Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials, Volume 5, Biodegradable Materials

Name: Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials, Volume 5, Biodegradable Materials
Brand: Wiley-Scrivener
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Vijay Kumar Thakur Manju Kumari Thakur Michael R. Kessler(Autor*in)

Wiley-Scrivener (Verlag)

Erschienen am 17. Februar 2017

688 Seiten

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Vijay Kumar Thakur is a Lecturer in the School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing Engineering, Cranfield University, UK. Previously he had been a Staff Scientist in the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at Washington State University, USA. He spent his postdoctoral study in Materials Science & Engineering at Iowa State University, USA, and gained his PhD in Polymer Chemistry (2009) at the National Institute of Technology, India. He has published more than 90 SCI journal research articles in the field of polymers/materials science and holds one US patent. He has also published about 25 books and 33 book chapters on the advanced state-of-the-art of polymers/materials science with numerous publishers, including Wiley-Scrivener.
Manju Kumar Thakur has been working as an Assistant Professor of Chemistry at the Division of Chemistry, Govt. Degree College Sarkaghat Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India since 2010. She received her PhD in Polymer Chemistry from the Chemistry Department at Himachal Pradesh University. She has deep experience in the field of organic chemistry, biopolymers, composites/ nanocomposites, hydrogels, applications of hydrogels in the removal of toxic heavy metal ions, drug delivery etc. She has published more than 30 research papers in peer-reviewed journals, 25 book chapters and co-authored five books all in the field of polymeric materials.
Michael R. Kessler is a Professor and Director of the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at Washington State University, USA. He is an expert in the mechanics, processing, and characterization of polymer matrix composites and nanocomposites. His honours include the Army Research Office Young Investigator Award, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research Young Investigator Award, the NSF CAREER Award, and the Elsevier Young Composites Researcher Award from the American Society for Composites. He has more than 150 journal articles and 5800 citations, holds 6 patents, published 5 books on the synthesis and characterization of polymer materials, and presented at least 200 talks at national and international meetings.

Inhalt

1 - Cover [Seite 1]
2 - Title Page [Seite 5]
3 - Copyright Page [Seite 6]
4 - Dedication [Seite 7]
5 - Contents [Seite 9]
6 - Preface [Seite 21]
7 - 1 Rice Husk and its Composites: Effects of Rice Husk Loading, Size, Coupling Agents, and Surface Treatment on Composites' Mechanical, Physical, and Functional Properties [Seite 23]
7.1 - 1.1 Introduction [Seite 23]
7.2 - 1.2 Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites [Seite 25]
7.3 - 1.3 Rice Husk and its Composites [Seite 27]
7.3.1 - 1.3.1 Polymers Used in the Manufacturing of RH Composites [Seite 29]
7.3.2 - 1.3.2 Effects of RH Loading on the Properties of RH Composites [Seite 30]
7.3.3 - 1.3.3 Effects of RH Size on the Properties of Composites [Seite 33]
7.4 - 1.4 Effects of Coupling Agents on the Properties of RH Composites [Seite 34]
7.4.1 - 1.4.1 Effects of Surface Treatment of RH on the Properties of RH Composites [Seite 36]
7.4.2 - 1.4.2 Potential Applications of RH Composites [Seite 37]
7.5 - 1.5 Summary [Seite 37]
7.6 - References [Seite 38]
