Freedom of Overflight

Name: Freedom of Overflight | A Study of Coastal State Jurisdiction in International Airspace
Brand: Wolters Kluwer
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A Study of Coastal State Jurisdiction in International Airspace

Merinda E. Stewart(Autor*in)

Wolters Kluwer (Verlag)

Erschienen am 25. Oktober 2021

320 Seiten

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Beschreibung

Freedom of overflight is in large part uncontroversial. However, several recent international disputes and subsequent scrutiny of the exercise of coastal State jurisdiction in international airspace have highlighted the problematic legal nature of this freedom namely, how a State's ';creeping jurisdiction' may encroach upon the rights of other States. This groundbreaking book examines in depth the ambiguous areas at the nexus of air law and the law of the sea with respect to the balance between coastal State jurisdiction and freedom of overflight, thus providing greater legal certainty regarding State actions involving overflight in international airspace. The author identifies and thoroughly examines three highly salient matters impacting overflight in international waters: the right of a State to establish safety zones around maritime constructions and the legitimacy of extending these safety zones to the airspace; what, if anything, under international civil aviation law specifically, prohibits a State from discriminating against the aircraft of another State in international airspace within its flight information region; and whether air defence identification zones can be justified as customary international law. Also considered is the law of the sea concerning transit passage through international straits and archipelagic sea lanes as applied to airspace users. This is the first detailed study of overflight to combine the perspectives of international civil aviation law and the law of the sea. As such, it presents a comprehensive analysis of the legality of attempts by coastal States to exercise jurisdiction in international airspace over aircraft registered in other States, thus taking a giant step towards determining what freedom of overflight entails by establishing its legitimate limitations. It will be welcomed by practitioners, policymakers, and academics concerned with international transportation, national defence, international trade, and other areas of international law.

