9.8 - Acknowledgments [Seite 77]
9.9 - References [Seite 77]
10 - 4 Controllable Generation of Renewable Nanofibrils from Green Materials and Their Application in Nanocomposites [Seite 83]
10.1 - 4.1 Introduction [Seite 83]
10.2 - 4.2 Generation of CNF from Jute Fibers [Seite 85]
10.2.1 - 4.2.1 Experimental Section [Seite 85]
10.2.2 - 4.2.2 Results and Discussion [Seite 86]
10.2.3 - 4.2.3 Short Summary [Seite 93]
10.3 - 4.3 Controllable Generation of CNF from Jute Fibers [Seite 94]
10.3.1 - 4.3.1 Experimental Section [Seite 95]
10.3.2 - 4.3.2 Results and Discussion [Seite 96]
10.3.3 - 4.3.3 Short Summary [Seite 108]
10.4 - 4.4 CNF Generation from Other Nonwood Fibers [Seite 108]
10.4.1 - 4.4.1 Experiments Details [Seite 108]
10.4.2 - 4.4.1 Results and Discussion [Seite 110]
10.4.3 - 4.4.3 Summary [Seite 118]
10.5 - 4.5 Applications in Nanocomposites [Seite 119]
10.5.1 - 4.5.1 CNF-Reinforced Polymer Composite [Seite 119]
10.5.2 - 4.5.2 Surface Coating as Barrier [Seite 122]
10.5.3 - 4.5.3 Assembled into Microfiber and Film [Seite 123]
10.6 - 4.6 Conclusions and Perspectives [Seite 124]
10.7 - Acknowledgments [Seite 125]
10.8 - References [Seite 125]
11 - 5 Nanocellulose and Nanocellulose Composites: Synthesis, Characterization, and Potential Applications [Seite 131]
11.1 - 5.1 Introduction [Seite 131]
11.2 - 5.2 Nanocellulose [Seite 132]
11.3 - 5.3 Nanocellulose Composites [Seite 139]
11.3.1 - 5.3.1 Hydrogels Based on Nanocellulose Composites [Seite 139]
11.3.2 - 5.3.2 Aerogels Based on Nanocellulose Composites [Seite 142]
11.3.3 - 5.3.3 Electrode Materials Based on Nanocellulose Composites [Seite 146]
11.3.4 - 5.3.4 Photocatalytic Materials Based on Nanocellulose Composites [Seite 146]
11.3.5 - 5.3.5 Antibacterial Materials Based on Nanocellulose Composites [Seite 147]
11.3.6 - 5.3.6 Sustained Release Applications Based on Nanocellulose Composites [Seite 147]
11.3.7 - 5.3.7 Sensors Based on the Nanocellulose Composites [Seite 149]
11.3.8 - 5.3.8 Mechanical Properties [Seite 149]
11.3.9 - 5.3.9 Biodegradation Properties [Seite 150]
11.3.10 - 5.3.10 Virus Removal [Seite 151]
11.3.11 - 5.3.11 Porous Materials [Seite 151]
11.4 - 5.4 Summary [Seite 152]
11.5 - Acknowledgments [Seite 153]
11.6 - References [Seite 153]
12 - 6 Poly(Lactic Acid) Biopolymer Composites and Nanocomposites for Biomedicals and Biopackaging Applications [Seite 157]
12.1 - 6.1 Introduction [Seite 157]
12.2 - 6.2 Preparations of PLA [Seite 159]
12.3 - 6.3 Biocomposite [Seite 160]
12.4 - 6.4 PLA Biocomposites [Seite 161]
12.5 - 6.5 Nanocomposites [Seite 162]
12.6 - 6.6 PLA Nanocomposites [Seite 162]
12.7 - 6.7 Biomaterials [Seite 163]
12.8 - 6.8 PLA Biomaterials [Seite 164]
12.9 - 6.9 Processing Advantages of PLA Biomaterials [Seite 165]
12.10 - 6.10 PLA as Packaging Materials [Seite 167]
12.11 - 6.11 Biomedical Application of PLA [Seite 168]
12.12 - 6.12 Medical Implants [Seite 168]
