Everyone, whether they like it or not, is exposed to electromagnetic fields, most of the time, at very low levels. In this case, they are inconsequential, but they can cause adverse health effects when they become intense enough. This topic is complex and sensitive.
Covering frequencies from 0 Hz to 300 GHz, Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields provides an overview of this vast topic. After a reminder of the concepts of electromagnetic fields, the author presents some examples of sources of radiation in daily life and in the industrial or medical sectors. The biophysical and biological effects of these fields on the human body are detailed and the exposure limits are recalled. The exposure assessment and the implementation of the appropriate regulation within companies are also covered.
Technically and practically, this book is aimed at people with a scientific background, risk prevention actors, health physicians, especially occupational doctors, and equipment designers.
Auflage
Sprache
Verlagsgruppe
Dateigröße
ISBN-13
978-1-119-38451-9 (9781119384519)
Schweitzer Klassifikation
1 - Cover [Seite 1]
2 - Half-Title Page [Seite 3]
3 - Title Page [Seite 5]
4 - Copyright Page [Seite 6]
5 - Contents [Seite 7]
6 - Preface [Seite 13]
7 - Acknowledgments [Seite 21]
8 - 1. Concepts of Electromagnetic Fields [Seite 23]
8.1 - 1.1. Concepts of fields [Seite 23]
8.1.1 - 1.1.1. Introduction [Seite 23]
8.1.2 - 1.1.2. Electric fields [Seite 25]
8.1.3 - 1.1.3. Magnetic fields [Seite 28]
8.1.4 - 1.1.4. Introduction to electromagnetic fields [Seite 32]
8.2 - 1.2. Waves, frequencies and wavelengths [Seite 34]
8.2.1 - 1.2.1. Waves [Seite 34]
8.2.2 - 1.2.2. Frequencies and periods [Seite 35]
8.2.3 - 1.2.3. Wavelengths [Seite 36]
8.3 - 1.3. Propagation of electromagnetic waves [Seite 37]
8.3.1 - 1.3.1. Propagation in free space [Seite 37]
8.3.2 - 1.3.2. Polarization of the wave [Seite 43]
8.3.3 - 1.3.3. Near field/far field [Seite 43]
8.3.4 - 1.3.4. Propagation in a real environment [Seite 46]
8.3.5 - 1.3.5. Summary of electromagnetic waves [Seite 47]
8.4 - 1.4. Type of radiation [Seite 47]
8.4.1 - 1.4.1. Ionizing radiations [Seite 48]
8.4.2 - 1.4.2. Non-ionizing radiations [Seite 49]
8.4.3 - 1.4.3. Electromagnetic spectrum [Seite 49]
8.4.4 - 1.4.4. Frequency bands [Seite 51]
8.4.5 - 1.4.5. Area of exposure to electromagnetic fields [Seite 54]
8.4.6 - 1.4.6. Summary of electromagnetic radiations [Seite 55]
9 - 2. Sources of Electromagnetic Fields [Seite 57]
9.1 - 2.1. Natural fields [Seite 57]
9.1.1 - 2.1.1. Electric fields [Seite 57]
9.1.2 - 2.1.2. Magnetic fields [Seite 58]
9.1.3 - 2.1.3. Electromagnetic fields [Seite 58]
9.2 - 2.2. Artificial fields [Seite 58]
9.2.1 - 2.2.1. Static and quasi-static fields [Seite 59]
9.2.2 - 2.2.2. Low-frequency fields [Seite 67]
9.2.3 - 2.2.3. HF fields [Seite 81]
9.2.4 - 2.2.4. Summary of sources [Seite 108]
10 - 3. Biophysical Mechanisms [Seite 111]
10.1 - 3.1. Interactions with matter [Seite 112]
10.1.1 - 3.1.1. Matter exposed to an electric field [Seite 113]
10.1.2 - 3.1.2. Matter exposed to a magnetic field [Seite 122]
10.1.3 - 3.1.3. Summary of matter [Seite 124]
10.2 - 3.2. Interaction with biological tissues [Seite 124]
10.2.1 - 3.2.1. Electrical characteristics of biological tissues [Seite 124]
10.2.2 - 3.2.2. Summary of biological tissues [Seite 128]
10.2.3 - 3.2.3. Penetration of fields in biological tissues [Seite 129]
10.2.4 - 3.2.4. Wave absorption and specific absorption rate [Seite 132]
10.2.5 - 3.2.5. Summary of field absorption [Seite 134]
10.3 - 3.3. Coupling with the human body [Seite 135]
10.3.1 - 3.3.1. Low-frequency electric field coupling [Seite 135]
10.3.2 - 3.3.2. Low-frequency magnetic field coupling [Seite 139]
10.3.3 - 3.3.3. Electromagnetic field coupling [Seite 140]