8 - 2 Biodegradable Composites Based on Thermoplastic Starch and Talc Nanoparticles [Seite 45]
8.1 - 2.1 Introduction [Seite 45]
8.2 - 2.2 Thermoplastic Starch-Talc Nanocomposites [Seite 49]
8.2.1 - 2.2.1 Effects of Talc Presence on TPS Structure [Seite 50]
8.2.2 - 2.2.2 Effects of Talc Presence on TPS Thermal Properties [Seite 56]
8.2.3 - 2.2.3 Effects of Talc Presence on TPS Dimensional and Thermal Stability [Seite 58]
8.2.4 - 2.2.4 Effects of Talc Presence on TPS Optical Properties [Seite 60]
8.3 - 2.3 Use of Talc Samples with Different Morphologies [Seite 62]
8.3.1 - 2.3.1 Talc Morphology Influence on Composite Structure [Seite 62]
8.3.2 - 2.3.2 Talc Morphology Influence on Composite Thermal Properties [Seite 66]
8.3.3 - 2.3.3 Talc Morphology Influence on Composite Final Properties [Seite 67]
8.4 - 2.4 Packaging Bags Based on TPS-Talc Nanocomposites Films [Seite 71]
8.4.1 - 2.4.1 Thermo-Sealing Capacity [Seite 71]
8.4.2 - 2.4.2 Tear Resistance [Seite 73]
8.4.3 - 2.4.3 Tightness of Bags Based on TPS-Talc Nanocomposite Films [Seite 74]
8.5 - 2.5 Conclusions [Seite 76]
8.6 - References [Seite 76]
9 - 3 Recent Progress in Biocomposite of Biodegradable Polymer [Seite 83]
9.1 - 3.1 Introduction [Seite 83]
9.2 - 3.2 Biodegradable Polymers: Natural Origin and Development [Seite 85]
9.3 - 3.3 Polysaccharides [Seite 85]
9.3.1 - 3.3.1 Polysaccharides from Vegetal Sources: Development and Application [Seite 86]
9.3.1.1 - 3.3.1.1 Cellulose [Seite 86]
9.3.1.2 - 3.3.1.2 Chitosan [Seite 91]
9.4 - 3.4 Chemical Synthesis Produced Polymer [Seite 99]
9.4.1 - 3.4.1 Polylactic Acid [Seite 99]
9.4.1.1 - 3.4.1.1 Polylactic Acid: Structure and Properties [Seite 99]
9.4.1.2 - 3.4.1.2 Poly(lactic Acid): Monomer from the Biomass [Seite 99]
9.4.1.3 - 3.4.1.3 Application and Advantage of Productions of PLA [Seite 100]
9.4.1.4 - 3.4.1.4 Packaging Materials: PLA [Seite 101]
9.4.1.5 - 3.4.1.5 PLA Fibers: Environment-Friendly Materials [Seite 102]
9.5 - 3.5 Polyesters Produced by Microorganism or by Plants [Seite 105]
9.5.1 - 3.5.1 Polyhydroxy-Alcanoates [Seite 105]
9.5.1.1 - 3.5.1.1 PHA Blended with Others Biopolymers and Eco-Composites [Seite 106]
9.5.1.2 - 3.5.1.2 PHA-Based Green Renewable Eco-Composites [Seite 106]
9.5.1.3 - 3.5.1.3 Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate: Antiadhesion Applications [Seite 108]
9.6 - 3.6 Concluding Remarks [Seite 109]
9.7 - References [Seite 110]
10 - 4 Microbial Polyesters: Production and Market [Seite 117]
10.1 - 4.1 Introduction [Seite 117]
10.2 - 4.2 Polyhydroxy Alkanoates [Seite 118]
10.2.1 - 4.2.1 Production [Seite 118]
10.2.2 - 4.2.2 Applications [Seite 119]
10.2.3 - 4.2.3 Organisms [Seite 120]
10.2.4 - 4.2.4 Co-Culture Production Strategy [Seite 122]
10.2.5 - 4.2.5 Biocompatibility and Rate of Drug Release [Seite 122]
10.3 - 4.3 Bacterial Cellulose [Seite 122]
10.3.1 - 4.3.1 Production [Seite 123]
10.3.2 - 4.3.2 Applications [Seite 123]
10.4 - 4.4 Polylactic Acid or Polylactide [Seite 124]
10.5 - 4.5 Polyglycolic Acid [Seite 124]
10.6 - 4.6 Brief Overview of the Local and World Scenario of Bioplastics [Seite 125]
10.7 - 4.7 Summary [Seite 125]
10.8 - References [Seite 126]
11 - 5 Biodegradable and Bioabsorbable Materials for Osteosynthesis Applications: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives [Seite 131]
11.1 - 5.1 Introduction [Seite 131]
11.2 - 5.2 State-of-the-Art [Seite 133]
11.2.1 - 5.2.1 Poly(?-Hydroxyacids) as Biodegradable Materials for Osteosynthesis Implants [Seite 133]
11.2.2 - 5.2.2 Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid [Seite 135]
11.2.3 - 5.2.3 Degradation of Polylactic Acid [Seite 136]
11.2.4 - 5.2.4 Biocompatibility of Polylactic Acid [Seite 139]
11.3 - 5.3 Future Perspectives [Seite 139]
11.3.1 - 5.3.1 Biodegradable Metals [Seite 140]