12.13 - 6.13 Some Clinical Applications of PLA Devices [Seite 169]
12.13.1 - 6.13.1 Fibers [Seite 169]
12.13.2 - 6.13.2 Meshes [Seite 171]
12.13.3 - 6.13.3 Bone Fixation Devices [Seite 172]
12.13.4 - 6.13.4 Stress-Shielding Effect [Seite 173]
12.13.5 - 6.13.5 Piezoelectric Effect [Seite 173]
12.13.6 - 6.13.6 Screws, Pins, and Rods [Seite 174]
12.13.7 - 6.13.7 Plates [Seite 175]
12.13.8 - 6.13.8 Microspheres, Microcapsules, and Thin Coatings [Seite 176]
12.14 - 6.14 PLA Packaging Applications [Seite 177]
12.15 - 6.15 Conclusion [Seite 178]
12.16 - References [Seite 179]
13 - 7 Impact of Nanotechnology on Water Treatment: Carbon Nanotube and Graphene [Seite 193]
13.1 - 7.1 Introduction [Seite 193]
13.2 - 7.2 Threats to Water Treatment [Seite 195]
13.3 - 7.3 Nanotechnology in Water Treatment [Seite 195]
13.3.1 - 7.3.1 Nanomaterials for Water Treatment [Seite 197]
13.3.2 - 7.3.2 Nanomaterials and Membrane Filtration [Seite 198]
13.3.3 - 7.3.3 Metal Nanostructured Materials [Seite 200]
13.3.4 - 7.3.4 Naturally Occurring Materials [Seite 201]
13.3.5 - 7.3.5 Carbon Nano Compounds [Seite 202]
13.3.5.1 - 7.3.5.1 Carbon Nanotube Membranes for Water Purification [Seite 203]
13.3.5.2 - 7.3.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes as Catalysts or Co-Catalysts [Seite 207]
13.3.5.3 - 7.3.5.3 Carbon Nanotubes in Photocatalysis [Seite 208]
13.3.5.4 - 7.3.5.4 Carbon Nanotube Filters as Anti-Microbial Materials [Seite 210]
13.3.5.5 - 7.3.5.5 Carbon Nanotube Membranes for Seawater Desalination [Seite 213]
13.4 - 7.4 Polymer Nanocomposites [Seite 214]
13.4.1 - 7.4.1 Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Water Treatment Membranes [Seite 214]
13.4.2 - 7.4.2 Dendrimers [Seite 215]
13.5 - 7.5 Global Impact of Nanotechnology and Human Health [Seite 217]
13.6 - 7.6 Conclusions [Seite 218]
13.7 - Acknowledgments [Seite 218]
13.8 - References [Seite 219]
14 - 8 Nanomaterials in Energy Generation [Seite 229]
14.1 - 8.1 Introduction [Seite 229]
14.1.1 - 8.1.1 Increasing of Surface Energy and Tension [Seite 231]
14.1.2 - 8.1.2 Decrease of Thermal Conductivity [Seite 231]
14.1.3 - 8.1.3 The Blue Shift Effect [Seite 232]
14.2 - 8.2 Applications of Nanotechnology in Medicine and Biology [Seite 233]
14.3 - 8.3 In Solar Cells [Seite 233]
14.3.1 - 8.3.1 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell [Seite 234]
14.3.2 - 8.3.2 Composites from Renewable Materials for Photoanode [Seite 235]
14.3.3 - 8.3.3 Composites from Renewable Materials for Electrolyte [Seite 236]
14.3.4 - 8.3.4 Composites from Renewable Materials for Organic Solar Cells [Seite 237]
14.4 - 8.4 Visible-Light Active Photocatalyst [Seite 238]
14.5 - 8.5 Energy Storage [Seite 239]
14.5.1 - 8.5.1 Thermal Energy Storage [Seite 239]
14.5.2 - 8.5.2 Electrochemical Energy Storage [Seite 239]
14.6 - 8.6 Biomechanical Energy Harvest and Storage Using Nanogenerator [Seite 240]
