Mechanical Catalysis

Name: Mechanical Catalysis | Methods of Enzymatic, Homogeneous, and Heterogeneous Catalysis
Brand: Wiley
Price: 117.99 EUR
Availability: OnlineOnly

Methods of Enzymatic, Homogeneous, and Heterogeneous Catalysis

Gerhard Swiegers(Autor*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

Erschienen am 8. Oktober 2008

320 Seiten

E-Book

PDF mit Adobe-DRM

Systemvoraussetzungen

978-0-470-38418-3 (ISBN)

117,99 €inkl. 7% MwSt.

Systemvoraussetzungen

für PDF mit Adobe-DRM

E-Book Einzellizenz

Als Download verfügbar

Beschreibung

Weitere Details

Weitere Ausgaben

Person

Inhalt

Intro
MECHANICAL CATALYSIS
CONTENTS
PREFACE
CONTRIBUTORS
GLOSSARY
1 Introduction to Thermodynamic (Energy-Dependent) and Mechanical (Time-Dependent) Processes: What Are They and How Are They Manifested in Chemistry and Catalysis?
1.1 Thermodynamic (Energy-Dependent) and Mechanical (Time-Dependent) Processes
1.2 What Is a Thermodynamic Process?
1.3 What Is a Mechanical Process?
1.4 The Difference between Energy-Dependent (Thermodynamic) and Time-Dependent (Mechanical) Processes
1.4.1 Time-Dependent (Mechanical) Processes Are Path-Reliant and Spatiotemporal in Character
1.4.2 Time-Dependent (Mechanical) Processes Have a Flat Underlying Energy Landscape (or Are Unaffected by the Energy Landscape)
1.4.3 Time-Dependent (Mechanical) Processes Display Deterministic Chaos
This Causes Them to be Stochastic and Complex
1.4.4 Time-Dependent (Mechanical) Processes Often Involve Synergies of Action
1.4.5 Time-Dependent (Mechanical) Processes Characterize Numerous Aspects of Human Experience
1.5 Time- and Energy-Dependence in Chemistry and Catalysis
1.5.1 The Origin of Time- and Energy-Dependent Processes in Chemistry
1.5.2 Examples of Time-Dependent Processes in Chemistry
1.5.3 Time- and Energy-Dependent Processes in Catalysis
1.5.4 Is There Such a Thing as a Time-Dependent Process in Catalysis?
1.6 The Aims, Structure, and Major Findings of this Series
1.6.1 Summary of the Key Finding: Many Enzymes Seem to be Time-Dependent Catalysts
1.6.2 The Aims and Structure of this Series. Summary: Other Major Findings of this Series
References
2 Heterogeneous, Homogeneous, and Enzymatic Catalysis. A Shared Terminology and Conceptual Platform. The Alternative of Time-Dependence in Catalysis
2.1 Introduction: The Problem of Conceptually Unifying Heterogeneous, Homogeneous, and Enzymatic Catalysis? Trends in Catalysis Science
2.2 Background: What Is Heterogeneous, Homogeneous, and Enzymatic Catalysis
2.2.1 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis
2.2.2 Hybrid Homogeneous-Heterogeneous Catalysts
2.2.3 Enzymatic Catalysis
2.2.4 Theories and Mimicry of Enzymatic Catalysis
2.3 Distinctions Within Homogeneous Catalysis: Single-Centered and Multicentered Homogeneous Catalysis
2.3.1 Single-Centered Homogeneous Catalysts. Most Manmade Homogeneous Catalysts Are Single-Centered Catalysts
2.3.2 Multicentered Homogeneous Catalysts: Most Enzymes Are Multicentered Homogeneous Catalysts
2.4 The Distinction between Single-Site/Multisite Catalysts and Single-Centered/MultiCentered Catalysts in Heterogeneous Catalysis: An Important Convention Used in This Series
2.4.1 A Key Convention Used in This Series: A Catalytic Site Is a Collection of Atoms about Which a Reaction Is Catalyzed. A Catalytic Center Is an Atom Within that Site Which Binds and Facilitates the Transformation of a Reactant
2.5 The Alternative of Time-Dependence in Catalysis
References
3 A Conceptual Description of Energy-Dependent ("Thermodynamic") and Time-Dependent ("Mechanical") Processes in Chemistry and Catalysis
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Theoretical Considerations: Common Processes in Uncatalyzed Reactions
3.2.1 Reactions as Collisions Between Molecules
