Membrane Processes

Name: Membrane Processes | Pervaporation, Vapor Permeation and Membrane Distillation for Industrial Scale Separations
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Pervaporation, Vapor Permeation and Membrane Distillation for Industrial Scale Separations

S. Sridhar Siddhartha Moulik(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

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Erschienen am 26. November 2018

504 Seiten

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978-1-119-41836-8 (ISBN)

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Beschreibung

A reference for engineers, scientists, and academics who want to be abreast of the latest industrial separation/treatment technique, this new volume aims at providing a holistic vision on the potential of advanced membrane processes for solving challenging separation problems in industrial applications.

Separation processes are challenging steps in any process industry for isolation of products and recycling of reactants. Membrane technology has shown immense potential in separation of liquid and gaseous mixtures, effluent treatment, drinking water purification and solvent recovery. It has found endless popularity and wide acceptance for its small footprint, higher selectivity, scalability, energy saving capability and inherent ease of integration into other unit operations. There are many situations where the target component cannot be separated by distillation, liquid extraction, and evaporation. The different membrane processes such as pervaporation, vapor permeation and membrane distillation could be used for solving such industrial bottlenecks.

This book covers the entire array of fundamental aspects, membrane synthesis and applications in the chemical process industries (CPI). It also includes various applications of pervaporation, vapor permeation and membrane distillation in industrially and socially relevant problems including separation of azeotropic mixtures, close-boiling compounds, organic-organic mixtures, effluent treatment along with brackish and seawater desalination, and many others. These processes can also be applied for extraction of small quantities of value-added compounds such as flavors and fragrances and selective removal of hazardous impurities, viz., volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as vinyl chloride, benzene, ethyl benzene and toluene from industrial effluents.

Including case studies, this is a must-have for any process or chemical engineer working in the industry today. Also valuable as a learning tool, students and professors in chemical engineering, chemistry, and process engineering will benefit greatly from the groundbreaking new processes and technologies described in the volume.