11.3.1.1 - 5.3.1.1 Magnesium as a Biodegradable Material for Osteosynthesis Implants [Seite 140]
11.3.1.2 - 5.3.1.2 Mechanical Properties of Mg and its Alloys [Seite 141]
11.3.1.3 - 5.3.1.3 Degradation of Mg and its Alloys [Seite 142]
11.3.1.4 - 5.3.1.4 Biocompatibility of Mg and its Alloys [Seite 145]
11.3.2 - 5.3.2 Polymer/Mg Composites [Seite 147]
11.3.2.1 - 5.3.2.1 Mechanical Properties of Polymer/Mg Composites [Seite 150]
11.3.2.2 - 5.3.2.2 Degradation of Polymer/Mg Composites [Seite 151]
11.3.2.3 - 5.3.2.3 Biocompatibility of Polymer/Mg Composites [Seite 152]
11.4 - 5.4 Conclusions [Seite 153]
11.5 - References [Seite 154]
12 - 6 Biodegradable Polymers in Tissue Engineering [Seite 167]
12.1 - 6.1 Introduction [Seite 167]
12.2 - 6.2 Biodegradable Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering [Seite 168]
12.3 - 6.3 Biocompatibility and Biodegradation of Polymer Networks [Seite 169]
12.3.1 - 6.3.1 Parameters Influencing the Host Response [Seite 174]
12.3.2 - 6.3.2 Host Response to Biomaterials [Seite 174]
12.3.3 - 6.3.3 Materials Selected for Implantable Devices [Seite 174]
12.3.4 - 6.3.4 Implantable Medical Devices [Seite 175]
12.4 - 6.4 Biomaterial Reaction to Foreign Bodies [Seite 175]
12.5 - 6.5 Design of Immunomodulatory Biomaterials [Seite 176]
12.6 - 6.6 Applications Potential of Polyurethanes in Engineering Tissues [Seite 176]
12.6.1 - 6.6.1 Biodegradation of Poly(urethane)s [Seite 179]
12.6.2 - 6.6.2 Biodegradable Polyurethane Scaffolds for Regeneration and Tissue Repair [Seite 180]
12.6.3 - 6.6.3 Tissue In-growth After Implantation of the Polyurethane Scaffold [Seite 180]
12.6.4 - 6.6.4 In Vivo Cytokine-Associated Responses to Biomaterials [Seite 180]
12.6.5 - 6.6.5 Thermostable, Biodegradable, and Biocompatible Hyperbranched Polyurethane/Ag Nanocomposites [Seite 181]
12.6.6 - 6.6.6 Polyurethane Composite Scaffolds Containing Bioglass [Seite 182]
12.7 - 6.7 Application Potential of Polycarbonates [Seite 182]
12.7.1 - 6.7.1 Biocompatible Polycarbonates [Seite 182]
12.7.2 - 6.7.2 Bone-Polycarbonate Implant Interface [Seite 183]
12.7.3 - 6.7.3 Polycarbonates for Tissue Scaffold [Seite 185]
12.7.4 - 6.7.4 Polycarbonate Biomaterials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration [Seite 185]
12.8 - 6.8 Poly(amido Amine) [Seite 186]
12.8.1 - 6.8.1 Gene Transfer via Hydrolytic Cationic Ester Polymers [Seite 186]
12.8.2 - 6.8.2 Poly(amido Amine)-Based Multilayered Thin Films for Surface-Mediated Cell Transfection [Seite 187]
12.8.3 - 6.8.3 Diagnostic Imaging of Pathologic Tissue in Cerebral Ischemic Zones [Seite 187]
12.8.4 - 6.8.4 Amine-Modified Polyesters as Biodegradable Gene Delivery Systems [Seite 188]
12.8.5 - 6.8.5 Reduction-Sensitive Polymers and Bioconjugates for Biomedical Applications [Seite 189]
12.8.6 - 6.8.6 Macromolecular Vehicles for the Intracellular and Controlled Delivery of Bioactive Molecules [Seite 189]
12.9 - 6.9 Polyester Amine [Seite 190]
12.9.1 - 6.9.1 Lactic Acid-Based Poly(ester Amide) [Seite 190]
12.9.2 - 6.9.2 Biodegradable Elastomeric Polymers [Seite 190]
12.9.3 - 6.9.3 Functionalized Poly(ester Amide)s [Seite 192]
12.9.4 - 6.9.4 Polymeric Micelle as Intelligent Vehicles for Magnetic Resonance Imaging [Seite 193]
12.10 - 6.10 Polypyrrole-Based Conducting Polymers [Seite 194]
12.10.1 - 6.10.1 Polypyrrole Compounds as Conductive Nerve Conduits [Seite 194]
12.10.2 - 6.10.2 Polypyrrole for Neural Tissue Applications [Seite 195]
12.10.3 - 6.10.3 Electro-Conductive Conjugated Polymers in Neural Stem Cell Differentiation [Seite 196]
12.10.4 - 6.10.4 Electroactive Tissue Scaffolds for Biomimetic Tissue [Seite 196]
12.10.5 - 6.10.5 Modulation of Hemocompatibility and Inflammatory Responses [Seite 196]
