The Impact of Yom Kippur on Early Christianity

Name: The Impact of Yom Kippur on Early Christianity | The Day of Atonement from Second Temple Judaism to the Fifth Century
Brand: Mohr Siebeck
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The Day of Atonement from Second Temple Judaism to the Fifth Century

Daniel Stökl Ben Ezra(Autor*in)

Mohr Siebeck (Verlag)

1. Auflage

Erschienen im Dezember 2019

XX, 445 Seiten

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978-3-16-157230-2 (ISBN)

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Inhalt

Cover
Titel
Preface
Brief Table of Contents
Detailed Table of Contents
List of Abbreviations
Introduction
1. The Topic and the Research Question
2. Methodological Remarks and Definitions
2.1 Different Types of Influence
2.2 Rite and Ritual
2.3 Myth and Mythology
2.4 The imaginaire
2.5 Christian Judaism
Part One. Yom Kippur in Early Jewish Thought and Ritual
Introduction
Chapter 1: The Names of Yom Kippur
Chapter 2: The Rituals of Yom Kippur
1. The Question of the Historicity of the Mishnaic Version of the Temple Ritual
2. The Temple Ritual
2.1 The Preparation Rites
2.2 The Entrances to the Holy of Holies
2.3 The Sending Away of the Scapegoat
2.4 The Closing Rituals
3. The Ritual of the People
3.1 Between Afflictions and Joy
3.2 Prayers
3.2.1 Yom Kippur Prayers in Palestine: Qumran
3.2.2 Yom Kippur Prayers in the Diaspora: Philo
3.2.3 Yom Kippur Prayers after the Destruction of the Temple
Conclusion: Prayers in and outside the Temple
3.3 A Controversial, Popular Blood Sacrifice: kapparot
3.4 Pagan and Christian Descriptions of Contemporary Yom Kippur Rites
3.4.1 Pagan Texts
3.4.2 Christian Texts
Chapter 3: Imaginaires of Yom Kippur
1. The Apocalyptic Imaginaire of Yom Kippur
1.1 High-Priestly Visions of God I: Apocalyptic Texts
1.2 The Mythologization of 'Az'azel
1.2.1 Allusions to the Myth of 'Az'azel in 1Enoch 10
1.2.2 11QMelchizedek: Getting Explicit
1.2.3 The Apocalypse of Abraham: Zechariah 3 Meets the Demonology of 'Az'azel
Concluding Thoughts on 'Az'azel in the Apocalyptic Literature
1.3 Etiologies
1.4 Qumran: The Current Period of Persecution as Yom Kippur
Conclusion
2. Yom Kippur in the Greek Diaspora
2.1 The Septuagint: Conservatism and Enculturation
2.2 Philo's Allegorization of Yom Kippur
2.2.1 The Rationale of the People's Yom Kippur Rituals
2.2.2 The Allegorizations of Yom Kippur's Temple Ritual
Conclusion
2.3 The Vicarious Atoning Death in 4Maccabees 17 and the Imaginaire of Yom Kippur
Excursus: The Scapegoat as Background for Vicarious Atoning Suffering in Isaiah and Josephus?
Conclusion: Yom Kippur in the Greek Diaspora
3. The Christian Jewish Imaginaire of Yom Kippur
4. Aspects of the Rabbinic Imaginaire of Yom Kippur
4.1 Mythological Events Connected to Yom Kippur
4.2 Rabbinic Interpretations of the Temple Ritual
4.2.1 The High Priests
4.2.2 Goats
4.2.3 Red Ribbons
4.3 Rabbinic Interpretations of Ritual of the People
5. High-Priestly Visions of God III: Aspects of Yom Kippur in the Hekhalot Literature
Concluding Thoughts to Part One
Part Two. The Impact of Yom Kippur on Early Christianity in the First and Second Centuries
Chapter 4: Yom Kippur in the Early Christian Imaginaire
1. Christ and the Scapegoat: Barnabas, Matthew and Galatians
1.1 The Tradition of Barnabas
1.1.1 The First Picture (Barnabas 7:3-5)
1.1.2 The Second Picture (Barnabas 7:6-11)
1.1.3 The Interpretation of the Proto-Typology in Justin, Tertullian and Hippolytus
Excursus: Did the Scapegoat Rite Influence the Earliest Account of the Passion? John D. Crossan's Thesis
1.2 Barabbas as Scapegoat in Matthew 27:15-23
Excursus: The Catalytic Function of the Pharmakos and the Scapegoat
1.3 The Redemptive Curse: An Allusion to the Scapegoat in Galatians 3?
1.4 The Scapegoat as Catalyst? John 1:29 and 1 Peter 2:24
1.4.1 John 1:29
1.4.2 1Peter 2:22-24
2. Christ as High Priest: Hebrews
2.1 The Setting
2.1.1 Sacred Time: The Present Eschaton as Yom Kippur
2.2.2 Sacred Space: The Heavenly Sanctuary
2.2 The High Priest and His Actions
2.3 The Participation of the People
2.4 Conclusions Regarding the High Priest in Hebrews
2.5 History of Tradition: The Role of Zechariah 3 in the Justification of the High-Priestly Christology before Hebrews
3. Christ as kapporet (??ast?????): Romans 3:25-26
3.1 The Influence of Yom Kippur on Romans 3:25-26
3.2 Interpretation of Romans 3:25-26
3.3 Paul's Predecessor: The Pre-Pauline Formula Romans 3:24/25-26a*
4. Christ as Atonement (??asµ??): 1John
5. Yom Kippur as Background to Early Christological Hymns?
5.1 Colossians 1:12-20
5.2 Philippians 2:6-11
6. Historical Synthesis
6.1 The Observance of Yom Kippur by First-Century Christians
6.2 The Abolition of Yom Kippur by First- and Second-Century Christians
6.3 The History of Traditions
Concluding Thoughts
Chapter 5: Yom Kippur Imagery in Gnosticism and in Early Christian Mysticism
1. The High Priest's Entrance in Valentinian Soteriology
2. The High Priest's Entrance and the Ritual of the Bridal Chamber
3. Philonic and Valentinian Mysticism as Merged in Clement of Alexandria
3.1 Stromateis 5:6:39:3-40:4
3.2 Excerpts from Theodotus 27
Conclusions and Implications
Chapter 6: Yom Kippur in Jewish Christian Legends
1. James, the Permanently Interceding High Priest
2. Zechariah's Revelation on Yom Kippur
Excursus: Simeon and John as High Priests
Conclusion
Part Three. The Impact of Yom Kippur on Early Christianity from the Third to the Fifth Centuries
Chapter 7: Christian Exegesis of Leviticus and the Polemics against the Contemporary Yom Kippur
1. Christian Exegesis of Leviticus and the Templization of the Liturgy
2. Christian Participation in the Jewish Fast
3. Christian Polemics against the Contemporary Yom Kippur
4. Anti-Christian Polemics in Yom Kippur Texts
Conclusion
Chapter 8: Yom Kippur and the Christian Autumn Festivals
1. The Encaenia, the Exaltation of the Cross and Yom Kippur
2. The Fast of the Seventh Month (Ember Day of September) and Yom Kippur
2.1 The Origin of the Solemn Fasts
2.2 Leo's Sermons on the Fast of the Seventh Month and Yom Kippur
2.3 The Readings of the Fast of the Seventh Month and Yom Kippur
Conclusion
3. Eastern Commemoration of Gabriel's Annunciation to Zechariah
General Conclusions
Appendix: Yom Kippur and Eastern Anaphoras
Bibliography
Index of Sources
Index of Modern Authors
Index of Names and Subjects

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