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Inhalt

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
1 Tackling Challenging Industrial Separation Problems through Membrane Processes
1.1 Water: The Source of Life
1.2 Significance of Water/Wastewater Treatment
1.3 Wastewater Treatment Techniques
1.4 Membrane Technologies for Water/Wastewater Treatment
1.5 Membranes: Materials, Classification and Configurations
1.5.1 Types of Membranes
1.5.1.1 Symmetric Membranes
1.5.1.2 Asymmetric Membranes
1.5.1.3 Electrically Charged Membranes
1.5.1.4 Inorganic Membranes
1.5.2 Membranes Modules and Their Characteristics
1.6 Introduction to Membrane Processes
1.6.1 Conventional Membrane Processes
1.7 CSIR-IICT's Contribution for Water/Wastewater Treatment
1.7.1 Nanofiltration Plant for Processing Coke Oven Wastewater in Steel Industry
1.8 Potential of Pervaporation (PV), Vapor Permeation (VP), and Membrane Distillation (MD) in Wastewater Treatment
1.9 Conclusion
References
2 Pervaporation Membrane Separation: Fundamentals and Applications
2.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective
2.2 Principle
2.2.1 Mass Transfer
2.2.2 Factors Affecting Membrane Performance
2.3 Membranes for Pervaporation
2.4 Applications of Pervaporation
2.4.1 Solvent Dehydration
2.4.2 Organophilic Separation
2.4.2.1 Removal of VOCs
2.4.2.2 Extraction of Aroma Compounds
2.4.3 Organic/Organic Separation
2.4.3.1 Separation of Polar/Non-Polar Mixture
2.4.3.2 Separation of Aromatic/Alicyclic Mixtures
2.4.3.3 Separation of Aromatic/Aliphatic/Aromatic Hydrocarbons
2.4.3.4 Separation of Isomers
2.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
3 Pervaporation for Ethanol-Water Separation and Effect of Fermentation Inhibitors
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Theory of Pervaporation
3.2.1 Applications of Pervaporation
3.2.2 Advantages of Pervaporation
3.2.3 Pervaporation Performance Evaluation Parameters
3.3 Various Membranes Used for the Recovery of Ethanol
3.3.1 Organic Membranes
3.3.2 Inorganic Membranes
3.3.3 Mixed Matrix Membranes
3.4 Effects of Process Variables on Ethanol Concentration in PV
3.4.1 Effect of Feed Flow Rate
3.4.2 Effect of Ethanol Concentration in Feed
3.4.3 Effect of Feed Temperature
3.4.4 Effect of Permeate Pressure
3.5 Effect of Fermentation Inhibitors on Pervaporation Performance
3.5.1 Effect of Furfural Concentration
3.5.2 Influence of Hydroxymethyl-Furfural
3.5.3 Effect of Vanillin
3.5.4 Effect of Acetic Acid
3.5.5 Effect of Catechol
3.6 Conclusions
References
4 Dehydration of Acetonitrile Solvent by Pervaporation through Graphene Oxide/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Mixed Matrix Membranes
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Materials and Methods
4.2.1 Materials
4.2.2 Preparation of Graphene Oxide
4.2.3 Fabrication of GO Membrane
4.2.4 Structural Characterization of GO/PVA Mixed Matrix Membrane
4.2.5 Pervaporation Experiments
4.2.6 Determination of Diffusion Coefficients
4.2.7 Membrane Characterization
4.2.8 Hydrodynamic Simulation
4.2.8.1 Specification of Computational Domain and Governing Equations
4.3 Results and Discussions
4.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscope
4.3.2 Differential Scanning Calorimeter
4.3.3 Effect of GO concentration on PV Performance
4.3.4 Sorption Behavior
4.3.5 Concentration Distribution of Water within the Membrane
4.3.6 Effect of Feed Water Concentration
4.3.7 Effect of Permeate Pressure
4.4 Conclusions
References
5 Recovery of Acetic Acid from Vinegar Wastewater Using Pervaporation in a Pilot Plant
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Materials and Methods
5.2.1 Chemicals and Membranes
5.2.2 Preparation and Cross-Linking of Membrane
5.2.3 Equilibrium Sorption in PVA-PES Membrane
5.2.4 Permeation Experimental Study
5.2.5 Flux and Separation Factor
5.2.6 Permeability and Membrane Selectivity
5.2.7 Diffusion and Partition Coefficient
5.2.8 Thermogravimetric Analysis
5.2.9 FTIR Analysis
5.2.10 AFM and SEM Analysis
5.2.11 Mechanical Properties
5.3 Results and Discussion
5.3.1 Sorption in PVA-PES Membrane
5.3.2 Effect of Feed Composition on Flux and Separation Factor
5.3.3 Activation Energy and Heat of Sorption
5.3.4 Permeability, Permeance and Intrinsic Membrane Selectivity
5.3.5 Diffusion and Partition Coefficient
5.3.6 Thermogravimetric Analysis
5.3.7 Surface Chemistry by FTIR Analysis
5.3.8 Surface Topology by AFM Analysis
5.3.9 Surface Topology by SEM Analysis
5.3.10 Mechanical Properties of the Membrane
5.3.11 Reusability of the Membrane
5.4 Conclusion
Nomenclature
Acknowledgement
References