14.7 - 8.7 Nanotechnology on Biogas Production [Seite 242]
14.7.1 - 8.7.1 Impact of Metal Oxide Nanoadditives on the Biogas Production [Seite 245]
14.8 - 8.8 Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities Using Nanoparticles [Seite 245]
14.8.1 - 8.8.1 Antibacterial Activity [Seite 245]
14.8.2 - 8.8.2 Antioxidant Activity [Seite 246]
14.9 - 8.9 Conclusion [Seite 246]
14.10 - References [Seite 246]
15 - 9 Sustainable Green Nanocomposites from Bacterial Bioplastics for Food-Packaging Applications [Seite 251]
15.1 - 9.1 Introduction [Seite 251]
15.2 - 9.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Applications [Seite 253]
15.2.1 - 9.2.1 Synthesis [Seite 253]
15.2.2 - 9.2.2 Structure [Seite 254]
15.2.3 - 9.2.3 Properties [Seite 255]
15.2.4 - 9.2.4 Applications [Seite 256]
15.3 - 9.3 ZnO Nanofillers: Structure, Properties, Synthesis, and Applications [Seite 257]
15.3.1 - 9.3.1 Structure [Seite 257]
15.3.2 - 9.3.2 Properties [Seite 257]
15.3.3 - 9.3.3 Synthesis [Seite 258]
15.3.4 - 9.3.4 Applications [Seite 259]
15.4 - 9.4 Materials and Nanocomposite Processing [Seite 261]
15.5 - 9.5 Characterization of PHA-Based Nanocomposites [Seite 261]
15.5.1 - 9.5.1 Morphology [Seite 261]
15.5.2 - 9.5.2 Crystalline Structure [Seite 263]
15.5.3 - 9.5.3 FTIR Spectra [Seite 264]
15.5.4 - 9.5.4 Crystallization and Melting Behavior [Seite 265]
15.5.5 - 9.5.5 Thermal Stability [Seite 266]
15.5.6 - 9.5.6 Dynamic Mechanical Properties [Seite 267]
15.5.7 - 9.5.7 Static Mechanical Properties [Seite 269]
15.5.8 - 9.5.8 Barrier Properties [Seite 271]
15.5.9 - 9.5.9 Migration Properties [Seite 272]
15.5.10 - 9.5.10 Antibacterial Properties [Seite 273]
15.6 - 9.6 Conclusions and Outlook [Seite 275]
15.7 - References [Seite 275]
16 - 10 PLA Nanocomposites: A Promising Material for Future from Renewable Resources [Seite 281]
16.1 - 10.1 Introduction [Seite 281]
16.1.1 - 10.1.1 Nanotechnology [Seite 281]
16.1.2 - 10.1.2 Nanocomposites [Seite 282]
16.2 - 10.2 Biopolymers [Seite 282]
16.2.1 - 10.2.1 Structural Formulas of Few Biopolymers [Seite 283]
16.2.2 - 10.2.2 Polylactide Polymers [Seite 283]
16.3 - 10.3 PLA Production [Seite 284]
16.3.1 - 10.3.1 PLA Properties [Seite 285]
16.3.1.1 - 10.3.1.1 Rheological Properties [Seite 285]
16.3.1.2 - 10.3.1.2 Mechanical Properties [Seite 285]
16.4 - 10.4 PLA-Based Nanocomposites [Seite 286]
16.4.1 - 10.4.1 Preparation of PLA Nanocomposites [Seite 286]
16.4.2 - 10.4.2 Recent Research on PLA Nanocomposites [Seite 286]
16.4.3 - 10.4.3 Application of PLA Nanocomposites [Seite 287]
16.5 - 10.5 PLA Nanocomposites [Seite 287]
16.5.1 - 10.5.1 PLA/Layered Silicate Nanocomposite [Seite 288]
16.5.2 - 10.5.2 PLA/Carbon Nanotubes Nanocomposites [Seite 290]
16.5.3 - 10.5.3 PLA/Starch Nanocomposites [Seite 290]
16.5.4 - 10.5.4 PLA/Cellulose Nanocomposites [Seite 292]
16.6 - 10.6 Conclusion [Seite 293]