3.2.2 The Fundamental Origin of Energy-Dependent and Time-Dependent Reactions
3.2.3 Time-Dependent and Energy-Dependent Domains Were First Observed in Unimolecular Gas-Phase Reactions
3.2.4 The Pathway of the Reaction Is also Controlled by the Least-Likely Step in the Sequence
3.2.5 Transition State Theory (TST) Describes the Pathway and Rate of Energy-Dependent Reactions. Transition State Theory Corresponds to the High-Pressure Limit of Hinshelwood-RRK Theory
3.2.6 Time-Dependent Reactions in the Liquid Phase: Some Examples
3.2.7 The Transition between Energy-Dependence and Time-Dependence as a Function of Temperature. Curvature in Arrhenius Plots
3.2.8 Methods of Creating Time-Dependent Reactions
3.2.9 Summary: The Key Properties of Time-Dependent and Energy-Dependent Reactions
3.3 Theoretical Considerations: Common Processes in Catalyzed Reactions
3.3.1 Catalyzed Reactions Are More Likely to be Time-Dependent than Are Uncatalyzed Reactions
3.3.2 Catalysis Changes the Reaction Processes
3.3.3 Physical Manifestation of Time- and Energy-Dependence in Catalysts
3.3.4 The Distinction Between Time-Dependent Catalysis and Diffusion-Controlled Catalysis
3.3.5 Energy-Dependent and Time-Dependent Control of Catalysis
3.3.6 The Influence of the Product Release Step
3.4 Conclusions: Energy- and Time-Dependent Catalysis
Acknowledgments
References
4 Time-Dependence in Heterogeneous Catalysis. Sabatier's Principle Describes Two Independent Catalytic Realms: Time-Dependent ("Mechanical") Catalysis and Energy-Dependent ("Thermodynamic") Catalysis
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Sabatier's Principle in Heterogeneous Catalysis
4.2.1 Volcano Plots
4.2.2 Some Important Points about Volcano Plots
4.2.3 Time-Dependent Catalysis in Volcano Plots
4.2.3.1 How Is Time-Dependence Created on the Left-Hand Side of the Volcano Plot?
4.2.3.2 Why Do Volcano Plots Slope Upward on the Left
4.2.3.3 The Rate-Determining Step in a Time-Dependent Catalyst
4.2.3.4 The Physical Manifestation of Time-Dependent Catalysis. "Saturation" of a Time-Dependent Catalyst
4.2.4 Energy-Dependent Catalysis in Volcano Plots
4.2.4.1 How Is Energy-Dependence Created on the Right-Hand Side of the Volcano Plot?
4.2.4.2 Why Do Volcano Plots Slope Downward on the Right?
4.2.4.3 The Rate-Determining Step in an Energy-Dependent Catalyst
4.2.4.4 The Physical Manifestation of Energy- Dependence. Saturation in an Energy-Dependent Catalyst
4.2.5 The Physical Origin of Sabatier's Principle
4.2.6 Other Plots Illustrating Sabatier's Principle
4.2.7 Modeling of Volcano Plots
4.2.8 Reaction Pathway as a Function of the Most-Favored Transition State
4.3 Exceptions to Sabatier's Principle
4.4 Sabatier's Principle in Homogeneous Catalysis
4.5 Conclusions. Sabatier's Principle Two Independent Catalytic Domains: Energy- and Time-Dependent Catalysis
Acknowledgments
References
5 Time-Dependence in Homogeneous Catalysis. 1. Many Enzymes Display the Hallmarks of Time-Dependent ("Mechanical") Catalysis. Nonbiological Homogeneous Catalysts Are Typically Energy-Dependent ("Thermodynamic") Catalysts
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Historical Background: Are Enzymes Generally Energy-Dependent or Time-Dependent Catalysts?
5.3 The Methodology of This Chapter: Identify, Contrast, and Rationalize the Common Processes Present in Biological and Nonbiological Homogeneous Catalysts
5.4 Does Michaelis-Menten Kinetics in Enzymes Indicate that They Are Time-Dependent Catalysts?
5.4.1 Michaelis-Menten Kinetics
5.4.2 Kinetics in Most Nonbiological Catalysts
5.4.3 The Contradiction of Saturation Kinetics in Enzymes
5.4.4 Saturation in Time- and Energy-Dependent Catalysts. Saturation Kinetics Is Necessarily an Indication of Time-Dependence
5.4.5 Physical Studies of the Rate Processes in Enzymes Are Consistent with a Time-Dependent Action