6 Thermodynamic Models for Prediction of Sorption Behavior in Pervaporation
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Thermodynamic Models for Sorption
6.2.1 Flory-Huggins Models
6.2.1.1 Models for Single Liquid Sorption in Polymer
6.2.1.2 Models for Binary Liquid Sorption in Polymer
6.2.2 UNIQUAC Model
6.2.2.1 Calculation of Binary Solvent-Solvent Interaction Parameters (Ttf & Tft)
6.2.2.2 Calculation of Binary Polymer-Solvent Interaction Parameters (Tim, Tmi & Tjm, Tmj)
6.2.2.3 Prediction of Sorption Levels for a Ternary System Using UNIQUAC Model
6.2.3 UNIQUAC-HB Model
6.2.3.1 Calculation of Binary Solvent-Solvent Interaction Parameters (T'ij and T'ji )
6.2.3.2 Calculation of Binary Solvent-Polymer Interaction Parameters
6.2.3.3 Prediction of Sorption Levels for a Ternary System
6.2.4 Modified NRTL Model
6.2.4.1 Calculation of Binary Solvent-Solvent Interaction Parameters (T12 & T21)
6.2.4.2 Calculation of Binary Polymer-Solvent Interaction Parameters (TiM & TMi)
6.2.4.3 Prediction of Sorption Behavior for a Ternary System - Method 1
6.2.4.4 Prediction of Sorption Behavior for a Ternary System - Method 2
6.3 Computational Procedure
6.4 Case Study
6.5 Summary and Conclusions
References
7 Molecular Dynamics Simulation for Prediction of Structure-Property Relationships of Pervaporation Membranes
7.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective
7.2 Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulations
7.3 Calculation of Interaction Parameters
7.4 Calculation of Permeation Properties
7.5 Free Volume Analysis
7.6 Conclusions
References
8 Vapor Permeation: Fundamentals, Principles and Applications
8.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective
8.2 Principle
8.3 Mass Transfer Models in Vapor Permeation
8.4 Membranes for VP
8.4.1 Inorganic Membranes
8.4.2 Polymeric Membranes:
8.4.3 Mixed Matrix Membranes (MMMs)
8.5 Applications of Vapor Permeation
8.6 Conclusions and Future Trends
References
9 Vapor Permeation - A Thermodynamic Perspective
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Parameters Influencing Vapor Permeation
9.3 Sorption in Polymeric Materials
9.3.1 Sorption of Pure Liquid or Vapors
9.3.2 Sorption of Binary Mixtures of Liquids and Vapors
9.4 Vapor Permeation in Polymeric Membranes
9.4.1 Vapor Permeation Through Rubbery Membranes
9.4.2 Vapor Permeation Through Glassy Membranes
9.4.3 Vapor Permeation Through Crystalline Polymers
9.5 Thermodynamics of Penetrant/Polymer Membrane
9.6 Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics
9.7 Design of Vapor Permeation Membrane with High Selectivity
9.8 Membranes and Membrane Modules
9.9 Applications of Vapor Permeation
9.10 Conclusion
References
10 Vapor Permeation: Theory and Modelling Perspectives
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Advantages of Vapor Permeation Process
10.3 Mass Transfer Mechanism in VP Process
10.4 Fundamentals of Vapor Permeation Modelling
10.4.1 Solution-Diffusion Mechanisms
10.4.2 Diffusion Modelling
10.4.2.1 Multi-Component Diffusion
10.4.3 Solubility Modelling
10.4.3.1 Equation of State Approach
10.4.3.2 Lattice Fluid-Based Models
10.5 Case Studies of VP Modelling
10.5.1 Modelling of a Multi-Component System for Vapor Permeation Process
10.5.2 Cost Effective Vapor Permeation Process for Isopropanol Dehydration
10.5.3 Vapor Permeation Modeling for Inorganic Shell and Tube Membranes.
10.6 Conclusion
References
11 Membrane Distillation: Historical Perspective and a Solution to Existing Issues of Membrane Technology
11.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective of Membrane Distillation
11.2 Principle of Membrane Distillation
11.3 Mass Transfer in MD
11.4 Parameters Affecting Performance of MD
11.5 Heat Transfer in MD
11.6 Membranes for MD
11.7 Applications of Membrane Distillation
11.7.1 Seawater Desalination
11.7.2 Drinking Water Purification
11.7.3 Oily Wastewater Treatment
11.7.4 Solvent Dehydration
11.7.5 Treatment of Textile Industrial Effluent
11.7.6 Food Industrial Applications
11.7.7 Treatment of Radioactive Waste Water
11.7.8 Dairy Effluent Treatment
11.8 Conclusions and Future Trends
References
12 Dewatering of Diethylene Glycol and Lactic Acid Solvents by Membrane Distillation Technique
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Materials and Methods
12.2.1 Materials
12.2.2 Membrane Synthesis
12.2.2.1 Synthesis of Microporous Hydrophobic ZSM-5/PVC Mixed Matrix Membrane
12.2.2.2 Synthesis of Ultraporous Hydrophobic Polyvinylchloride Membrane
12.2.3 Experimental
12.2.3.1 Description of Membrane Distillation Set-up
12.2.3.2 Experimental Procedure
12.2.4 Membrane Characterization Techniques
