Suspension Concentrates

Name: Suspension Concentrates | Preparation, Stability and Industrial Applications
Brand: De Gruyter
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Preparation, Stability and Industrial Applications

Tharwat F. Tadros(Autor*in)

De Gruyter (Verlag)

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 20. Februar 2017

XVI, 346 Seiten

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978-3-11-048687-2 (ISBN)

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Inhalt

Intro
Preface
Contents
1. General introduction
2. Preparation of suspension concentrates by the bottom-up process
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Preparation of suspensions by precipitation
2.2.1 Nucleation and growth
2.2.2 Precipitation kinetics
2.2.3 Seeded nucleation and growth
2.2.4 Surface modification
2.2.5 Other methods for preparation of suspensions by the bottom-up process
2.3 Characterization of suspension particles
2.3.1 Visual observations
2.3.2 Optical microscopy
2.3.3 Electron microscopy
2.3.4 Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM)
2.3.5 Scanning probe microscopy (SPM)
2.3.6 Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM)
2.3.7 Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
2.3.8 Scattering techniques
2.4 Measurement of charge and zeta potential
3. Preparation of suspensions using the top-down process
3.1 Wetting of the bulk powder
3.2 Breaking of aggregates and agglomerates into individual units
3.3 Wet milling or comminution
3.4 Stabilization of the suspension during dispersion and milling and the resulting nanosuspension
3.5 Prevention of Ostwald ripening (crystal growth)
4. Electrostatic stabilization of suspensions
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Structure of the solid/liquid interface
4.2.1 Origin of charge on surfaces
4.2.2 Specific adsorption of ions
4.3 Structure of the electrical double layer
4.3.1 Diffuse double layer (Gouy and Chapman)
4.3.2 Stern-Grahame model of the double layer
4.4 Electrical double layer repulsion
4.5 Van der Waals Attraction
4.6 Total energy of interaction
4.6.1 Deryaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory
4.7 Criteria for stabilization of suspensions with double layer interaction
5. Steric stabilization of suspensions
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Adsorption and orientation of nonionic surfactants at the solid/liquid interface
5.3 Polymeric surfactant adsorption
5.4 Interaction between particles containing adsorbed surfactant layers
6. Flocculation of suspensions
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Kinetics of flocculation of electrostatically stabilized suspensions
6.2.1 Diffusion limited aggregation (fast flocculation kinetics)
6.2.2 Potential limited aggregation (slow flocculation kinetics)
6.2.3 Weak (reversible) flocculation
6.2.4 Orthokinetic flocculation
6.2.5 Aggregate structure
6.3 Flocculation of sterically stabilized dispersions
6.3.1 Weak flocculation
6.3.2 Incipient flocculation
6.3.3 Depletion flocculation
6.3.4 Bridging flocculation by polymers and polyelectrolytes
7. Ostwald ripening in suspensions
7.1 Driving force for Ostwald ripening
7.2 Kinetics of Ostwald ripening
7.3 Thermodynamic theory of crystal growth
7.4 Molecular-kinetic theory of crystal growth
7.5 The influence of dislocations on crystal growth
7.6 Influence of impurities on crystal growth and habit
7.7 Polymorphic changes
7.8 Crystal growth inhibition
8. Sedimentation of suspensions and prevention of formation of dilatant sediments
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Sedimentation rate of suspensions
8.2.1 Very dilute suspensions
8.2.2 Moderately concentrated suspensions
8.2.3 Concentrated suspensions
8.2.4 Sedimentation of flocculated suspensions
8.2.5 Sedimentation in non-Newtonian fluids
8.3 Prevention of sedimentation and formation of dilatant sediments
8.3.1 Balance of the density of the disperse phase and medium
8.3.2 Reduction of particle size
8.3.3 Use of high molecular weight thickeners
8.3.4 Use of "inert" fine particles
8.3.5 Use of mixtures of polymers and finely divided particulate solids
8.3.6 Controlled flocculation ("self-structured" systems)
8.3.7 Depletion flocculation
8.3.8 Use of liquid crystalline phases
9. Rheology of suspensions