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Inhalt

Intro
Half-Title Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Table
List of Abbreviations
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Context of Research
1.2 Scope of the Book
1.2.1 Central Research Question
1.2.2 Aims and Objectives of the Study
1.3 Structure of the Analysis
1.3.1 Part I
1.3.2 Part II
1.4 Methodology
Appendix to Chapter 1
Chapter 2 The International Legal Framework
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Defining 'Sovereignty' and 'Territory'
2.2.1 Sovereignty and Territory under General Public International Law
2.2.2 Sovereignty as the Foundation of International Civil Aviation Law
2.2.2.1 Sovereignty over National Airspace under the Chicago Convention
2.2.2.2 Article 1 of the Paris Convention (1919) to the Chicago Convention (1944)
2.2.2.3 The Implications of Sovereignty over National Airspace
2.2.3 Horizontal Delimitation of Airspace
2.2.3.1 The Boundaries of the Territorial Sea
2.2.3.2 Overflight Rights in Territorial Waters
2.2.4 Vertical Delimitation of Airspace
2.3 Overflight Rights for Civil Aircraft in National Airspace
2.3.1 The Different Legal Bases Stemming from the Chicago Convention
2.3.2 Air Transport Outside the Normative Powers of ICAO
2.3.3 The Multilateral Exchange of Overflight Rights for Non-scheduled Flights and the Express Exclusion of the Exchange for Scheduled Air Services
2.3.3.1 The Transit Agreement and the Value of Transit Rights
2.3.3.2 The Role of ASAs in the Exchange of Transit and Traffic Rights
2.3.4 Pilotless Aircraft
2.4 Overflight Rights for State Aircraft in National Airspace
2.4.1 Preliminary Matters
2.4.2 The Definition of State Aircraft
2.4.2.1 State Aircraft under the Paris Convention (1919) and the Chicago Convention (1944)
2.4.2.2 Subsequent ICAO Consideration
2.4.2.3 Distinctions in Other Legal Frameworks Specific to Purpose
2.4.2.4 Ambiguity of Definition Not a Practical Concern for States
2.4.3 State Aircraft Not Completely Excluded from the Chicago Convention and Its Annexes
2.4.4 The Framework for the Overflight of State Aircraft
2.5 In Summary: The Grant of Overflight Rights in National Airspace
2.6 Restriction and Regulation of Overflight Rights in National Airspace
2.6.1 Withdrawal, Suspension and Revocation
2.6.2 Prohibited and Restricted Areas
2.6.3 ICAO Council Decisions Regarding Prohibition of Overflight
2.6.4 An Obligation to Close Airspace?
2.6.5 Danger Areas
2.6.6 Closure of Airspace under Non-aviation Specific International Law
2.6.7 In Summary: The Restriction and Regulation of Overflight in National Airspace
2.7 Overflight Rights in International Airspace
2.7.1 Freedom of Overflight
2.7.2 High Seas
2.7.2.1 Geographic Extent of the High Seas
2.7.2.2 Application of the Chicago Convention and Its Annexes to the High Seas
2.7.2.2.1 The Rules and Regulations Relating to the Flight and Manoeuvre of Aircraft
2.7.2.2.1.1 Annex 2: Rules of the Air
2.7.2.2.1.2 Annex 6: Operation of Aircraft
2.7.2.2.1.3 Annexes 10 and 11: ATS and Aeronautical Telecommunications
2.7.2.2.1.4 Annex 12: Search and Rescue
2.7.3 Exclusive Economic Zone
2.7.3.1 The Development of the EEZ as a Maritime Area and the General Rights Associated with It under UNCLOS
2.7.3.2 The EEZ as Part of the High Seas for the Purpose of International Civil Aviation Law
2.7.4 Continental Shelf
2.7.5 Contiguous Zone
2.7.6 In Summary: Overflight Rights in International Airspace
2.8 Conclusion to Chapter
Chapter 3 Overflight of Maritime Constructions in International Airspace
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Legal Framework under UNCLOS Applying to Safety Zones
3.2.1 Defining Artificial Islands, Installations and Structures
3.2.1.1 Artificial Islands
3.2.1.2 Installations and Structures
3.2.2 The Right of States to Construct and Operate Maritime Constructions
3.2.3 Jurisdiction over Maritime Constructions Including the Establishment of Safety Zones
3.2.3.1 A Coastal State's Exclusive Jurisdiction over Maritime Constructions
3.2.3.2 Right of the Coastal State to Establish Safety Zones and Its Jurisdiction Within Them
3.2.3.3 Maximum Breadth of Safety Zones and Obligation of Vessels to Respect
3.2.3.4 Security as an Element of Safety in Establishing and Taking Measures Within Safety Zones
3.2.3.5 Safety Zones in Respect of Maritime Constructions Outside an EEZ
3.2.3.6 Enforcement Powers in Relation to Safety Zones under UNCLOS
3.2.4 The South China Sea Arbitration
3.2.4.1 Relevant Facts of the Case
3.2.4.2 No Sovereignty over Low-Tide Elevations or Subsequently over the Maritime Constructions Built Atop Them
3.2.5 The Dual Status of a Natural Feature/Maritime Construction
3.2.5.1 Consequences of a Natural Feature/Maritime Construction Dual Status
3.2.5.2 Rocks
3.2.5.3 Low-Tide Elevations and Lighthouses
3.3 The Right to Extend Safety Zones to Encompass Airspace
3.3.1 Development of Treaty Law Applying to Safety Zones
3.3.2 Practice Regarding Safety Zones Extending to Airspace
3.3.2.1 Support for the Extension of Safety Zones to Airspace
3.3.2.2 Practice Supporting Restriction of Safety Zones to the Surface of the Sea
3.3.3 Is the Imposition of Safety Zones in the Airspace in Breach of International Law?
3.3.3.1 Interference with Overflight Does Not Necessarily Mean Violation of the Freedom
3.3.3.2 Consideration under International Civil Aviation Law