16.7 - References [Seite 293]
17 - 11 Biocomposites from Renewable Resources: Preparation and Applications of Chitosan-Clay Nanocomposites [Seite 297]
17.1 - 11.1 Introduction [Seite 298]
17.2 - 11.2 Structure, Properties, and Importance of Chitosan and its Nanocomposites [Seite 300]
17.3 - 11.3 Structure, Properties, and Importance of Montmorillonite [Seite 305]
17.4 - 11.4 Chitosan-Clay Nanocomposites [Seite 306]
17.5 - 11.5 Preparation Chitosan-Clay Nanocomposites [Seite 308]
17.6 - 11.6 Applications of Chitosan-Clay Nanocomposites [Seite 312]
17.6.1 - 11.6.1 Food-Packaging Applications [Seite 312]
17.6.2 - 11.6.2 Electroanalytical Applications [Seite 313]
17.6.3 - 11.6.3 Tissue-Engineering Applications [Seite 314]
17.6.4 - 11.6.4 Electrochemical Sensors Applications [Seite 314]
17.6.5 - 11.6.5 Wastewater Treatment Applications [Seite 315]
17.6.6 - 11.6.6 Drug Delivery Systems [Seite 316]
17.7 - 11.7 Conclusions [Seite 317]
17.8 - Acknowledgment [Seite 318]
17.9 - References [Seite 318]
18 - 12 Nanomaterials: An Advanced and Versatile Nanoadditive for Kraft and Paper Industries [Seite 327]
18.1 - 12.1 An Overview: Paper Industries [Seite 327]
18.1.1 - 12.1.1 Manufacturing: Paper Industries [Seite 328]
18.1.2 - 12.1.2 Nanotechnology [Seite 328]
18.1.3 - 12.1.3 Nanotechnology: Paper Industries [Seite 329]
18.2 - 12.2 Nanobleaching Agents: Paper Industries [Seite 329]
18.2.1 - 12.2.1 Nano Calcium Silicate Particle [Seite 329]
18.3 - 12.3 Nanosizing Agents: Paper Industries [Seite 330]
18.3.1 - 12.3.1 Nanosilica/Hybrid [Seite 330]
18.3.2 - 12.3.2 Nano Titanium Oxide/Hybrid [Seite 330]
18.4 - 12.4 Nano Wet/Dry Strength Agents: Paper Industries [Seite 331]
18.4.1 - 12.4.1 Nanocellulose [Seite 331]
18.5 - 12.5 Nanopigment: Paper Industries [Seite 333]
18.5.1 - 12.5.1 Nanokaolin [Seite 334]
18.5.2 - 12.5.2 Nano ZnO/Hybrid [Seite 334]
18.5.3 - 12.5.3 Nanocarbonate [Seite 335]
18.6 - 12.6 Nanoretention Agents: Paper Industries [Seite 335]
18.6.1 - 12.6.1 Nanozeolite [Seite 335]
18.6.2 - 12.6.2 Nano TiO2 [Seite 335]
18.7 - 12.7 Nanomineral Filler: Paper Industries [Seite 336]
18.7.1 - 12.7.1 Nanoclay [Seite 337]
18.7.2 - 12.7.2 Nano Calcium Carbonate [Seite 337]
18.7.3 - 12.7.3 Nano TiO2/Hybrid [Seite 337]
18.8 - 12.8 Nano Superconductor Agents: Paper Industries [Seite 337]
18.8.1 - 12.8.1 Nano ZnO [Seite 337]
18.9 - 12.9 Nanodispersion Agents: Paper Industries [Seite 338]
18.9.1 - 12.9.1 Nanopolymer [Seite 338]
18.10 - 12.10 Certain Challenges Associated with Nanoadditives [Seite 339]
18.11 - 12.11 Conclusion and Future Prospective [Seite 339]
18.12 - Acknowledgments [Seite 340]
18.13 - Conflict of Interests [Seite 340]
18.14 - References [Seite 340]
19 - 13 Composites and Nanocomposites Based on Polylactic Acid [Seite 349]
19.1 - 13.1 Introduction [Seite 349]
19.2 - 13.2 Obtaining Composites and Nanocomposite Based on PLA [Seite 351]