12.10.6 - 6.10.6 Keratinocytes Culture on Polypyrrole Films [Seite 197]
12.11 - 6.11 Remarks and Future Directions [Seite 197]
12.12 - Acknowledgment [Seite 198]
12.13 - References [Seite 198]
13 - 7 Composites Based on Hydroxyapatite and Biodegradable Polylactide [Seite 205]
13.1 - 7.1 Introduction [Seite 205]
13.2 - 7.2 Bone Tissues and Mineralization Processes [Seite 206]
13.2.1 - 7.2.1 Structure of Bone [Seite 206]
13.2.2 - 7.2.2 Components of Bone [Seite 207]
13.2.3 - 7.2.3 Bone Mineralization [Seite 208]
13.3 - 7.3 Polylactide and its Copolymers [Seite 209]
13.4 - 7.4 Calcium Phosphate Cements Reinforced with Polylactide Fibers [Seite 210]
13.5 - 7.5 Nanocomposites of Polylactide and Hydroxyapatite: Coupling Agents [Seite 211]
13.6 - 7.6 PLA/HAp Scaffolds for Tissue-Engineering Applications [Seite 213]
13.6.1 - 7.6.1 PLA/HAp Scaffolds from Phase Separation Techniques [Seite 214]
13.6.2 - 7.6.2 PLA/HAp Scaffolds from Electrospinning Techniques [Seite 215]
13.6.3 - 7.6.3 PLA/HAp Scaffolds from Nonconventional Techniques [Seite 219]
13.7 - 7.7 Scaffolds Constituted by Ternary Mixtures Including PLA and HAp [Seite 220]
13.8 - 7.8 Bioactive Molecules Loaded in PLA/HAp Scaffolds [Seite 222]
13.9 - 7.9 Hydrogels Incorporating PLA/HAp [Seite 226]
13.10 - 7.10 Conclusions [Seite 228]
13.11 - References [Seite 229]
14 - 8 Biodegradable Composites: Properties and Uses [Seite 237]
14.1 - 8.1 Introduction [Seite 237]
14.2 - 8.2 Biodegradable Polymers Applied in Composites [Seite 239]
14.3 - 8.3 Composites Using Matrices by Biomass Polymers [Seite 242]
14.3.1 - 8.3.1 Composites from Starch [Seite 242]
14.3.2 - 8.3.2 Composites from Chitosan [Seite 246]
14.3.3 - 8.3.3 Composites from Cellulose [Seite 249]
14.4 - 8.4 Composites Using Matrices by Biopolymers Synthesized from Monomers [Seite 252]
14.4.1 - 8.4.1 Composites from Poly(lactic Acid) [Seite 252]
14.4.2 - 8.4.2 Composites from Poly(?-Caprolactone) [Seite 255]
14.4.3 - 8.4.3 Composites from Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) [Seite 258]
14.5 - 8.5 Composites Using Matrices by Biopolymers Produced by Microorganism [Seite 261]
14.5.1 - 8.5.1 Composites from Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and Copolymers [Seite 261]
14.6 - 8.6 Conclusion [Seite 263]
14.7 - Acknowledgments [Seite 264]
14.8 - References [Seite 265]
15 - 9 Development of Membranes from Biobased Materials and Their Applications [Seite 273]
15.1 - 9.1 Introduction [Seite 273]
15.2 - 9.2 Membranes from Biopolymer or Biomaterials [Seite 275]
15.2.1 - 9.2.1 Alginic Acid (Algin or Alginate) [Seite 275]
15.2.2 - 9.2.2 Chitin and Chitosan [Seite 277]
15.2.3 - 9.2.3 Cellulose [Seite 286]
15.2.4 - 9.2.4 Polyamide [Seite 290]
15.2.5 - 9.2.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoates [Seite 290]
15.2.6 - 9.2.6 Polylactic Acid [Seite 291]
15.2.7 - 9.2.7 Other Biomaterials [Seite 292]
15.2.7.1 - 9.2.7.1 C60 (Fullerene) [Seite 292]
15.2.7.2 - 9.2.7.2 Marine Algie [Seite 293]
15.2.7.3 - 9.2.7.3 Ferulic Acid [Seite 293]
15.2.7.4 - 9.2.7.4 Polyethylene [Seite 294]
15.2.7.5 - 9.2.7.5 Lignin [Seite 294]
15.2.7.6 - 9.2.7.6 Biodegradable Polyvinyl Alcohol/Biopolymer Blends [Seite 295]
15.3 - 9.3 Summary [Seite 296]
15.4 - References [Seite 297]
16 - 10 Green Biodegradable Composites Based on Natural Fibers [Seite 305]
16.1 - 10.1 Introduction [Seite 305]
16.2 - 10.2 Plant Fibers Composition [Seite 306]
16.3 - 10.3 Fiber Modifications [Seite 307]
16.4 - 10.4 Composites Based on Different Plant Fibers [Seite 311]
16.4.1 - 10.4.1 Composites Based on Stem Fibers [Seite 312]
16.4.1.1 - 10.4.1.1 Hemp [Seite 312]
16.4.1.2 - 10.4.1.2 Kenaf [Seite 312]
16.4.1.3 - 10.4.1.3 Flax [Seite 312]
16.4.2 - 10.4.2 Leaf Fibers as Reinforcement of Composites [Seite 314]
