De Gruyter Handbook of Sociology of Innovation and Entrepreneurship

Name: De Gruyter Handbook of Sociology of Innovation and Entrepreneurship
Brand: De Gruyter
Price: 174.95 EUR
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Olav Sorenson Patricia H. Thornton(Herausgeber*in)

De Gruyter (Verlag)

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Erschienen am 21. April 2025

X, 706 Seiten

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Inhalt

Intro
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Theoretical Lenses
1.3 Data andMethods
1.4 The Origins ofIdeas andEntrepreneurs
1.5 The Mobilization ofPeople andResources
1.6 Inequalities inEntrepreneurship andInnovation
References
Theoretical Lenses
2 Ecological Approaches to Entrepreneurship
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Key Patterns andUnderlying Mechanisms
2.2.1 Material vs. Non-material Resource Environment
2.2.2 Convergence Pressures vs. Divergence Pulls
2.2.2.1 Cognitive Convergence vs. Cognitive Divergence
2.2.2.2 Spatial Convergence vs. Spatial Divergence
2.2.2.2.1 Local Communities
2.2.2.2.2 Local Entrepreneurial Culture
2.2.2.2.3 Regional Identity
2.2.2.3 Temporal Convergence vs. Temporal Divergence
2.2.3 Within-Population Focus vs. Cross-Population Focus
2.2.3.1 Entrepreneurship inAge-Asymmetric Populations
2.2.3.2 Entrepreneurship inCo-evolving Established Populations
2.2.3.3 Entrepreneurship inTemporally Distant but Spatially Related Populations
2.3 Understudied Areas andFuture Directions
2.3.1 Entrepreneurship inthe Industry Pre-emergence Period
2.3.2 Cross-Population Dynamics ofEntrepreneurship
2.3.3 Local Community asthe Dependent Variable
2.3.4 Transition Rates andFeedback Loops
2.3.5 Categorical Stigma
2.4 Conclusion
References
3 Ecological Approaches to Innovation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Ecosystem Boundaries
3.3 Spatial Ecosystems andInnovation
3.4 Innovation inTechnological Ecosystems
3.5 Discussion andConclusion
References
4 Evolutionary Perspectives on Entrepreneurship
4.1 The Evolutionary Perspective
4.1.1 Underlying Mechanisms
4.1.1.1 Variation
4.1.1.2 Selection
4.1.1.3 Retention
4.1.2 Clarifying theConcept ofFitness
4.2 Multilevel Selection
4.3 Contextualizing Selection inTime andSpace
4.4 Utility ofthe Evolutionary Approach
4.5 Questions That Need More Attention
4.5.1 Selection Bias
4.5.2 Unit ofAnalysis
4.5.3 Data Collection andObservation Plan
4.6 Conclusion
References
5 Evolutionary Perspectives on Innovation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Where Does Original Insight Come From? Research on theVariation Stage ofInnovation
5.3 Which Ideas Get Developed Further? Research on theSelection Stage ofInnovation
5.4 Which Ideas Become theBasis for Future Ideas? Research on theRetention Stage ofInnovation
5.5 Future Directions Using Evolutionary Analogies ofInnovation
5.5.1 The Impact ofInstitutions ofScience andMassive Data upon Evolutionary Analogies
5.5.2 The Impact ofGenerative AI andLLMs upon Innovation Processes, from an Evolutionary Perspective
5.5.3 Empirical Innovations inModeling Evolutionary Perspectives
5.6 Summary
References
6 Institutional Theories of Entrepreneurship
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Institutional Theories ofEntrepreneurship