19.2.1 - 13.2.1 Obtaining-Properties Aspects for Composites Based on PLA [Seite 354]
19.2.2 - 13.2.2 Obtaining-Properties Aspects for Nanocomposite Based on PLA [Seite 358]
19.2.3 - 13.2.3 Applications [Seite 373]
19.3 - 13.3 Conclusions [Seite 374]
19.4 - Acknowledgment [Seite 375]
19.5 - References [Seite 375]
20 - 14 Cellulose-Containing Scaffolds Fabricated by Electrospinning: Applications in Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery [Seite 383]
20.1 - 14.1 Introduction [Seite 383]
20.2 - 14.2 Cellulose: Structure and Major Sources [Seite 384]
20.3 - 14.3 Cellulose Nanofibers Fabricated by Electrospinning [Seite 386]
20.3.1 - 14.3.1 Electrospinning Set-Up [Seite 386]
20.3.2 - 14.3.2 Modified Electrospinning Processes [Seite 387]
20.3.3 - 14.3.3 Electrospinnability of Cellulose and its Derivatives [Seite 388]
20.4 - 14.4 Cellulose-Containing Nanocomposite Fabricated by Electrospinning [Seite 391]
20.4.1 - 14.4.1 Electrospun Nanocomposites Reinforced with Nanocellulosic Materials [Seite 392]
20.4.2 - 14.4.2 Electrospun Nanocomposites Based on Blends of Cellulose or its Derivatives with Nanoparticles [Seite 392]
20.4.3 - 14.4.3 Electrospun Nanocomposites Based on Cellulose/Polymer Blends [Seite 395]
20.4.4 - 14.4.4 Electrospun All-Cellulose Composites [Seite 396]
20.5 - 14.5 Applications of Cellulose-Containing Electrospun Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering [Seite 397]
20.6 - 14.6 Cellulose/Polymer Electrospun Scaffolds for Drug Delivery [Seite 401]
20.7 - 14.7 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives [Seite 404]
20.8 - Acknowledgments [Seite 404]
20.9 - References [Seite 404]
21 - 15 Biopolymer-Based Nanocomposites for Environmental Applications [Seite 411]
21.1 - 15.1 Introduction [Seite 411]
21.1.1 - 15.1.1 Classification of Biopolymers According to Their Origin [Seite 412]
21.1.2 - 15.1.2 Classification of Biopolymers According to Their Structure [Seite 412]
21.1.3 - 15.1.3 Biopolymers as Promising Eco-Friendly Materials [Seite 412]
21.2 - 15.2 Biopolymers: Chemistry and Properties [Seite 413]
21.2.1 - 15.2.1 Polysaccharides [Seite 413]
21.2.1.1 - 15.2.1.1 Starch [Seite 413]
21.2.1.2 - 15.2.1.2 Cellulose [Seite 415]
21.2.1.3 - 15.2.1.3 Chitin [Seite 417]
21.2.2 - 15.2.2 Alginate [Seite 419]
21.2.2.1 - 15.2.2.1 Origin [Seite 419]
21.2.3 - 15.2.3 Proteins [Seite 420]
21.2.3.1 - 15.2.3.1 Albumin [Seite 420]
21.2.3.2 - 15.2.3.2 Collagen [Seite 420]
21.2.3.3 - 15.2.3.3 Gelatin [Seite 421]
21.2.3.4 - 15.2.3.4 Silk Proteins [Seite 421]
21.2.3.5 - 15.2.3.5 Keratin [Seite 422]
21.2.4 - 15.2.4 Microbial Polyesters [Seite 422]
21.2.4.1 - 15.2.4.1 Polyhydroxylalkanoates [Seite 422]
21.3 - 15.3 Preparation Techniques of Polymer Nanocomposites [Seite 422]
21.3.1 - 15.3.1 Direct Compounding [Seite 422]
21.3.2 - 15.3.2 In Situ Synthesis [Seite 423]
21.3.3 - 15.3.3 Other Techniques [Seite 424]
