Forensic Analytical Techniques

Series Preface xiii
Preface xv
About the Author xvii
Acronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols xix
1 The Chemistry of Forensic Evidence 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Evidence Types 2
1.3 Introduction to Data Analysis 23
1.4 Summary 24
References 24
2 Preliminary Tests 27
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Chemical Tests 272.3 Density 32
2.4 Light Examination 352.5 Summary 39
References 39
3 Microscopic Techniques 41
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 Optical Microscopy 42
3.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy 513.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy 54
3.5 Atomic Force Microscopy 593.6 X-Ray Diffraction 60
3.7 Summary 66
References 66
4 Molecular Spectroscopy 69
4.1 Introduction 70
4.2 Infrared Spectroscopy 70
4.3 Raman Spectroscopy 89
4.4 Ultraviolet-visible Spectroscopy 95
4.5 Fluorescence Spectroscopy 1014.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 104
4.7 Summary 109
References 109
5 Elemental Analysis 113
5.1 Introduction 113
5.2 Atomic Spectrometry 1145.3 Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry 117
5.4 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy 1195.5 Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy 123
5.6 Neutron Activation Analysis 125
5.7 Summary 125
References 126
6 Mass Spectrometry 129
6.1 Introduction 129
6.2 Molecular Mass Spectrometry 1296.3 Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry 134
6.4 Ion Mobility Spectrometry 1376.5 Summary 140
References 140
7 Separation Techniques 143
7.1 Introduction 144
7.2 Paper Chromatography 1447.3 Thin Layer Chromatography 145
7.4 Gas Chromatography 1497.5 Liquid Chromatography 155
7.6 Ion Chromatography 1597.7 Capillary Electrophoresis 161
7.8 Summary 163
References 164
8 Thermal Analysis 167
8.1 Introduction 167
8.2 Pyrolysis Techniques 1688.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Differential ThermalAnalysis 171
8.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis 1748.5 Summary 178
References 178
Bibliography 195
Glossary of Terms 197
SI Units and Physical Constants 203
Periodic Table 207
Index 209