16.4.3 - 10.4.3 Composites Based on Seed Fibers [Seite 314]
16.4.4 - 10.4.4 Composites Reinforced with Fruit Fibers [Seite 315]
16.5 - 10.5 Future and Perspectives of Composites [Seite 315]
16.6 - 10.6 Conclusions [Seite 317]
16.7 - References [Seite 317]
17 - 11 Fully Biodegradable All-Cellulose Composites [Seite 325]
17.1 - 11.1 Introduction [Seite 325]
17.2 - 11.2 Self-Reinforced Composites [Seite 327]
17.3 - 11.3 All-Cellulose Composites [Seite 328]
17.3.1 - 11.3.1 Nonderivatized All-Cellulose Composites [Seite 328]
17.3.2 - 11.3.2 Derivatized All-Cellulose Composites [Seite 336]
17.4 - 11.4 Conclusions and Future Challenges [Seite 337]
17.5 - References [Seite 338]
18 - 12 Natural Fiber Composites with Bioderivative and/or Degradable Polymers [Seite 345]
18.1 - 12.1 Introduction [Seite 345]
18.2 - 12.2 Materials [Seite 347]
18.3 - 12.3 Methods for the Manufacture of Composites [Seite 348]
18.4 - 12.4 Research Methodology of Plant Component and Composites [Seite 350]
18.4.1 - 12.4.1 Plant Component [Seite 350]
18.4.1.1 - 12.4.1.1 Evaluation of Particles Geometry [Seite 350]
18.4.1.2 - 12.4.1.2 Analysis of Particle Size Distribution [Seite 350]
18.4.2 - 12.4.2 Research Methodology of Composites [Seite 351]
18.4.2.1 - 12.4.2.1 Determination of the Density of Composites [Seite 351]
18.4.2.2 - 12.4.2.2 Composite Microstructure Assessment Using Scanning Electron Microscopy [Seite 351]
18.4.2.3 - 12.4.2.3 Analysis of Materials' Microstructure via Computer Microtomography [Seite 351]
18.4.2.4 - 12.4.2.4 Impact Testing of Composite Materials [Seite 351]
18.4.2.5 - 12.4.2.5 Determination of Strength Characteristics in the Static Tensile Test [Seite 352]
18.4.2.6 - 12.4.2.6 Description of Materials' Structure Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry [Seite 352]
18.4.2.7 - 12.4.2.7 Features of Processes of Filler and Composite Degradation Based on Thermogravimetric Analysis Results [Seite 353]
18.4.2.8 - 12.4.2.8 Evaluation of Composites' Properties to Swell and Absorb Water [Seite 353]
18.4.2.9 - 12.4.2.9 Analysis of Composites' Resistance to Humidity in Cyclical Conditions [Seite 353]
18.5 - 12.5 Test Results [Seite 354]
18.5.1 - 12.5.1 Plant Component [Seite 354]
18.5.1.1 - 12.5.1.1 Geometry of Particle Size [Seite 354]
18.5.1.2 - 12.5.1.2 Grain Size Distribution [Seite 355]
18.5.2 - 12.5.2 Composite Materials [Seite 356]
18.5.2.1 - 12.5.2.1 Density Test [Seite 356]
18.5.2.2 - 12.5.2.2 Assessment of Composite Microstructure Using Scanning Electron Microscopy [Seite 357]
18.5.2.3 - 12.5.2.3 Analysis of Material Structure via Computer Microtomography [Seite 358]
18.5.2.4 - 12.5.2.4 Impact Strength Testing of Composite Materials [Seite 361]
18.5.2.5 - 12.5.2.5 Determination of Strength Characteristics in the Static Tensile Test [Seite 362]
18.5.2.6 - 12.5.2.6 Evaluation of Material Structure with the Use of Differential Scanning Calorimetry [Seite 364]
18.5.2.7 - 12.5.2.7 Features of the Composites Degradation Processes Based on the Results of Thermogravimetric Analysis [Seite 366]
18.5.2.8 - 12.5.2.8 Evaluation of the Composites' Capacity to Swell and Absorb Water [Seite 369]
18.5.2.9 - 12.5.2.9 Analysis of the Composites' Resistance to Humidity Under Cyclical Conditions [Seite 370]
18.6 - 12.6 Comparison of the Properties of Composites with Different Types of Polymer Matrices [Seite 372]
18.7 - 12.7 Summary and Conclusive Statements [Seite 373]
18.8 - Acknowledgments [Seite 374]
18.9 - References [Seite 374]
19 - 13 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers for Bone Tissue Engineering [Seite 377]
19.1 - 13.1 Introduction [Seite 377]
19.2 - 13.2 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers [Seite 378]