6.3 Institutional Theories ofEntrepreneurship Across theEntrepreneurial Process
6.4 Opportunity Creation
6.4.1 Institutional Entrepreneurship
6.4.2 Structuration
6.4.3 Unintended Consequences
6.4.4 Recombination
6.5 Opportunity Discovery andHow Institutions Shape Where Entrepreneurs Look for Opportunities
6.5.1 Regulatory Mechanisms
6.5.2 Institutional Alignment
6.6 Opportunity Exploitation
6.6.1 Informal Organizing
6.6.2 Organizational Identity
6.6.3 Resource Mobilization
6.6.4 Organizational Growth
6.7 Conclusion
References
7 Institutional Theories of Innovation
7.1 Institutional Theories ofInnovation
7.2 An Introduction toInstitutional Theory
7.2.1 What is an Institution?
7.2.2 Core Concepts inInstitutional Theory
7.3 How Institutions Enable andConstrain Innovation
7.4 Role ofInstitutions inthe Adoption andDiffusion ofInnovations
7.5 How Hybrid Organizations Enable Innovation
7.6 Institutional Economics andInnovation
7.7 Discussion andConclusion
References
8 Market Categories and Entrepreneurship Research
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Taking Stock ofMarket Categories Research
8.2.1 Moving Away from Prototypes
8.2.2 Causal-Model View ofCategories andEntrepreneurship Research
8.2.3 Goal-Based Model ofCategories andEntrepreneurship Research
8.3 Nine Ideas for Research on Entrepreneurship, Cognition, andCategories
8.3.1 Entrepreneurial Cognition
8.3.2 Dynamic Seizing ofOpportunities
8.3.3 Optimal Distinctiveness
8.4 Conclusion
References
9 Categories and Cognition inInnovation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Theoretical Framework
9.2.1 Cognition
9.2.2 Categories
9.2.3 Inventor
9.2.4 Audience
9.3 Cognition andInnovation
9.3.1 Inventor
9.3.2 Audience
9.4 Categories andInnovation
9.4.1 Inventor
9.4.2 Audience
9.5 Future Research
9.5.1 Cognition
9.5.2 Categories
9.6 Conclusion
References
10 The Social Structure of Entrepreneurship
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Meaning ofSocial Structure
10.3 Social Structure andEntrepreneurship
10.4 Underlying Mechanisms
10.4.1 Social Relations andthe Acquisition ofInformation andResources through Exchange
10.4.2 Social Embeddedness
10.4.3 Conditions ofSocial Structure
10.4.4 Issues Linked toSocial Structure
10.5 Future Research
10.6 Conclusion
References
11 The Social Structure of Innovation
11.1 Great Minds
11.2 From Great Minds toConnectedness
11.3 From Connectedness toDiversity
11.4 From Diversity toGenerative Tension
11.5 Discussion: Towards New Ideas About New Ideas
References
Data and Methods
12 The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and Cross-National Research
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Data Collected inthe GEM Surveys