12.2.4.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)
12.2.4.2 X-Ray Diffraction Studies (XRD)
12.2.4.3 Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)
12.2.4.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
12.2.4.5 Contact Angle Measurement
12.3 Results and Discussion
12.3.1 Membrane Characterization
12.3.1.1 FTIR
12.3.1.2 XRD
12.3.1.3 TGA
12.3.1.4 SEM
12.3.1.5 Contact Angle Measurement
12.3.2 Case Study 1: Dehydration of Lactic Acid Using ZSM-5 Loaded Polyvinyl Chloride Membrane
12.3.2.1 Effect of Feed Lactic Acid Concentration on Membrane Performance
12.3.3 Case Study 2: Dehydration of Diethylene Glycol Using Ultraporous PVC Membrane
12.3.3.1 Effect of Feed Diethylene Glycol Concentration on Membrane Performance
12.4 Conclusions
References
13 Graphene Oxide/Polystyrene Mixed Matrix Membranes for Desalination of Seawater through Vacuum Membrane Distillation
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Graphene and its Derivatives
13.2 Materials and Methods
13.2.1 Materials
13.2.2 Preparation of Graphene Oxide
13.2.3 Membrane Synthesis
13.2.4 Performance of the Crosslinked GO Loaded PS Membrane
13.2.5 Membrane Distillation Experiment
13.2.6 Membrane Characterization
13.2.7 Computational Fluid Dynamics Study
13.2.7.1 Model Development
13.3 Results and Discussions
13.3.1 Membrane Characterization
13.3.1.1 SEM
13.3.1.2 Contact Angle Measurement
13.3.1.3 FTIR
13.3.1.4 Raman Spectra
13.3.2 Effect of GO Concentration on MD Performance
13.3.3 Concentration Profile of Water Vapor within the Membrane
13.3.4 Effect of Feed Salt Concentration
13.3.5 Effect of Degree of Vacuum on MD Performance
13.3.6 Effect of Membrane Thickness
13.4 Conclusion
References
14 Vacuum Membrane Distillation for Water Desalination
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Membrane Distillation
14.2.1 Direct Contact Membrane Distillation (DCMD)
14.2.2 Air Gap Membrane Distillation (AGMD)
14.2.3 Sweeping Gas Membrane Distillation (SGMD)
14.2.4 Vacuum Membrane Distillation (VMD)
14.3 Selection Criteria for MD Membrane
14.4 Characterization of Membranes in MD
14.5 Applications
14.6 Modelling in MD
14.7 Mass and Heat Transport in VMD
14.8 Recovery Modelling in VMD
14.9 Operating Variables Influence on VMD Process
14.9.1 Variation in Permeate Flux with Feed Rate
14.9.2 Variation in P ermeate Flux with Feed Inlet Temperature
14.9.3 Variation in Permeate Flux with Permeate Pressure
14.9.4 Variation in Permeate Flux with Feed Salt Concentration
14.9.5 Effect of Runtime
14.10 Water Recovery
14.11 Fouling on Membrane
14.12 Conclusions
Nomenclature
Greek Symbols
References
15 Glycerol Purification Using Membrane Technology
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Glycerol
15.2.1 Impurities Present in Crude Glycerol
15.3 Sources of Glycerol
15.3.1 Transesterification Reaction
15.3.2 Saponification of Oils and Fats
15.3.3 Hydrolysis of Oils and Fats
15.4 Purification Processes
15.4.1 Conventional Method (Physicochemical Method)
15.4.1.1 Pre-Treatment (Acidification and Neutralization)
15.4.1.2 Solvent Removal
15.4.1.3 Activated Charcoal Treatment for Color Removal
15.4.1.4 Ion-Exchange Adsorption
15.4.2 Membrane Technology
15.4.2.1 Membrane Distillation (MD)
15.4.2.2 Operating Variables Affecting VMD Process
15.5 Material and Methods
15.5.1 Materials
15.5.2 Synthesis of Hydrophobic Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Membrane
15.5.3 Methods
15.5.4 Membrane Characterization
15.5.4.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
15.5.4.2 Membrane Porosity Measurement
15.5.4.3 Membrane Thickness
15.5.4.4 Contact Angle
15.5.4.5 FTIR
15.6 Results and Discussion
15.6.1 Characterization of Membrane
15.6.2 Effect of Glycerol Concentration on Flux and Percentage Rejection
15.7 Conclusions
Nomenclature
References
16 Reclamation of Water and Toluene from Bulk Drug Industrial Effluent by Vacuum Membrane Distillation
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Materials and Methods
16.2.1 Materials
16.2.2 Membrane Synthesis
16.2.3 Membrane Characterization
16.2.3.1 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
16.2.3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
16.2.3.3 X-Ray Diffraction Studies (XRD)
16.2.3.4 Sorption Studies
16.2.4 Experimental Set Up
16.2.5 Experimental Procedure
16.2.6 Flux
16.2.7 Refractive Index
16.3 Results and Discussion
16.3.1 Membrane Characterization
16.3.1.1 FTIR
16.3.1.2 SEM
16.3.1.3 XRD
16.3.1.4 Sorption Studies
16.3.2 Effect of Membrane Thickness
16.3.3 Effect of Polymer Loading
16.3.4 Effect of Permeate Pressure
16.4 Conclusions
References
Index
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