19.2.1 - 13.2.1 Saturated Aliphatic Polyesters [Seite 379]
19.2.2 - 13.2.2 Polypropylene Fumarate [Seite 381]
19.2.3 - 13.2.3 Polyanhydrides [Seite 382]
19.2.4 - 13.2.4 Poly(orthoesters) [Seite 382]
19.2.5 - 13.2.5 Poly(phosphazene) [Seite 383]
19.2.6 - 13.2.6 Copolymer, Polymer Blend/Composite [Seite 384]
19.3 - 13.3 Physico-Chemical Characterizations of Polymeric Scaffolds [Seite 385]
19.3.1 - 13.3.1 Surface Property [Seite 385]
19.3.2 - 13.3.2 Porosity and Pore Size [Seite 386]
19.3.3 - 13.3.3 Biocompatibility [Seite 386]
19.3.4 - 13.3.4 Biodegradability [Seite 386]
19.3.5 - 13.3.5 Mechanical Properties [Seite 387]
19.3.6 - 13.3.6 Osteoinductivity [Seite 387]
19.4 - 13.4 Definition and Clinical Needs of Bone Tissue Engineering [Seite 387]
19.4.1 - 13.4.1 Tissue Engineering [Seite 387]
19.4.2 - 13.4.2 Clinical Needs in Bone Tissue Engineering [Seite 388]
19.5 - 13.5 Application of Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers in Bone Tissue Engineering [Seite 389]
19.6 - 13.6 Summary [Seite 391]
19.7 - Acknowledgments [Seite 392]
19.8 - References [Seite 392]
20 - 14 Polysaccharides as Green Biodegradable Platforms for Building-up Electroactive Composite Materials: An Overview [Seite 399]
20.1 - 14.1 Introduction [Seite 399]
20.2 - 14.2 Main Chemical and Physical Chemical Properties of the Polysaccharides Used in the Synthesis of Electroactive Composites [Seite 401]
20.2.1 - 14.2.1 Structure [Seite 402]
20.2.1.1 - 14.2.1.1 Algal Polysaccharides: Alginate, Agar, and Carrageenan [Seite 402]
20.2.1.2 - 14.2.2.2 Polysaccharides from Exoskeletons of Arthropods: Chitin and Chitosan [Seite 406]
20.2.1.3 - 14.2.2.3 Glycosaminoglycans from Mammalian Cells: Hyaluronic Acid, Chondroitin Sulfate, and Heparin [Seite 407]
20.2.1.4 - 14.2.2.4 Some Plant Polysaccharides: Starch, Cellulose, and Gum Arabic [Seite 409]
20.2.2 - 14.2.2 Relevant Physical-Chemical Properties [Seite 413]
20.3 - 14.3 Electroactive Materials [Seite 416]
20.3.1 - 14.3.1 Basic Concepts [Seite 419]
20.3.2 - 14.3.2 Conducting Polymers [Seite 420]
20.3.3 - 14.3.3 Colloidal Synthesis of Conducting Nanoparticles in Aqueous Media [Seite 422]
20.4 - 14.4 Spectroscopic Characterization of Colloidal Gum Arabic/Polyaniline and Gum Arabic/Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) [Seite 423]
20.5 - 14.5 Polysaccharides/Conducting Polymer: Final overview [Seite 428]
20.6 - References [Seite 431]
21 - 15 Biodegradable Polymer Blends and Composites from Seaweeds [Seite 441]
21.1 - 15.1 Introduction [Seite 441]
21.2 - 15.2 Seaweed Resources: World Scenario [Seite 442]
21.2.1 - 15.2.1 Classification of Seaweed [Seite 442]
21.2.2 - 15.2.2 Commercial Seaweeds: Uses and Applications [Seite 442]
21.2.3 - 15.2.3 Wild and Cultured Seaweed as Feedstock for Biodegradable Polymers [Seite 444]
21.3 - 15.3 Seaweed Polymers with Potential Materials Applications [Seite 444]
21.3.1 - 15.3.1 Sulfated Galactans Derived from Red Seaweeds: Agar and Carrageenans [Seite 444]
21.3.2 - 15.3.2 Polymer Derived from Brown Seaweeds: Alginates and Fucoidan [Seite 446]
21.3.3 - 15.3.3 Polymers Derived from Green Seaweeds: Ulvan [Seite 447]
21.4 - 15.4 Potential Biopolymer Blends and Composites from Seaweeds [Seite 448]
21.4.1 - 15.4.1 Biopolymer Blends Based on Agar and Others Phycocolloids [Seite 448]
21.4.2 - 15.4.2 Biopolymer Composites Based on Agar and Others Phycocolloids [Seite 452]
21.4.3 - 15.4.3 Perspectives and Novel Applications of Biopolymers from Seaweeds [Seite 455]
21.5 - References [Seite 455]
22 - 16 Biocomposite Scaffolds Derived from Renewable Resources for Bone Tissue Repair [Seite 461]
22.1 - 16.1 Introduction [Seite 461]
22.2 - 16.2 Polysaccharide-Based Polymers [Seite 462]
22.2.1 - 16.2.1 Chitosan [Seite 462]