12.2.1 GEM's Adult Population Survey
12.2.2 GEM's National Expert Survey
12.3 Streams ofResearch Based on GEM Data
12.3.1 Streams ofIndividual-Level Research andDesigns
12.3.2 Streams ofMultilevel Research andDesigns
12.3.3 Streams ofLongitudinal Research andDesigns
12.3.4 Streams ofResearch Linking Entrepreneurship andInnovation
12.4 Prior GEM-Based Studies
12.5 Future Utility ofGEM for Sociological Research on Entrepreneurship andInnovation
12.5.1 Classical Agendas
12.5.1.1 Individual-Level Research
12.5.1.2 Society-Level Research: Institutions andEcosystems
12.5.1.3 Global-Level Research: Globalization, Catching Up, Forging Ahead, andFalling Behind
12.5.2 New Agendas
12.5.2.1 Social Embeddedness: Regions
12.5.2.2 Temporal Embeddedness: Crises
12.5.2.3 Motives for Enterprise
12.5.2.4 Digitalization ofBusinesses andArtificial Intelligence
12.5.2.5 Sustainability Pursuits inBusinesses
12.6 Conclusions
Appendix A: Overview ofArticles Published inTop Journals using GEM
References
13 European Riches: Registry Data
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Registry Data Strengths
13.2.1 Individuals' Backgrounds
13.2.2 Organizations, Labor Mobility, andCareers
13.2.3 Methodological Advantages
13.3 Registry Data Limitations andOpportunities
13.3.1 Measurement Limitations: Variables andMechanisms
13.3.2 Combining Registry Data with Survey Data
13.3.3 Other Data Triangulation Opportunities
13.3.4 Access toRegistry Data
13.4 Concluding Remarks
References
14 Using Patent Data in Innovation and Entrepreneurship Research: A Comprehensive Assessment and Recommendations
14.1 Introduction
14.2 The Role ofPatent Data inInnovation andEntrepreneurship Research
14.2.1 Inventive Output
14.2.1.1 Value ofInventions
14.2.1.2 Kinds ofInventions
14.2.2 Firm Value
14.2.3 Inventor Mobility
14.2.4 Exploration andExploitation
14.2.5 Collaboration Networks
14.2.6 Knowledge Spillovers andDiffusion
14.2.7 Spatial Agglomeration
14.2.8 The Effect ofthe Classification System
14.3 Limitations andBiases inPatent Data
14.3.1 Biases inthe Patenting Process
14.3.2 Firm-Level Heterogeneity
14.3.3 Sector-Level Heterogeneity
14.3.4 Country-Level Heterogeneity
14.3.5 Disambiguation ofInventor Names
14.3.6 Limitations toInferring Mobility Information fromPatent Data
14.3.7 Strategic Patenting, Patent Thickets, andLitigation
14.4 Recommendations for Complementary Measures ofInnovation
14.4.1 R&D Expenditures
14.4.2 Scientific Publications
14.4.3 Innovation Surveys
14.4.4 Analyzing Patent Text
14.5 Conclusion
References
15 Film, Music, Books, Etc.: Artifacts of Cultural Innovation and Entrepreneurship
15.1 What is Innovation inCultural Artifacts?
15.2 The Production ofInnovation inCultural Artifacts
15.2.1 Macro-Level Perspectives
15.2.2 Meso-Level Perspectives
15.2.3 Micro-Level Perspectives
15.3 The Reception ofInnovation inCultural Artifacts
15.3.1 Categories, Familiarity, andDifferentiation
15.3.2 Intermediaries andAudience Heterogeneity
15.4 The Measurement ofInnovation inCultural Artifacts
15.5 Connections between Research on Innovation inCultural Artifacts andEntrepreneurship Research
15.6 Conclusion
References
16 Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Asia: The Role of the State and Business Groups
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Documented Phenomena andPatterns ofInnovation andEntrepreneurship inAsia
16.2.1 Role ofthe State inInnovation andEntrepreneurship inAsian Societies
16.2.1.1 Asian States' Distinct Involvement inEntrepreneurship andInnovation
16.2.1.2 Effectiveness ofAsian States' Involvement inEntrepreneurship andInnovation
16.2.2 BGs' Role inInnovation andEntrepreneurship inAsian Societies
16.2.2.1 Asian BGs' Effects on Innovation
16.2.2.2 Asian BGs' Effects on Entrepreneurship
16.3 Primary Explanations for States' andBGs' Role inInnovation andEntrepreneurship inAsia
16.3.1 Functionalist Explanation: 'Institutional Voids' Perspective
16.3.2 Cultural Perspectives
16.3.3 Adaptation-Based Perspective
16.4 How Knowledge from Innovation Research Can Inform Entrepreneurship Research andVice Versa
16.4.1 Diverse Empirical Approaches inthe Innovation Literature: Cross-Fertilizing Value for theEntrepreneurship Literature
16.4.2 Informal Institutions inthe Entrepreneurship Literature: Cross-Fertilizing Value for theInnovation Literature
16.4.3 Intersection ofthe Innovation andEntrepreneurship Literature: Insights intoAsian Innovative Startups
16.5 Questions Remaining Unanswered, Demanding Empirical Evidence
16.5.1 To What Extent Can Asian Coordinated Economies Incorporate Elements Originating from Liberal Markets to Facilitate Innovation and Entrepreneurship?
16.5.2 Influential Business Families Versus Political Elites: Who Controls Asian BGs, and What Are the Implications for Innovation and Entrepreneurship?
16.5.3 Will theAsian-Style Coordinated Economic System Become More Competitive inProducing Radical Innovation than Liberal Market Economies?