10.3.4 - 3.3.4. Summary of coupling mechanisms [Seite 145]
11 - 4. Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields [Seite 147]
11.1 - 4.1. Direct effects [Seite 148]
11.1.1 - 4.1.1. Direct effects of low-frequency fields [Seite 149]
11.1.2 - 4.1.2. Direct effects of static magnetic fields (<1 Hz) [Seite 153]
11.1.3 - 4.1.3. Direct effects at frequencies between 100 kHz and 300 GHz [Seite 155]
11.1.4 - 4.1.4. Summary of direct biological effects [Seite 159]
11.1.5 - 4.1.5. Long-term effects of electromagnetic fields [Seite 160]
11.2 - 4.2. Indirect effects [Seite 171]
11.2.1 - 4.2.1. General [Seite 171]
11.2.2 - 4.2.2. Indirect effects caused by contact currents [Seite 172]
11.2.3 - 4.2.3. Indirect effects caused by static magnetic fields [Seite 174]
12 - 5. Exposure Limits for Electromagnetic Fields [Seite 175]
12.1 - 5.1. General considerations [Seite 175]
12.1.1 - 5.1.1. Recommendation 1999/519/EC [Seite 177]
12.1.2 - 5.1.2. Directive 2013/35/EU [Seite 177]
12.2 - 5.2. Low-frequency limits for direct effects [Seite 178]
12.2.1 - 5.2.1. Basic restrictions, ELVs at low frequencies [Seite 178]
12.2.2 - 5.2.2. Reference levels or action levels at low frequencies [Seite 184]
12.3 - 5.3. Limits for magnetic fields <1 Hz for direct effects [Seite 197]
12.3.1 - 5.3.1. Basic restrictions for static magnetic fields [Seite 197]
12.3.2 - 5.3.2. Basic restrictions for quasi-static magnetic fields [Seite 198]
12.3.3 - 5.3.3. Reference levels for static magnetic fields [Seite 199]
12.4 - 5.4. High frequency limits for direct effects [Seite 200]
12.4.1 - 5.4.1. High-frequency basic restrictions or ELVs [Seite 200]
12.4.2 - 5.4.2. High-frequency reference levels and action values [Seite 203]
12.4.3 - 5.4.3. Limits for induced currents [Seite 206]
12.4.4 - 5.4.4. Summary of limits for high frequencies [Seite 208]
12.5 - 5.5. Limits for indirect effects [Seite 208]
12.5.1 - 5.5.1. Limits for contact currents [Seite 209]
12.5.2 - 5.5.2. Limits for electric fields, indirect effects [Seite 210]
12.5.3 - 5.5.3. Limits for static magnetic fields, indirect effects [Seite 210]
12.6 - 5.6. Summary of exposure limits [Seite 211]
12.7 - 5.7. People at particular risk [Seite 213]
12.7.1 - 5.7.1. People with medical devices [Seite 214]
12.7.2 - 5.7.2. Active medical devices [Seite 214]
12.7.3 - 5.7.3. Passive medical devices [Seite 219]
12.7.4 - 5.7.4. Limits for active implants [Seite 219]
12.7.5 - 5.7.5. Pregnant women [Seite 221]
13 - 6. Exposure Indices [Seite 223]
13.1 - 6.1. General introduction [Seite 223]
13.2 - 6.2. Signals and definitions [Seite 224]
13.2.1 - 6.2.1. Sinusoidal signal [Seite 224]
13.2.2 - 6.2.2. Complex signal [Seite 225]
13.2.3 - 6.2.3. rms value of a complex signal (example) [Seite 229]
13.3 - 6.3. Introduction to exposure indices [Seite 230]
13.4 - 6.4. Exposure index for high-frequency fields [Seite 230]
13.4.1 - 6.4.1. Exposure to a single frequency greater than 100 kHz [Seite 230]
13.4.2 - 6.4.2. Exposure to multiple frequencies [Seite 232]
13.5 - 6.5. Exposure Index for low-frequency fields [Seite 234]
13.5.1 - 6.5.1. Exposure to a low-frequency sinusoidal signal [Seite 235]
13.5.2 - 6.5.2. Exposure to a signal of complex form [Seite 236]
13.5.3 - 6.5.3. Comparison of weighted peak techniques [Seite 247]
13.6 - 6.6. EIs: contact currents and induced currents [Seite 250]
13.7 - 6.7. Summary of exposure indices [Seite 251]
14 - 7. Applications of Exposure Indices [Seite 255]
14.1 - 7.1. Introduction [Seite 255]
14.2 - 7.2. Theoretical signals [Seite 256]
14.2.1 - 7.2.1. Example 1: two incoherent sinusoidal signals with similar frequencies [Seite 257]
14.2.2 - 7.2.2. Example 2: signal made up of two coherent sinusoidal signals (influence of the phase) [Seite 261]
14.2.3 - 7.2.3. Example 3: signal made up of two sinusoidal signals with very different frequencies [Seite 264]