22.2.2 - 16.2.2 Alginate [Seite 464]
22.2.3 - 16.2.3 Bacterial Cellulose [Seite 466]
22.2.4 - 16.2.4 Lignocellulose [Seite 470]
22.2.5 - 16.2.5 Hyaluronic Acid [Seite 471]
22.2.6 - 16.2.6 Fucoidan [Seite 474]
22.2.7 - 16.2.7 Ulvan [Seite 475]
22.2.8 - 16.2.8 Pullulan [Seite 476]
22.2.9 - 16.2.9 Acemannan [Seite 477]
22.3 - 16.3 Glycosaminoglycans [Seite 477]
22.4 - 16.4 Protein-Based Polymers [Seite 481]
22.4.1 - 16.4.1 Silk [Seite 481]
22.4.2 - 16.4.2 Collagen and Gelatin [Seite 482]
22.5 - 16.5 Polyesters [Seite 485]
22.5.1 - 16.5.1 Polyurethanes [Seite 485]
22.6 - 16.6 Polyhydroxyalkanoates [Seite 487]
22.6.1 - 16.6.1 Poly(3-Hydroxybutyric Acid-co-3-hydroxyvaleric Acid), Polyhydroxyl Butyrate and Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate [Seite 487]
22.7 - 16.7 Others [Seite 488]
22.8 - 16.8 Conclusions and Future Direction [Seite 489]
22.9 - Acknowledgment [Seite 490]
22.10 - Abbreviations [Seite 490]
22.11 - References [Seite 492]
23 - 17 Pectin-Based Composites [Seite 509]
23.1 - 17.1 Introduction [Seite 509]
23.2 - 17.2 Pectin [Seite 510]
23.2.1 - 17.2.1 Properties and Structure of Pectin [Seite 511]
23.2.1.1 - 17.2.1.1 Structure of Pectin [Seite 511]
23.2.1.2 - 17.2.1.2 Properties of Pectin [Seite 513]
23.2.1.3 - 17.2.1.3 Bioactivity of Pectin [Seite 515]
23.3 - 17.3 Biosynthesis of Pectin Polymers during Cell Differentiation [Seite 517]
23.4 - 17.4 Production of Pectin [Seite 517]
23.4.1 - 17.4.1 Extraction of Pectin [Seite 518]
23.4.2 - 17.4.2 Designer Pectins [Seite 520]
23.4.3 - 17.4.3 Applications and Markets [Seite 521]
23.5 - 17.5 Pectin-Based Biocomposites [Seite 521]
23.5.1 - 17.5.1 Definition [Seite 521]
23.5.1.1 - 17.5.1.1 Biodegradability and Durability of Composite Materials [Seite 522]
23.5.2 - 17.5.2 Pectin-Based Biocomposites [Seite 523]
23.5.3 - 17.5.3 Applications, Applied Materials, and Methods in Pectin-Based Composites [Seite 526]
23.5.3.1 - 17.5.3.1 Bone Regeneration and Tissue Engineering [Seite 526]
23.5.3.2 - 17.5.3.2 Wound Healing [Seite 530]
23.5.3.3 - 17.5.3.3 Application to Bone Hemorrhage [Seite 530]
23.5.3.4 - 17.5.3.4 Drug Delivery Applications [Seite 531]
23.5.3.5 - 17.5.3.5 Copper Removal from Aqueous Solutions [Seite 531]
23.5.3.6 - 17.5.3.6 Environmental Remediation [Seite 532]
23.5.3.7 - 17.5.3.7 Cationic Dye Adsorption [Seite 532]
23.5.3.8 - 17.5.3.8 Active Packaging [Seite 533]
23.5.3.9 - 17.5.3.9 Biobased Membranes and Films with Improved Mechanical and Thermal Properties [Seite 533]
23.5.3.10 - 17.5.3.10 Casing Film for Sausages [Seite 534]
23.5.3.11 - 17.5.3.11 Sensors for Determining Different Substances (Electrochemical Method) [Seite 534]
23.6 - 17.6 Conclusions [Seite 535]
23.7 - References [Seite 535]
24 - 18 Recent Advances in Conductive Composites Based on Biodegradable Polymers for Regenerative Medicine Applications [Seite 541]
24.1 - 18.1 Introduction [Seite 541]
24.2 - 18.2 Regenerative Medicine [Seite 542]
24.3 - 18.3 Biodegradable Polymers [Seite 543]
24.4 - 18.4 Conductive Nanostructures [Seite 546]
24.4.1 - 18.4.1 Carbon Nanotubes [Seite 547]
24.4.2 - 18.4.2 Graphene [Seite 547]
24.5 - 18.5 Polymer Nanocomposite Approach [Seite 548]
24.5.1 - 18.5.1 Processing Technology [Seite 549]
24.5.2 - 18.5.2 Techniques Used in Estimating Conductive Properties [Seite 550]
24.5.2.1 - 18.5.2.1 Electrical Properties [Seite 550]
24.5.2.2 - 18.5.2.2 Dielectrical Properties [Seite 553]
24.5.3 - 18.5.3 Biomedical Applications [Seite 555]
24.6 - 18.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives [Seite 557]
24.7 - References [Seite 558]
25 - 19 Biosynthesis of PHAs and Their Biomedical Applications [Seite 565]
25.1 - 19.1 Introduction [Seite 565]
25.2 - 19.2 Genetic and Metabolic Pathway of PHA Production [Seite 567]