16.6 Conclusion
References
17 Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Africa
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Distinctive Features ofAfrican Startup andInnovation Ecosystems
17.2.1 Obstacles toNew Firm Formation, Funding, andGrowth
17.2.1.1 Ecosystem Characteristics
17.2.1.2 Challenges with Financial Access andInclusion
17.2.2 Differences inEnterprise Structure andManagement
17.2.3 Obstacles toProduct andProcess Innovation
17.3 Emerging Research Opportunities
17.4 Conclusion
References
18 Approaches to Causal Identification in Studies of Entrepreneurship and Innovation
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Understanding theProblem
18.3 Solutions
18.3.1 Natural Experiment: Kim andKim (2023)
18.3.2 Regression Discontinuity: Hallen etal. (2020)
18.3.3 Instrumental Variables: Assenova (2020)
18.4 Discussion andConclusion
Appendix
References
19 Big Data and the Computational Social Science of Entrepreneurship and Innovation
19.1 Introduction
19.2 New Data Relevant toEntrepreneurship andInnovation
19.2.1 Network Data
19.2.2 Text Data
19.2.3 Image Data
19.2.4 Audio Data
19.3 Big Data andDigital Doubles ofEntrepreneurship andInnovation
19.4 Digital Doubles from Deep Neural Network Transformers
19.5 Big Data andthe New Science ofEntrepreneurship andInnovation
References
20 Field Experiments in Entrepreneurship and Innovation
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Entrepreneurship
20.2.1 Field Experiments Have Focused on theFour Es ofthe Entrepreneurial Process
20.2.2 Exploration
20.2.3 Entry
20.2.4 Execution
20.2.5 Exit
20.3 Field Experiments inInnovation
20.4 Conclusion
20.4.1 Mitigating Risks andAchieving Success inYour Field Experiments
References
The Origins of Ideas and Entrepreneurs
21 The Careers Perspective and Startups as Employers
21.1 The Careers Perspective
21.1.1 Entrepreneurial Careers
21.1.2 Career Opportunity Costs
21.1.3 Post-Entrepreneurial Careers
21.2 Startups asEmployers
21.2.1 Entry intoStartup Employment
21.2.2 Startup Employment
21.2.3 Post-Startup Employment
References
22 Teams in Entrepreneurship and Innovation
22.1 Introduction
22.2 What Phenomena andPatterns Have Been Documented?
22.2.1 Team Diversity
22.2.2 Social Support
22.2.3 Digitalization
22.2.4 Team Functioning
22.3 What Have Been thePrimary Explanations for These Phenomena or Their Underlying Mechanisms?
22.3.1 Networks
22.3.2 Social Embeddedness
22.4 How Does Knowledge ofInnovation Research Better Inform Entrepreneurship Research andVice Versa?
22.5 What Questions, Whether Old or New, Remain Unanswered inAssessing Any Empirical Evidence?
22.6 Conclusion
References
23 Academic Entrepreneurs and Inventors
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Who Are theAcademic Entrepreneurs andInventors?
23.3 The Mechanisms ofAcademic Entrepreneurship andInvention
23.3.1 Human Capital
23.3.2 Social Capital
23.3.3 Contextual Factors
23.4 Implications ofAcademic Entrepreneurship andInvention for Scientific Research
23.5 Future Directions
References
24 Communities of Entrepreneurship and Innovation
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Social Organization ofthe Creative Process
24.2.1 Fields
24.2.2 Social Networks
24.2.3 Communities
24.3 'Endogenous' Creation andAvenues for Future Research
References
25 The Legal Environment for Innovation and Entrepreneurship
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Phenomena andPatterns
25.2.1 The Legal Environment for Innovation
25.2.1.1 Intellectual Property Rights
25.2.1.2 Government Regulations
25.2.1.3 Standard Setting
25.2.1.4 Summary
25.2.2 The Legal Environment for Entrepreneurship
25.2.2.1 Entity Formation
25.2.2.2 Access toResources andMarkets
25.2.2.3 Exit Pathways
25.2.2.4 Summary
25.2.3 Modes ofLegal Impact
25.2.3.1 Public Monitoring andEnforcement
25.2.3.2 Private Liability andLitigation
25.2.3.3 Industry Self-Regulation
25.2.3.4 Legal Consciousness, Internalized Norms, andVoluntary Compliance
25.3 Explanations andMechanisms
25.3.1 A Typology ofLegal Environments
25.3.2 A Model ofLegal Endogeneity
25.3.3 Endogeneity Beyond Anti-discrimination
25.4 Integrating theResearch Streams
25.4.1 Temporality: The Technology Cycle
25.4.2 Positionality: Innovation, Entrepreneurship andthe Locus ofAgency
25.4.2.1 Design, Production, andUse
25.4.2.2 Incumbents andInsurgents
25.4.3 The Coupling ofLaw andTechnology
25.4.4 A Culturalist Correction
25.5 Conclusions andFuture Directions
References
26 The Cultural Environment for Innovation and Entrepreneurship
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Previous Work on theCultural Environment ofEntrepreneurship