5.4.6 A Time-Dependent Catalyst Cannot Become an Energy-Dependent Catalyst, or vice versa, Without Changing the Temperature or Chemically Altering the Reactivity of the Reactants
5.4.7 The Current View of Michaelis-Menten Kinetics Is Flawed by an Unwarranted Assumption
5.4.8 Summary: Michaelis-Menten Kinetics Is Characteristic of Time-Dependent Catalysis. Time-Dependent Catalysis Provides an Explanation for Michaelis-Menten Kinetics in Enzymes
5.5 Other General Characteristics of Catalysis by Enzymes and Comparable Nonbiological Homogeneous Catalysts
5.5.1 Enzymes Employ Weak and Dynamic Individual Binding Interactions with Their Substrates. Nonbiological Catalysts Do Not
5.5.2 Enzymes Display Transition State Complementarity. Nonbiological Catalysts Do Not
5.5.3 Enzymatic Catalysis Is "Structure-Sensitive." Nonbiological Catalysis Is "Structure-Insensitive"
5.5.4 Enzymes Transform Catalytically Unconventional Groups into Potent Catalysts. Nonbiological Catalysts Use Only Conventional Catalytic Groups
5.5.5 Enzymes Catalyze Forward and Reverse Reactions. Nonbiological Catalysts Do Not
5.5.6 Enzymes Display High Selectivity and Activity. Nonbiological Catalysts Do Not
5.5.7 Enzymes Display Convergent Synergies. Nonbiological Catalysts Display Complementary Synergies
5.5.8 Summary
5.6 Rationalization of the Underlying Processes. The Mechanism of Action in Time-Dependent and Energy-Dependent Catalysts
5.6.1 Common Processes in Multicentered Homogeneous Catalysts
5.6.2 The Influence of the Strength of the Individual Catalyst-Reactant Binding Interactions
5.6.3 The Coexistence of Transition State Complementarity, Structure-Sensitive Catalysis, and Unconventional Catalytic Groups in Enzymes Is Caused by their Weak Individual Binding Interactions
5.6.4 The Origin of the Time-Dependence and the Synergies of Enzymes
5.6.5 The Mechanism of Time-Dependence in Enzymes Resolves the Contradiction of a Kinetically Observed Rapidly Forming and Dissociating Intermediate in the Face of Strong Overall Substrate Binding
5.6.6 Catalysis in Enzymes Involves Synchronization of Enzyme Binding and Enzyme Flexing
5.6.7 Summary: The Origin of the General Properties of Enzymes
5.6.8 Catalysis in Nonbiological Analogues Depends on the Activation Energy E(a)
5.6.9 Enzymatic Selectivity and Synergies Derive from Time-Dependence
5.6.10 Enzymatic Activity Is Consistent with Time-Dependence
5.7 All Generalizations Support Time-Dependence in Enzymes
5.8 Time-Dependence in a Nonbiological Catalyst Generates the Distinctive Properties of Enzymes
5.9 Conclusion: Many Enzymes Are Time-Dependent Catalysts
Acknowledgments
References
6 Time-Dependence in Homogeneous Catalysis. 2. The General Actions of Time-Dependent ("Mechanical") and Energy-Dependent ("Thermodynamic") Catalysts
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Time- and Energy-Dependent, Multicentered Homogeneous Catalysts
6.3 The Action of Energy-Dependent, Multicentered Homogeneous Catalysts
6.4 The Action of Time-Dependent, Multicentered Homogeneous Catalysts
6.4.1 The Activation Energy E(a) Does Not Provide a True Measure of the Threshold Energy in Time-Dependent Catalysts
6.4.2 Weak and Dynamic Binding and Activation Is Sufficient to Fulfill the Threshold Energy in Time-Dependent Catalysts
6.4.3 Transition State Formation in a Time-Dependent Catalyst Can Be Thought of as a Coordinated Mechanical Process
6.4.4 Time-Dependent Catalysts Are Machine-Like (Mechanical) in Their Catalytic Action
6.4.5 The Origin of Michaelis-Menten Kinetics in Time-Dependent Catalysts
6.4.6 Time-Dependent Catalysts like Many Enzymes Display All of the Characteristic Hallmarks of Mechanical Processes