25.3 - 19.3 PHA Production from Sugars [Seite 570]
25.4 - 19.4 PHA Production from Oils [Seite 576]
25.5 - 19.5 Exploration and Application of PHAs as Biomaterials [Seite 588]
25.5.1 - 19.5.1 PHA-Based Monofilament Sutures/Fibers [Seite 591]
25.5.2 - 19.5.2 PHA-Based Scaffolds [Seite 592]
25.5.3 - 19.5.3 PHA Microspheres and Nanoparticles [Seite 593]
25.6 - 19.6 Future Perspectives [Seite 595]
25.7 - Acknowledgments [Seite 596]
25.8 - References [Seite 596]
26 - 20 Biodegradable Soy Protein Isolate/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Packaging Films [Seite 609]
26.1 - 20.1 Introduction [Seite 609]
26.2 - 20.2 Experimental [Seite 611]
26.2.1 - 20.2.1 Materials [Seite 611]
26.2.2 - 20.2.2 Preparation of SPI/PVA Blend Films [Seite 611]
26.2.3 - 20.2.3 Characterizations [Seite 612]
26.2.3.1 - 20.2.3.1 Surface Morphologies [Seite 612]
26.2.3.2 - 20.2.3.2 X-ray Diffraction Analysis [Seite 612]
26.2.3.3 - 20.2.3.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra Analysis [Seite 612]
26.2.3.4 - 20.2.3.4 Mechanical Properties [Seite 612]
26.2.3.5 - 20.2.3.5 Differential Scanning Calorimetry [Seite 613]
26.2.3.6 - 20.2.3.6 Thermogravimetric Analysis [Seite 613]
26.2.3.7 - 20.2.3.7 Water Solubility [Seite 613]
26.2.3.8 - 20.2.3.8 Heat-Sealing Process [Seite 613]
26.2.3.9 - 20.2.3.9 Peel Strength Tests [Seite 614]
26.2.3.10 - 20.2.3.10 Tensile Tests of Heat Sealing [Seite 614]
26.2.3.11 - 20.2.3.11 Moisture Sorption [Seite 615]
26.2.3.12 - 20.2.3.12 Contact Angle Determination [Seite 616]
26.2.3.13 - 20.2.3.13 Water Vapor Permeability [Seite 617]
26.2.3.14 - 20.2.3.14 Aerobic Biodegradation Tests [Seite 618]
26.2.3.15 - 20.2.3.15 Weight Loss and Surface Morphologies Characterization [Seite 619]
26.2.3.16 - 20.2.3.16 Statistical Analysis [Seite 619]
26.3 - 20.3 Results and Discussion [Seite 619]
26.3.1 - 20.3.1 Surface Morphologies of Films [Seite 619]
26.3.2 - 20.3.2 Compatibility of SPI/PVA Blends [Seite 620]
26.3.3 - 20.3.3 FTIR Analysis [Seite 623]
26.3.4 - 20.3.4 Mechanical Properties of Films [Seite 625]
26.3.5 - 20.3.5 Thermal Stability of Films [Seite 626]
26.3.6 - 20.3.6 Effect of Heat-Sealing Temperature on Peel Strength [Seite 628]
26.3.7 - 20.3.7 Effect of Heat-Sealing Temperature on Tensile Strength [Seite 630]
26.3.8 - 20.3.8 Water Sorption Isotherms [Seite 631]
26.3.9 - 20.3.9 Guggenheim-Anderson-DeBoer Model Fitting [Seite 632]
26.3.10 - 20.3.10 Contact Angle Measurements [Seite 636]
26.3.11 - 20.3.11 WVP of Films [Seite 639]
26.3.12 - 20.3.12 Aerobic Biodegradation of SPI/PVA Films [Seite 640]
26.3.13 - 20.3.13 Weight Loss and Surface Morphologies of Films during Biodegradation [Seite 641]
26.4 - 20.4 Conclusion [Seite 642]
26.5 - References [Seite 643]
27 - 21 Biodegradability of Biobased Polymeric Materials in Natural Environments [Seite 647]
27.1 - 21.1 Introduction [Seite 647]
27.2 - 21.2 Biobased Polymers from Renewable Resources [Seite 651]
27.2.1 - 21.2.1 Extraction of Biopolymers from Biomass [Seite 652]
27.2.2 - 21.2.2 Biobased Polymers Derived from Biobased Monomer [Seite 653]
27.2.3 - 21.2.3 Biobased Polymers from Bacterial Synthesis [Seite 654]
27.3 - 21.3 Biodegradable and Compostable Polymeric Materials from Renewable Resources [Seite 654]
27.3.1 - 21.3.1 Definition and Concept [Seite 655]
27.3.2 - 21.3.2 Biodegradation Standard Test Methods [Seite 657]
27.4 - 21.4 Overview of Biodegradation Studies of Biobased Polymers in Different Environmental Conditions [Seite 662]
27.5 - 21.5 Biodegradation Mechanisms of Biobased Polymeric Materials [Seite 667]
27.6 - 21.6 Concluding Remarks [Seite 670]
27.7 - References [Seite 671]
28 - Index [Seite 677]
29 - EULA [Seite 691]

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