3.3.3.3 Prohibition of Overflight in International Airspace Inconsistent with Freedom of Overflight
3.3.4 Provision for the Right to Establish Safety Zones in Airspace Through the Development of Customary International Law
3.3.4.1 Relevance and Approach to Section
3.3.4.2 The Elements of Customary International Law
3.3.4.3 Local Custom
3.3.4.4 The Persistent Objector Rule
3.3.4.5 Customary International Law as International Law Applicable in the Relations Between the Parties
3.3.4.6 Customary International Law in Violation of Treaty Law
3.3.4.7 Customary International Law Supporting the Restriction of Safety Zones to the Surface of the Sea
3.4 Artificial Islands Facilitating Aircraft Operations
3.4.1 Jurisdiction in Airspace over Artificial Islands Facilitating Aircraft Operations
3.4.2 Rights of the State in the Operation of an Airport for International Civil Aviation Outside Territory
3.5 Changes to International Airspace Delimitation as a Result of Land Fortification and Reclamation
3.5.1 The Legal Status of Islands in the Face of Submersion and Erosion
3.5.2 Reclaimed Land and the Effect on the Delimitation of International Airspace
3.6 Conclusion to Chapter
Chapter 4 Flight Information Regions and Air Defence Identification Zones
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Flight Information Regions
4.2.1 Legal Framework Governing the Provision of ATS in International Airspace
4.2.1.1 Definition of and General Responsibility for FIRs
4.2.1.2 FIR Allocation Does Not Confer Sovereignty over Airspace
4.2.1.3 Jurisdiction in FIRs
4.2.2 Gulf States' Prohibition of Qatari-Registered Aircraft in Their FIRs
4.2.2.1 Relevant Facts of the Case
4.2.2.2 Relevance of the Case to This Research
4.2.2.3 Qatar's Arguments for the Discrimination as a Violation of International Law
4.2.3 The Scope of Responsibility over International Airspace in an FIR under Annex 11
4.2.4 The Principle of Non-discrimination under International Civil Aviation Law
4.2.4.1 The Development and Application of the Principle of Non-discrimination in International Civil Aviation Law
4.2.4.2 Interaction Between Sovereignty and the Principle of Non-discrimination in National Airspace
4.2.4.3 Purpose of the Non-discrimination Principle in National Airspace
4.2.4.4 Non-discrimination Principle in International Airspace on the Basis of Its Application in National Airspace
4.2.4.5 Interpretation of Annex 11 Consistent with Non-discrimination in International Airspace
4.2.4.6 Overflight Fees in International Airspace
4.2.5 In Summary: Non-discrimination in International Airspace
4.3 Air Defence Identification Zones
4.3.1 Recent Developments Shed Light on Inconsistent Approach to ADIZ
4.3.2 Defining ADIZ
4.3.3 Examination of International Law Used to Support Establishment of ADIZ
4.3.3.1 A State's Laws and Regulations Relating to Admission to Territory
4.3.3.2 Restricting Military Activities in the EEZ
4.3.3.3 The Right to Self-Defence
4.3.3.3.1 Not an Imminent Threat
4.3.3.3.2 Self-defence in the Case of Non-compliance with ADIZ Procedures
4.3.3.4 The Right to Establish ADIZs as Customary International Law
4.3.3.4.1 Academic Consideration
4.3.3.4.2 State Practice
4.3.3.4.3 Opinio Juris
4.3.4 The Persistence of the Lotus Principle
4.3.5 No Enforcement Jurisdiction in International Airspace
4.3.6 Prohibition under International Law
4.3.6.1 Safety Regulations under International Civil Aviation Law
4.3.6.2 Freedom of Overflight
4.3.7 In Summary: Legality of ADIZ
4.4 Conclusion to Chapter
Chapter 5 Overflight of International Straits and Archipelagic Sea Lanes
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Rights and Duties of Aircraft in Passage and of Coastal States
5.3 International Straits
5.3.1 Aircraft Excluded from Non-suspendable Innocent Passage
5.3.2 Shifting Territorial Sea Boundaries: The Heightened Need for Transit Passage
5.3.3 Exclusion of Certain International Straits from Transit Passage Regime
5.3.4 The Result of Transit Passage on Overflight
5.3.5 The Strait of Hormuz
5.4 Archipelagic Waters
5.4.1 What Is an Archipelagic State?
5.4.2 Coastal State Sovereignty over Archipelagic Waters and Sea Lanes
5.4.3 Archipelagic Sea Lanes
5.4.4 Ambiguities in the Application of Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage to Overflight
5.4.4.1 Designation of Air Routes
5.4.4.2 ICAO's Role in Approving Air Routes
5.4.4.3 Partial Designation
5.5 Overflight Through Transit and Archipelagic Sea Lanes During Armed Conflict
5.6 Conclusion to Chapter
Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendations
6.1 Conclusions
6.1.1 Safety Zones
6.1.2 Flight Information Regions
6.1.3 Air Defence Identification Zones
6.1.4 Transit and Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage
6.1.5 General Conclusions and Recommendations
6.1.5.1 Fragmentation of the Law Governing the Use of International Airspace
6.1.5.2 ATS Providers as the Authority over International Airspace
6.1.5.3 Environmental Implications Protecting Freedom of Overflight
6.1.5.4 Political Considerations and the Limitations of International Law
Bibliography
Table of Cases
Table of Legislation
Table of Treaties
Aeronautical Navigation Communications
United Nations Documents
EU Documents
Documents of Intergovernmental Organisations
Aerospace LAW AND POLICY SERIES

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