26.3 Conceptual Limitations ofPrevious Work
26.4 Beyond theConceptual Limitations ofPrevious Work
26.5 A Disaggregated Conception ofCulture for Work on Entrepreneurship andInnovation
References
27 Grand Challenges and Social Entrepreneurship
27.1 Grand Challenges: Background andDefinitions
27.2 Social Entrepreneurship: Background andDefinitions
27.3 The Role ofSocial Entrepreneurship inAddressing Grand Challenges
27.4 Looking Ahead: Some Questions toConsider
27.4.1 Improved Understanding ofImpact Scale
27.4.2 The Dark Sides ofSocial Entrepreneurship
27.5 Conclusion
References
The Mobilization of People and Resources
28 Narratives of Cultural Entrepreneurship
28.1 Introduction: What Is Cultural Entrepreneurship?
28.2 Phenomena andPatterns Associated with Cultural Entrepreneurship
28.3 Primary Mechanisms
28.4 Putting theTOCE andInnovation Research intoConversation
28.5 Unanswered Questions
28.5.1 Expansion ofthe Cultural Toolkit beyond Stories
28.5.2 Expansion ofTOCE Research beyond Nascent Founding Stages
28.5.3 Examination ofEntrepreneurial 'Failures' aswell as'Successes'
28.5.3.1 Entrepreneurial Failure inCreating an Identity Narrative
28.5.3.2 Entrepreneurial Failure inLegitimating an Identity Narrative
28.5.4 The Study ofEntrepreneurial Possibilities
28.6 Conclusion
References
29 Social Relationships, Resource Mobilization, and Organizational Scaling
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Social Relationships andResource Mobilization: Core Insights from Classic Research
29.3 The Changing Resource Mobilization Landscape
29.3.1 Accelerators
29.3.2 Crowdfunding
29.3.3 Pitching, Mentoring, Networking Events, andHackathons
29.3.4 Global Diffusion ofEntrepreneurial Finance
29.3.5 Bootstrapping
29.4 Organizational Scaling andResource Deployment
29.4.1 Scaling asEntrepreneurial Resource Deployment
29.4.2 Anticipated Scale Potential asan Antecedent ofResource Mobilization
29.4.3 Successful Scaling asan Antecedent ofFuture Resource Mobilization
29.5 Conclusion
References
30 Status Effects in Entrepreneurship and Innovation
30.1 Introduction
30.1.1 Status asa Resolution ofUncertainty
30.2 Empirical Research on Status Effects inEntrepreneurship andInnovation
30.2.1 First-Order Status Effects
30.2.1.1 Status Contests andFirst-Order Status Effects
30.2.2 Second-Order Status Effects
30.2.3 Third-Order Status Effects
30.3 Dark Sides ofStatus
30.3.1 Status Spillovers
30.3.2 Underrepresentation inEntrepreneurship andInnovation
30.3.2.1 Underrepresentation inEntrepreneurship
30.3.2.2 Underrepresentation inInnovation
30.4 Conclusion
References
31 Early-Stage Investors
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Types ofEarly-Stage Investors
31.2.1 Venture Capital
31.2.2 Angel Investors
31.2.3 Corporate Venture Capital
31.2.4 Accelerators andincubators
31.2.5 Crowdfunding
31.2.6 Government Venture Capital
31.2.7 Foundations
31.3 Mechanisms
31.3.1 Sourcing andSelection
31.3.2 Value Added by Early-Stage Investors
31.3.3 The Role ofthe Environment
31.4 Open Questions for Future Research
31.4.1 Heterogeneous Organizational Forms
31.4.2 Heterogeneous Selection Heuristics
31.4.3 Heterogeneous Value Added
31.4.4 The Interplay ofInvestors inthe Syndicate andin theCluster
31.5 Conclusion
References
32 The Creation of Routines and Roles in Startups
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Step 1: Gathering Proto-ideas for Routines andRoles
32.2.1 Founders and Employees as Carriers of Proto-ideas
32.2.2 Outside Actors asSources ofProto-ideas
32.3 Step 2: Shaping Routines andRoles
32.3.1 Translation ofProto-ideas
32.3.2 Adaptation-by-Doing
32.3.2.1 Adaptation through Learning
32.3.2.2 Adaptation through Negotiations
32.3.3 Routines andRoles asOrganizational Design