6.4.7 Additional Insights into Enzymatic Catalysis: The Bidirectionality of Enzymatic Catalysis Originates from the Mechanical Nature of the Catalytic Action
6.4.8 Additional Insights into Enzymatic Catalysis: Many Enzymes Select the First-Encountered Transition State, Rather than the Lowest Energy Transition State
6.5 The Importance of Recognizing Time-Dependent Catalysis
6.6 Time-Dependent Catalysis Is Very Different to Energy-Dependent Catalysis and Therefore Seems Unfamiliar
6.7 Conclusions for Biology
6.8 Conclusions for Homogeneous Catalysis
6.9 The "Ideal" Homogeneous Catalyst
6.10 Conclusions for the Conceptual Unity of the Field of Catalysis
Acknowledgments
References
7 Unifying the Many Theories of Enzymatic Catalysis. Theories of Enzymatic Catalysis Fall into Two Camps: Energy-Dependent ("Thermodynamic") and Time-Dependent ("Mechanical") Catalysis
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Theories of Enzymatic Catalysis
7.2.1 Adsorption Theory
7.2.2 "Lock-and-Key" Theory
7.2.3 Haldane's Strain Theory
7.2.4 Pauling's Theory of Transition State Complementarity
7.2.5 Koshland's Induced Fit Theory. Fersht's Concept of Stress and Strain
7.2.6 Intramolecularity
7.2.7 Orbital Steering
7.2.8 Entropy Traps
7.2.9 The Proximity (Propinquity) Effect
7.2.10 "Coupled" Protein Motions
7.2.11 The Spatiotemporal Hypothesis
7.3 Theories Explaining Enzymatic Catalysis Fall into Two Camps: Energy-Dependent and Time-Dependent Catalysis
7.3.1 Haldane's Strain Theory and Fersht's Concept of Stress and Strain Are Valid Explanations for Rate Accelerations but Do Not Seem to be Responsible for the Rate Accelerations of Many Enzymes
7.3.2 Theories Based on Reaction Entropy Are Valid Explanations for Rate Accelerations but Do Not Seem to be Behind the Rate Accelerations of Many Enzymes
7.3.3 Experiments Studying Intramolecular Reaction Rates Were Probably Often Conceptually Contradictory
7.3.4 Theories of "Coupled" Protein Motions and Machine-Like Catalytic Actions Seem to Be Generally Accurate Descriptions of Enzymatic Catalysis
7.4 Studies Verifying Pauling's Theory in Model Systems Are Correct, but Describe Energy-Dependent and not Time-Dependent Catalysis
7.5 The Anomaly Described in the Spatiotemporal Hypothesis Originates, in Part, from the Onset of Time-Dependence
Acknowledgments
References
8 Synergy in Heterogeneous, Homogeneous, and Enzymatic Catalysis. The "Ideal" Catalyst
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Synergy in Heterogeneous Catalysts
8.3 Single-Centered Nonbiological Homogeneous Catalysts and Their 'Mutually Enhancing' Synergies
8.3.1 Facial Selectivity in Single-Centered Catalysts
8.3.2 Energy-Dependent, Single-Centered Homogeneous Catalysts Display 'Mutually Enhancing' Synergies
8.3.3 The Synergies in Time-Dependent, Single-Centered Homogeneous Catalysts
8.3.4 The Selectivity of Single-Centered Catalysts
8.4 Multicentered, Energy-Dependent Homogeneous Catalysts and Their Functionally Complementary Synergies
8.5 Enzymes and Their Functionally Convergent Synergies
8.6 Biomimetic Chemistry and Its Pseudo-Convergent Synergies
8.6.1 Cyclodextrin-Appended Epoxidation Catalysts: Pseudo-Convergence in a Nonbiological, Multicentered Catalyst
8.7 The Spectrum of Synergistic Action in Homogeneous Catalysis
8.7.1 The Relationship Between Complementary and Convergent Synergies
8.7.2 The Ideal Catalyst
8.8 Synergy in Catalysis Is Conceptually Related to Other Synergistic Processes in Human Experience
References
9 A Conceptual Unification of Heterogeneous, Homogeneous, and Enzymatic Catalysis
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Diffusion-Controlled and Reaction-Controlled Catalysis
9.3 The Diversity of Catalytic Action in Heterogeneous Catalysts
9.4 The Diversity of Catalytic Action in Nonbiological Homogeneous Catalysts
9.5 The Diversity of Catalytic Action in Enzymes