21.3.3.1 - 15.3.3.1 Electrospinning [Seite 425]
21.3.3.2 - 15.3.3.2 Self-Assembly [Seite 425]
21.3.3.3 - 15.3.3.3 Phase Separation [Seite 425]
21.3.3.4 - 15.3.3.4 Template Synthesis [Seite 425]
21.4 - 15.4 Characterization of Polymer Nanocomposites [Seite 425]
21.5 - 15.5 Environmental Application of Biopolymers-Based Nanocomposites [Seite 426]
21.5.1 - 15.5.1 Pollutants Removal: Catalytic and Redox Degradation [Seite 427]
21.5.1.1 - 15.5.1.1 Semiconductor Nanoparticles [Seite 427]
21.5.1.2 - 15.5.1.2 Zero-Valent Metals Nanoparticles [Seite 427]
21.5.1.3 - 15.5.1.3 Bimetallic Nanoparticles [Seite 428]
21.5.2 - 15.5.2 Pollutants Removal: Adsorption [Seite 428]
21.5.3 - 15.5.3 Pollutants Sensing [Seite 429]
21.5.4 - 15.5.4 Biopolymers-Based Nanocomposites in Green Chemistry [Seite 430]
21.6 - 15.6 Conclusion and Future Aspects [Seite 430]
21.7 - References [Seite 432]
22 - 16 Calcium Phosphate Nanocomposites for Biomedical and Dental Applications: Recent Developments [Seite 445]
22.1 - 16.1 Introduction [Seite 445]
22.2 - 16.2 Hydroxyapatite [Seite 448]
22.3 - 16.3 Calcium Phosphate-Based Nanocomposite Coatings [Seite 450]
22.3.1 - 16.3.1 Collagen [Seite 450]
22.3.2 - 16.3.2 Chitosan [Seite 451]
22.3.3 - 16.3.3 Liposomes [Seite 452]
22.3.4 - 16.3.4 Synthetic Polymers [Seite 452]
22.4 - 16.4 Calcium Phosphate-Based Nanocomposite Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering [Seite 453]
22.4.1 - 16.4.1 Calcium Phosphate-Chitosan Nanocomposites [Seite 455]
22.4.2 - 16.4.2 Calcium Phosphate-Collagen Nanocomposites [Seite 456]
22.4.3 - 16.4.3 Calcium Phosphate-Silk Fibroin Nanocomposites [Seite 458]
22.4.4 - 16.4.4 Calcium Phosphate-Cellulose Nanocomposites [Seite 459]
22.4.5 - 16.4.5 Calcium Phosphate-Synthetic Polymer Nanocomposites [Seite 459]
22.5 - 16.5 Calcium Phosphate-Based Nanocomposite Scaffolds for Drug Delivery [Seite 460]
22.6 - 16.6 Concluding Remarks [Seite 465]
22.7 - References [Seite 466]
23 - 17 Chitosan-Metal Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications [Seite 473]
23.1 - 17.1 Introduction [Seite 473]
23.2 - 17.2 Chitosan: A Promising Biopolymer [Seite 474]
23.2.1 - 17.2.1 Degree of Deacetylation [Seite 475]
23.2.2 - 17.2.2 Chitosan Depolymerization [Seite 475]
23.3 - 17.3 Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials [Seite 476]
23.3.1 - 17.3.1 Synthesis of Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials [Seite 477]
23.3.1.1 - 17.3.1.1 Ionic Gelation Method [Seite 477]
23.4 - 17.4 Chitosan-Metal Nanocomposites [Seite 478]
23.4.1 - 17.4.1 Chitosan-Zn Nanocomposite [Seite 478]
23.4.2 - 17.4.2 Chitosan-Cu Nanocomposite [Seite 478]
23.4.3 - 17.4.3 Application of Cu and Zn-Chitosan-Cu Nanocomposite [Seite 481]
23.5 - 17.5 Other Natural Biopolymer in Comparison with Chitosan [Seite 483]
23.6 - 17.6 Conclusion [Seite 484]
23.7 - References [Seite 484]