32.4 The Process ofCreating Routines andRoles inStartups versus Established Organizations
32.5 Innovation inRoutines andRoles
32.6 Differentiating Routines andRoles
References
33 Social Movements, Entrepreneurship, and Innovation
33.1 Social Movements andEntrepreneurship
33.1.1 Cognitive
33.1.1.1 Codes
33.1.1.2 Frames
33.1.1.3 Categorical Boundaries
33.1.2 Normative
33.1.2.1 Value Creation
33.1.2.2 Stigma
33.1.2.3 Logics
33.1.3 Regulatory
33.1.3.1 Policy Development
33.1.3.2 Regulatory Agencies
33.2 Social Movements andOrganizational Innovation
33.2.1 Shifting Attitudes
33.2.2 Radical Flank
33.2.3 Activists' Understanding
33.2.4 Collaboration with Firms
33.2.5 SMO Coalitions
33.2.6 Government Policy
33.2.7 Government Bureaucrats
33.3 Future Research
33.3.1 Social Movements andEntrepreneurship
33.3.2 Social Movements andInnovation
References
Inequalities in Entrepreneurship and Innovation
34 Gender Gap in Entrepreneurship and Innovation
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Barriers toWomen's Entrepreneurship
34.2.1 Pre-entry Constraints
34.2.1.1 Limits tothe Pipeline: Educational, Organizational, andInstitutional
34.2.1.2 Research Opportunities
34.2.1.3 Bias inEvaluations
34.2.1.4 Research Opportunities
34.2.2 Post-entry Constraints
34.2.2.1 Human Capital Recruitment
34.2.2.2 Post-entry Funding andBusiness Management
34.2.2.3 Research Opportunities
34.3 Opportunities for Women inEntrepreneurship
34.3.1 Entrepreneurship as'Plan B'
34.3.1.1 Research Opportunities
34.3.2 Entrepreneurship asan Alternative Career Advancement Route
34.3.2.1 Research Opportunities
34.4 Conclusion andFuture Directions
References
35 Innovation and Entrepreneurship: A Double-Edged Sword for Racially Minoritized Communities
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Entrepreneurship at theIntersection: Exploring theDynamics ofTechnology, Innovation, andRace
35.3 Methodology
35.4 Findings
35.4.1 Major Themes
35.4.1.1 Ecosystems andExternal Environment
35.4.1.2 Utilization ofTechnology
35.4.1.3 Agency
35.4.1.4 Minor Themes: Performance andIntersecting Identity
35.5 Conclusion andAvenues for Future Research
Appendix1
Web of Science Search Query
References
36 Immigrant Entrepreneurs and Inventors
36.1 Introduction
36.1.1 Neoclassical andCollective Approaches toImmigrant Entrepreneurship andInnovation
36.2 High-Skill Entrepreneurship andInnovation
36.2.1 Startups andFirm Creation
36.2.2 Innovation andCreative Work
36.3 Ethnic Entrepreneurship, Innovation, andPotential Merchant-Customer Conflict
36.4 The Informal Economy
36.4.1 The Informal Economy: Plague or Lifeline?
36.4.2 Drawbacks ofEntrepreneurship inthe Informal Economy
36.4.3 Optimizing Conditions for Entrepreneurs inthe Informal Economy
36.5 Mechanisms Associated with Immigrant Entrepreneurship andInnovation
36.5.1 Selection Processes
36.5.2 Immigration Policy
36.5.3 Social Capital andCommunity Effects
36.5.4 Knowledge Transfer andRecombination
36.6 Inequality andStratification
36.6.1 Challenges Associated with Ethnic Enclaves
36.6.2 Government Immigration Bureaucracies
36.6.3 Sponsoring Employers
36.6.4 Individual-Level Factors
36.7 Conclusion: Innovative andEntrepreneurial Immigrants, andthe Challenges Ahead
References
37 Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Income Inequality
37.1 Introduction
37.2 Entrepreneurial Income Effects on Inequality
37.3 Direct Effects Via Working Conditions atEntrepreneurial Firms
37.3.1 Working Conditions at Young andSmall Entrepreneurial Firms
37.3.2 Who Benefits from Working at Entrepreneurial Firms?
37.3.3 Sorting andSegregation
37.4 Technology andthe Products ofInnovation
37.5 Ideology andIsomorphism
37.6 Conclusion
References
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