9.6 Heterogeneous Catalysis and Enzymatic Catalysis Has, Effectively, Involved Combinatorial Experiments that Have Produced Time-Dependent Catalysts. Nonbiological Homogeneous Catalysis Has Not
9.7 Homogeneous and Enzymatic Catalysts Are the 3-D Equivalent of 2-D Heterogeneous Catalysts
9.8 A Conceptual Unification of Heterogeneous, Homogeneous, and Enzymatic Catalysis
References
10 The Rational Design of Time-Dependent ("Mechanical") Homogeneous Catalysts. A Literature Survey of Multicentered Homogeneous Catalysis
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Rational Design of Time-Dependent Homogeneous Catalysts
10.2.1 Design Criteria for a Time-Dependent Homogeneous Catalyst
10.2.2 The Problem of Simultaneously Identifying Suitable Catalytic Groups and Their Active Spatial Arrangement
10.2.3 Time-Dependent Homogeneous Catalysis May Conceivably Be Achieved by Mimicry of a Natural Time-Dependent Catalyst
10.2.4 Time-Dependent Homogeneous Catalysis May Conceivably Be Achieved in the form of a Combinatorial Experiment Involving a "Statistical Proximity" Effect
10.2.4.1 A Time-Dependent Combinatorial Catalyst May Display Unique Kinetics
10.2.4.2 Previous Attempts at Concentration-Based Biomimetic Catalysis Involved Energy-Dependent Systems
10.2.5 Time-Dependent Catalysis May Be Useful in Transformations of Small Gaseous Molecules
10.2.6 Why Do We Need New Time-Dependent Catalysts?
10.3 Elements of Rational Design in Multicentered Catalysis
10.3.1 Modes of Binding in Multicentered Catalysts
10.3.2 Optimizing the Spatial Arrangement of Catalytic Groups
10.3.2.1 Intramolecular Catalysts
10.3.2.2 Intermolecular Catalysts
10.3.2.3 Unconventional Approaches to Optimizing the Spatial Organization of Catalytic Groups
10.3.3 Creating Functionally Convergent Catalysts
10.3.3.1 Practical Approaches to Achieving Functionally Convergent Catalysis
10.4 A Review of Nonbiological, Multicentered Molecular Catalysts Described in the Chemical Literature
10.4.1 Intramolecular Catalysts
10.4.1.1 Functionally Convergent Catalysis (Class A Type): Cofacial and Capped Metalloporphyrins as Oxygen Reduction Catalysts
10.4.1.2 Functionally Convergent Catalysis (Class B Type): [1.1]Ferrocenophanes and Related Compounds as Hydrogen Generation Catalysts
10.4.1.3 Pseudoconvergent Catalysis: Supramolecular, Bifunctional Catalysts of Organic Reactions
10.4.1.4 Probable Functionally Convergent Catalysis: Rhodium-Phosphine Hydroformylation Catalysts
10.4.1.5 Possible Functionally Convergent Catalysis: Ruthenium-Based Water Oxidation Catalysts
10.4.1.6 Functionally Complementary Catalysis: Intramolecular Epoxidation Catalysts
10.4.1.7 Metal Clusters in Multicentered Molecular Catalysis: Triruthenium Dodecacarbonyl Hydrogenation Catalysts
10.4.1.8 Statistical Approaches to Functionally Convergent Catalysis: Macromolecular Intramolecular Catalysts
10.4.2 Intermolecular Catalysts
10.4.2.1 Functionally Complementary Catalysis
10.4.2.2 Statistical Approaches to Functionally Convergent Catalysis: Concentration Effects in Intermolecular Catalysts
10.4.2.3 Statistical Approaches to Functionally Convergent Catalysis: Self-Assembled, Supramolecular Catalysts
10.4.3 Footnote: Unexpected Mechanistic Changes in Multicentered Catalysts
Acknowledgments
References
11 Time-Dependent ("Mechanical"), Nonbiological Catalysis. 1. A Fully Functional Mimic of the Water-Oxidizing Center (WOC) in Photosystem II (PSII)
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Physical and Chemical Properties of the Cubanes 1a-b
11.2.1 Chemical Structures
11.2.2 Stepwise Hydride Abstraction, Leading to Water Release
11.2.3 Dioxygen Generation
11.2.4 A Possible Catalytic Cycle
11.2.5 Other Reactions
11.2.6 Summary
11.3 Nafion Provides a Means of Solubilizing and Immobilizing Hydrophobic Metal Complexes