24 - 18 Multicarboxyl-Functionalized Nanocellulose/Nanobentonite Composite for the Effective Removal and Recovery of Uranium (VI), Thorium (IV), and Cobalt (II) from Nuclear Industry Effluents and Sea Water [Seite 487]
24.1 - 18.1 Introduction [Seite 487]
24.2 - 18.2 Materials and Methods [Seite 490]
24.2.1 - 18.2.1 Materials [Seite 490]
24.2.2 - 18.2.2 Equipment and Methods of Characterization [Seite 490]
24.2.3 - 18.2.3 Preparation of Adsorbent [Seite 490]
24.2.4 - 18.2.4 Adsorption Experiments [Seite 491]
24.2.5 - 18.2.5 Desorption Experiments [Seite 492]
24.2.6 - 18.2.6 Grafting Density [Seite 492]
24.2.7 - 18.2.7 Determination of Functional Groups [Seite 492]
24.2.8 - 18.2.8 Point of Zero Charge [Seite 493]
24.3 - 18.3 Results and Discussion [Seite 493]
24.3.1 - 18.3.1 FTIR Analysis [Seite 493]
24.3.2 - 18.3.2 XRD Analysis [Seite 495]
24.3.3 - 18.3.3 Point of Zero Charge, Degree of Grafting, and -COOH Determination [Seite 496]
24.3.4 - 18.3.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis [Seite 497]
24.3.5 - 18.3.5 Effect of pH on Metal Ions Adsorption [Seite 497]
24.3.6 - 18.3.6 Adsorption Kinetics [Seite 499]
24.3.7 - 18.3.7 Adsorption Isotherm [Seite 501]
24.3.8 - 18.3.8 Adsorption Thermodynamics [Seite 502]
24.3.9 - 18.3.9 Reuse of the Adsorbent [Seite 503]
24.3.10 - 18.3.10 Test of the Adsorbent with Nuclear Industry Wastewater and Sea Water [Seite 504]
24.4 - 18.4 Conclusions [Seite 505]
24.5 - Acknowledgments [Seite 505]
24.6 - References [Seite 505]
25 - 19 Biomimetic Gelatin Nanocomposite as a Scaffold for Bone Tissue Repair [Seite 509]
25.1 - 19.1 Introduction [Seite 509]
25.2 - 19.2 Bone [Seite 512]
25.2.1 - 19.2.1 Structure and Composition of Bone [Seite 512]
25.2.2 - 19.2.2 Bone Tissue Development [Seite 512]
25.2.3 - 19.2.3 Mechanical Properties of Bone [Seite 514]
25.2.4 - 19.2.4 Limitations of Human Bone [Seite 515]
25.3 - 19.3 Conventional Bone Implant Materials and Their Shortcoming [Seite 515]
25.3.1 - 19.3.1 Metallic Implants [Seite 516]
25.3.2 - 19.3.2 Polymer Implants [Seite 516]
25.3.3 - 19.3.3 Ceramic Implants [Seite 517]
25.3.4 - 19.3.4 Ceramic Polymer Composites [Seite 517]
25.3.5 - 19.3.5 Protein-Based Ceramic-Polymer Composites [Seite 518]
25.4 - 19.4 Major Challenges [Seite 518]
25.4.1 - 19.4.1 Mechanical Integrity [Seite 518]
25.4.2 - 19.4.2 Porosity [Seite 518]
25.4.3 - 19.4.3 Incorporation of Biocompatible Biomolecules [Seite 519]
25.5 - 19.5 Gelatin as a Source of Biomimetic Material [Seite 519]
25.6 - 19.6 Scaffold Fabrication Techniques [Seite 519]
25.6.1 - 19.6.1 Self-Assembly [Seite 520]
25.6.2 - 19.6.2 Phase Separation [Seite 520]
25.6.3 - 19.6.3 Electrospinning [Seite 521]
25.7 - 19.7 Types of Bone Scaffolds by Gelatin [Seite 521]
25.7.1 - 19.7.1 Gelatin Scaffolds with Natural Polymers [Seite 523]
25.7.1.1 - 19.7.1.1 Alginate [Seite 523]
25.7.1.2 - 19.7.1.2 Chitosan [Seite 524]
25.7.1.3 - 19.7.1.3 Silk [Seite 526]