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Rheological techniques
9.2.1 Steady state measurements
9.2.2 Rheological models for analysis of flow curves
9.2.3 Time effects during flow - thixotropy and negative (or anti-) thixotropy
9.2.4 Constant stress (creep) measurements
9.2.5 Dynamic (oscillatory) measurements
9.3 Rheology of suspensions
9.3.1 Dilute suspensions (? = 0.01) - the Einstein equation
9.3.2 Moderately concentrated suspensions (0.2 & ? & 0.01) - the Bachelor equation
9.3.3 Rheology of concentrated suspensions
10. Nonaqueous suspension concentrates
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Stability of suspensions in polar media
10.3 stability of suspensions in nonpolar media
10.4 Characterization of the adsorbed polymer layer
10.5 Theory of steric stabilization
10.6 Criteria for effective steric stabilization
10.7 Settling of suspensions and preventing the formation of dilatant sediments
10.8 Examples of suspending agents that can be applied for prevention of settling in nonaqueous suspensions
10.9 Emulsification of oil-based suspensions
10.10 Mechanism of spontaneous emulsification and the role of mixed surfactant film
10.11 Polymeric surfactants for oil-based suspensions and the choice of emulsifiers
10.12 Emulsification into aqueous electrolyte solutions
10.13 Proper choice of the antisettling system
10.14 Rheological characteristics of the oil-based suspensions
11. Characterization, assessment and prediction of stability of suspensions
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Assessment of the structure of the solid/liquid interface
11.2.1 Double layer investigation
11.3 Measurement of surfactant and polymer adsorption
11.4 Assessment of sedimentation of suspensions
11.5 Assessment of flocculation and Ostwald ripening (crystal growth)
11.5.1 Optical microscopy
11.5.2 Sample preparation for optical microscopy
11.5.3 Particle size measurements using optical microscopy
11.5.4 Electron microscopy
11.5.5 Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM)
11.5.6 Scanning probe microscopy (SPM)
11.5.7 Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM)
11.5.8 Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
11.5.9 Scattering techniques
11.6 Measurement of rate of flocculation
11.7 Measurement of incipient flocculation
11.8 Measurement of crystal growth (Ostwald ripening)
11.9 Bulk properties of suspensions, equilibrium sediment volume (or height) and redispersion
11.10 Application of rheological techniques for the assessment and prediction of the physical stability of suspensions
11.10.1 Rheological techniques for prediction of sedimentation and syneresis
11.10.2 Role of thickeners
11.10.3 Assessment and prediction of flocculation using rheological techniques
11.10.4 Examples of application of rheology for assessment and prediction of flocculation
12. Application of suspensions in pharmacy
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Particle size reduction
12.3 Dispersion and stabilization of the drug suspension
12.4 Colloid stability of pharmaceutical suspensions
12.5 Prevention of Ostwald ripening (crystal growth)
12.6 Prevention of particle settling and suspension separation
12.7 Oral suspensions
12.8 Parenteral suspensions
12.9 Ophthalmic suspensions
12.10 Topical suspensions
12.11 Reconstitutable suspensions
13. Applications of suspensions in cosmetics and personal care
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Suspensions in sunscreens
13.3 Suspensions in colour cosmetics
13.4 Lipsticks and lip balms
13.5 Nail polish
13.6 Antiperspirants and deodorants
13.7 Foundations
13.8 Liquid detergents
14. Application of suspensions in paints and coatings
14.1 Introduction
14.2 The disperse particles
14.3 The dispersion medium and film formers
14.4 Deposition of particles and their adhesion to the substrate
14.5 Flow characteristics (rheology) of paints
15. Application of suspensions in agrochemicals
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Preparation of suspension concentrates and the role of surfactants/dispersing agents
15.3 Control of the physical stability of agrochemical suspension concentrates
15.4 Ostwald ripening (crystal growth)
15.5 Stability against claying or caking
Index

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