14.2.4 - 7.2.4. Example 4: burst [Seite 266]
14.2.5 - 7.2.5. Example 5: "chopped" sinusoidal signal [Seite 268]
14.2.6 - 7.2.6. Example 6: square signal [Seite 271]
14.3 - 7.3. Real signals [Seite 277]
14.3.1 - 7.3.1. Example 7: hand-held electric drill [Seite 277]
14.3.2 - 7.3.2. Example 8: welding gun [Seite 281]
14.3.3 - 7.3.3. Example 9: transcranial stimulation device [Seite 286]
14.4 - 7.4. Conclusion on the index calculation examples [Seite 287]
15 - 8. Exposure Assessment [Seite 289]
15.1 - 8.1. Introduction [Seite 289]
15.1.1 - 8.1.1. Theoretical approach [Seite 290]
15.1.2 - 8.1.2. Numerical approach [Seite 291]
15.1.3 - 8.1.3. Metrological approach [Seite 291]
15.2 - 8.2. Measurement: general [Seite 291]
15.2.1 - 8.2.1. Process [Seite 291]
15.2.2 - 8.2.2. Measuring device requirements [Seite 294]
15.3 - 8.3. Measuring low-frequency fields [Seite 297]
15.3.1 - 8.3.1. General [Seite 297]
15.3.2 - 8.3.2. Measuring low-frequency magnetic fields [Seite 298]
15.3.3 - 8.3.3. Measuring a static magnetic field [Seite 306]
15.3.4 - 8.3.4. Measuring low-frequency electric fields [Seite 307]
15.4 - 8.4. Measuring high-frequency electromagnetic fields [Seite 314]
15.4.1 - 8.4.1. General [Seite 314]
15.4.2 - 8.4.2. Measuring sensors for electromagnetic fields [Seite 314]
15.4.3 - 8.4.3. Measuring device for high-frequency electromagnetic fields [Seite 317]
15.4.4 - 8.4.4. Measuring high-Frequency electromagnetic fields [Seite 321]
15.4.5 - 8.4.5. Calibration of the measuring chain for electromagnetic fields [Seite 323]
15.4.6 - 8.4.6. Sources of uncertainty in measurements of HF electromagnetic fields [Seite 323]
15.5 - 8.5. Measuring the contact current and induced current [Seite 326]
15.5.1 - 8.5.1. Measuring the contact current (indirect effect) [Seite 326]
15.5.2 - 8.5.2. Measuring an induced current (direct effect) [Seite 327]
15.6 - 8.6. Introduction to dosimetry [Seite 329]
15.6.1 - 8.6.1. Definition [Seite 329]
15.6.2 - 8.6.2. Experimental dosimetry [Seite 331]
15.6.3 - 8.6.3. Theoretical dosimetry [Seite 335]
15.6.4 - 8.6.4. Summary of dosimetry [Seite 343]
16 - 9. Implementation of Directive 2013/35/EU [Seite 345]
16.1 - 9.1. Context of the directive [Seite 346]
16.1.1 - 9.1.1. Introduction [Seite 346]
16.1.2 - 9.1.2. EMF directive development [Seite 347]
16.2 - 9.2. Implementation of the directive [Seite 349]
16.2.1 - 9.2.1. Introduction [Seite 349]
16.2.2 - 9.2.2. Preliminary phase [Seite 350]
16.2.3 - 9.2.3. Risk assessment [Seite 356]
16.2.4 - 9.2.4. Risk prevention [Seite 368]
16.2.5 - 9.2.5. Other activities [Seite 374]
17 - Appendix 1. Equipment and Workplaces Classification [Seite 379]
17.1 - A1.1. Non-exhaustive list of equipment and workplaces where itis unlikely that electromagnetic fields would be a risk for mostworkers [Seite 379]
17.2 - A1.2. Non-exhaustive list of equipment where electromagneticfields may pose a risk to ALL workers [Seite 380]
17.3 - A1.3. Non-exhaustive list of equipment in addition to those in table A1.2 where electromagnetic fields may pose a risk to workers at particular risk, i.e. pregnant workers or workers with passive implanted medical devices (excluding workers with active implanted medical devices) [Seite 382]
17.4 - A1.4. Non-exhaustive list of equipment in addition to those intables A1.2 and A1.3 where electromagnetic fields may pose arisk to workers at particular risk, i.e. workers with activeimplanted and active body worn medical devices [Seite 382]
18 - Appendix 2. Weighting Filters [Seite 385]
18.1 - A2.1. Weighting filter: introduction [Seite 385]
18.2 - A2.2. Weighting according to the EMF Directive (ICNIRP 2010) [Seite 389]
19 - Glossary [Seite 399]
20 - Bibliography [Seite 407]
21 - Index [Seite 419]
22 - Other titles from iSTE in Waves [Seite 421]
23 - EULA [Seite 426]
