A Concise History of Solar and Stellar Physics

List of Figures vii

Preface xi

Chapter 1. The Age o Myths and Speculations 1

1.1 Ancient Egypt and the Middle East 2

1.2 Ionia: The Eastern Greek School 4

1.3 Southern Italy: The Western Greek School 6

1.4 The Athenian Period 7

1.5 The Alexandrian Period 12

1.6 From the Dark Age to the Renaissance 16

1.7 The Emergence of Modern Astronomy 22

Chapter 2. Three Centuries of Optical Discoveries: 1610-1910 29

2.1 Distances to the Sun and the Stars 30

2.2 The Beginnings of Spectroscopy 33

2.3 The Sun as a Star 40

2.4 Solar Activity and Rotation 43

2.5 Intrinsic Properties of Stars 47

2.6 Binary Stars and Stellar Masses 56

2.7 Variable and Unusual Stars 59

2.8 The Rise of Astrophysics 64

Chapter 3. The Time of Pioneers: 1840-1910 66

3.1 The Puzzle of the Sun's Energy 67

3.2 The First Solar Models 73

3.3 The Pulsation Theory of Variable Stars (I) 79

3.4 The Double-Star Problem 81

3.5 Early Views of Stellar Evolution 84

3.6 Outline of Solar Activity and Rotation 88

3.7 Retrospect: The Nineteenth-Century

Advances 91

Chapter 4. The Formative Years: 1910-1940 94

4.1 The Beginnings of Quantitative Astrophysics 96

4.2 The Stellar-Energy Problem 100

4.3 The Internal Structure of Stars 103

4.4 Pre-1938 Views of Stellar Evolution 110

4.5 White Dwarfs and Neutron Stars 114

4.6 The Pulsation Theory of Variable Stars (II) 120

4.7 The Early Studies of Stellar Rotation 123

4.8 Solar and Stellar Hydrodynamics 128

Chapter 5. The Golden Age: 1940-1970 133

5.1 Nuclear Reactions and Energy Production in Stars 135

5.2 Calculation of Stellar Structure 143

5.3 A Brief Survey of Stellar Evolution 147

5.4 Postgiant Evolution and Stellar Remnants 156

5.5 Evolution of Close Binary Stars 166

5.6 The Pulsation Theory of Variable Stars (III) 173

5.7 Stellar Rotation and Magnetic Fields 177

5.8 The Maturing of Solar Physics 183

Chapter 6. The Era of Specialization: 1970-192

6.1 Single, Double, and Multiple Stars 193

6.2 Early-Type Stars 202

6.3 The Sun 210

6.4 Late-Type Stars 220

6.5 The Pulsation Theory of Variable Stars (IV) 228

6.6 Final Stages of Stellar Evolution 234

Epilogue 247

Appendix A. Lane's Fully Convective Gas Spheres 250

Appendix B. Ritter's Polytropic Gas Spheres 251

Appendix C. Ritter's Theory o Pulsating Stars 252

Appendix D. Radial and Nonradial Stellar Pulsations 254

Appendix E. Bohr's Model of the Atom 257

Appendix F. Einstein's Mass-Energy Relation 260

Appendix G. Three Important Nuclear Reactions 263

General Bibliography 265

Index of Names 269

Index of Subjects 277