11.4 Photoelectrochemical Cells and Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells for Water-Splitting
11.5 Photocatalytic Water Oxidation by Cubane 1b Doped into a Nafion Support
11.5.1 Solution Electrochemistry
11.5.2 Electrochemistry of 1b Doped into a Nafion Membrane
11.5.3 Electrocatalytic Effects Are Observed Under CV Conditions
11.5.4 A Photo-Electrocatalytic Effect Is Observed at 1.00 V (vs. Ag/AgCl)
11.5.5 If the Photocurrent Is Caused by Water Oxidation Catalysis, This Involves a Decrease in the Overpotential of 0.4 V
11.5.6 The Photocurrent Is Observed only in the Presence of Water. The System Saturates at Low Water Content, Consistent with a Time-Dependent Catalytic Action
11.5.7 The pH Dependence of the Photocurrent Is Consistent with Water Oxidation
11.5.8 Bulk Water Is a Reactant and Oxygen Is Generated
11.5.9 The Quantity of Gas Generated Matches the Current Obtained. Notable Turnover Frequencies Are Implied
11.5.10 Photocurrent as a Function of the Illumination Wavelength
11.5.11 The Photoaction Spectrum of the Catalysis Corresponds to the Main LMCT Absorption Peak of 1b
11.6 The Challenge of Dye-Sensitized Water-Splitting
11.7 The Mechanism of the Catalysis
11.8 Conclusions
References
12 Time-Dependent ("Mechanical"), Nonbiological Catalysis. 2. Highly Efficient, "Biomimetic" Hydrogen-Generating Electrocatalysts
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Monomer and Polymer Preparation
12.3 Catalytic Experiments
12.3.1 PPy-9 and PPy-12 Display Anodic Shifts in the Most Positive Potential for Hydrogen Generation
12.3.2 PPy-9 and PPy-12 Increase the Rate of Hydrogen Generation on Pt by ca. 7-Fold after 12 h at 20.44 V
12.3.3 PPy-9 and PPy-12 Increase the Rate of Hydrogen Generation on Pt per Unit Area by ca. 3.5-Fold
12.3.4 The Mechanism of Catalysis in PPy-9. Is PPy-9 a Combinatorial ("Statistical Proximity") Catalyst?
12.3.5 Polypyrrole Is Likely Involved in the Catalytic Cycle
12.3.6 Other Evidence for the Involvement of Polypyrrole in the Catalytic Cycle
12.3.7 The Pyrrole in Polypyrrole Is a Powerful, Time-Dependent, Combinatorial, "Statistical Proximity" Catalyst
12.4 Conclusions: A Combinatorial "Statistical Proximity" Catalyst Was Obtained as a Bulk, Hybrid Homogeneous-Heterogeneous Catalyst
Acknowledgments
References
13 Time-Dependent ("Mechanical"), Nonbiological Catalysis. 3. A Readily Prepared, Convergent, Oxygen-Reduction Electrocatalyst
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Cofacial Diporphyrin Oxygen-Reduction Catalysts
13.3 Vapor-Phase Polymerization of Pyrrole as a Means of Immobilizing High Concentrations of Monomeric Catalytic Groups at an Electrode Surface
13.4 Preparation and Catalytic Properties of PPy-3
13.4.1 Vapor-Phase Preparation of Polypyrrolle-Co Tetraphenylporphyrin, PPy-3
13.4.2 Electrochemistry of, and Oxygen Reduction by, Polypyrrolle-Co Tetraphenylporphyrin, PPy-3
13.4.3 Rotating Disk Electrochemistry (RDE) of Polypyrrolle-Co Tetraphenylporphyrin, PPy-3
13.4.4 Rotating Ring Disk Electrochemistry (RRDE) of Polypyrrolle-Co Tetraphenylporphyrin, PPy-3
13.4.5 The Product Distribution Relative to the Proportion of 3 in the Polypyrrolle-Co Tetraphenylporphyrin, PPy-3
13.5 PPy-3 as a Fuel Cell Catalyst
13.5.1 PPy-3 on Carbon Fiber Paper
13.5.2 Electrochemical Characterization of PPy-3 on Carbon Fiber Paper
13.5.3 Morphology of the PPy-3 Carbon Fiber Composite Film
13.5.4 Oxygen-Reduction Catalysis by the PPy-3 Carbon Fiber Composite Film in Simple Fuel Cell Test Apparatus
13.6 Conclusions
References
Appendix A Why Is Saturation Not Observed in Catalysts that Display Conventional Kinetics?
Appendix B Graphical Illustration of the Processes Involved in the Saturation of Molecular Catalysts
Index

Systemvoraussetzungen

Als PDF speichern Als Link merken