25.7.2 - 19.7.2 Gelatin Scaffolds with Synthetic Polymers [Seite 527]
25.7.2.1 - 19.7.2.1 Poly-L-lactide (PLLA) [Seite 527]
25.7.2.2 - 19.7.2.2 Poly(vinyl Alcohol) (PVA) [Seite 528]
25.7.2.3 - 19.7.2.3 Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide)(PLGA) [Seite 528]
25.7.2.4 - 19.7.2.4 Poly-caprolactone (PCL) [Seite 529]
25.7.3 - 19.7.3 Gelatin Scaffolds with Inorganic Particles [Seite 530]
25.7.3.1 - 19.7.3.1 Hydroxyapatite (HAp) [Seite 530]
25.7.3.2 - 19.7.3.2 Tricalcium Phosphate (TCP) [Seite 533]
25.7.3.3 - 19.7.3.3 Bioactive Glass (BAG) [Seite 534]
25.8 - 19.8 Currently Employed Gelatin-Ceramic Nanocomposites [Seite 535]
25.9 - 19.9 Future Aspects of Gelatin-Based Nanocomposites [Seite 536]
25.10 - 19.10 Concluding Remarks [Seite 536]
25.11 - References [Seite 537]
26 - 20 Natural Starches-Blended Ionotropically Gelled Microparticles/Beads for Sustained Drug Release [Seite 549]
26.1 - 20.1 Introduction [Seite 549]
26.2 - 20.2 Natural Starches and Their Use in Drug Delivery [Seite 551]
26.3 - 20.3 Ionotropic Gelation of Polysaccharides [Seite 552]
26.3.1 - 20.3.1 Ionotropic Gelation Technique [Seite 552]
26.3.2 - 20.3.2 Counter Ions (Cross-Linkers) for Ionotropic Gelation [Seite 554]
26.3.3 - 20.3.3 Some Common Ionic Natural Polysaccharides and Their Ionotropic Gelation [Seite 554]
26.3.3.1 - 20.3.3.1 Alginates [Seite 554]
26.3.3.2 - 20.3.3.2 Pectin [Seite 555]
26.3.3.3 - 20.3.3.3 Gellan Gum [Seite 556]
26.4 - 20.4 Jackfruit Seed Starch-Blended Ionotropically Gelled Alginate Beads for Sustained Drug Release [Seite 557]
26.5 - 20.5 Jackfruit Seed Starch-Blended Ionotropically Gelled Pectinate Beads for Sustained Drug Release [Seite 563]
26.6 - 20.6 Jackfruit Seed Starch-Blended Ionotropically Gelled Gellan Gum Beads for Sustained Drug Release [Seite 567]
26.7 - 20.7 Potato Starch-Blended Ionotropically Gelled Alginate Beads/Microparticles for Sustained Drug Release [Seite 571]
26.8 - 20.8 Assam Bora Rice Starch-Blended Ionotropically Gelled Alginate Beads for Sustained Drug Release [Seite 574]
26.9 - 20.9 Conclusion [Seite 574]
26.10 - References [Seite 575]
27 - 21 Ferrogels: Smart Materials for Biomedical and Remediation Applications [Seite 583]
27.1 - 21.1 Ferrogel: General Ideas [Seite 583]
27.2 - 21.2 Main Properties and Characterization of Magnetic Gels [Seite 584]
27.3 - 21.3 Biomedical Applications [Seite 586]
27.3.1 - 21.3.1 Recent Advances in Biomedical Field (2014-2015) [Seite 587]
27.3.2 - 21.3.2 Summary of Biomedical Applications [Seite 589]
27.4 - 21.4 Environmental Remediation [Seite 590]
27.4.1 - 21.4.1 Recent Advances in Remediation Field (2014-2015) [Seite 593]
27.4.2 - 21.4.2 Summary of Environmental Remediation Applications [Seite 594]
27.5 - 21.5 Conclusions and Remarks [Seite 597]
27.6 - References [Seite 597]
28 - Index [Seite 603]
29 - EULA [Seite 609]

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