Principles and Practice of Variable Pressure

Contents
Chapter 1 -A brief historical overview
1.1 Scanning electron microscopy
1.2 The development of imaging in a gas environment
Chapter 2 -Principles of SEM
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Electron sources
2.3 Electron optics
2.4 Signals and detection
2.5 Practical aspects of electron beam irradiation
2.6 the sem in operation
Chapter 3 -General principles of VP-ESEM: utilisinga gas
3.1 Introduction
3.2 VP-ESEM instrumentation
3.3 Signal generation in a gas
3.4 Imaging with water vapour
Chapter 4 -Imaging and analysis in the VP-ESEM: theinfluence of a gas
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Background to theoretical calculations
4.3 Which gas?
4.4 Exploring the gas path length
4.5 How much gas?
4.6 X-ray microanalysis in the VP-ESEM
Chapter 5 -Imaging uncoated specimens in theVP-ESEM
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Electronic structure
5.3 Factors affecting secondary electron emission
5.4 The influence of the specimen on the system
5.5 Time- and temperature-dependent effects
5.6 imaging soft materials
5.7 Effects of ions on imaging
5.8 Imaging with a gas: summary
Chapter 6 -A lab in a chamber - in situ methodsin VP-ESEM and other applications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Nanocharacterisation of insulating materials
6.3 In situ experiments
6.4 Other applications