Oil shales are broadly dermed as petroleum source rocks containing sufficiently high contents of organic matter (above ca 10-15 wt. %) to make utilisation a possibility. Like coal, the world's reserves of oil shales are vast being many times larger than those proven for crude oil. Indeed, some of the largest deposits occur in the USA and Europe where Estonia and Turkey have large reserves. The first recorded interest in oil shale retorting was an English patent in 1694 (Eele, Hancock and Porter, No. 330) which refers to distilling noyle from some kind of stone". The oil shale retorting industry dates back to the middle of the last century, notably Scotland, Estonia, France and Sweden in Europe. Indeed, my own Department at the University of Strathclyde has a historical link with James "Paraffin" Young, the founder of the Scottish oil shale industry who endowed a chair in Applied Chemistry. The growth of the oil industry saw the demise of the oil shale industry in most countries with the notable exception of Estonia, where kukersite has continued to be used for power generation and retorting. However, oil shale utilisation has attracted renewed attention since the early 1970s as a source of transport fuels and chemical feedstocks due to the the long term uncertainties over crude oil supplies.
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ISBN-13
978-94-011-0317-6 (9789401103176)
DOI
10.1007/978-94-011-0317-6
Schweitzer Klassifikation
I Reviews: Geochemistry & Characterisation.- 1. Organic petrography: principles and techniques..- 2. Organic petrography of oil shales..- 3. Demineralisation and kerogen maceral separation and chemistry..- 4. Alkane biomarkers. Geochemical significance and application in oil shale geochemistry..- 5. Solid state 13C NMR in oil shale research: an introduction with selected applications..- 6. Introduction to mass spectrometric techniques for fossil fuel analysis..- 7. An introduction to open-tubular gas chromatography - analysis of fossil and synthetic fuels..- 8. Speciation of organic sulphur forms in solid fuels and heavy oils..- 9. Detailed structural characterization of the organic material in Rundle Ramsay Crossing and Green River oil shales..- II Review: Conversion: Processing, Mechanisms and Products.- 1. Economic considerations of the oil shale and related conversion processes..- 2. Oil shale beneficiation for processing..- 3. Methods of oil shale analysis..- 4. Relationship between hydrous and ordinary pyrolysis..- 5. Fluidized bed retorting of oil shale..- 6. Steam and co-processing of oil shales..- 7. Chemical kinetics and oil shale process design..- 8. Hydropyrolysis: fundamentals, two-stage processing and PDU operation..- 9. The bitumen intermediate in isothermal and non-isothermal decomposition of oil shales..- 10. Aqueous organic chemistry: geochemical aspects..- 11. Asphaltites composition and conversion..- 12. Oil shale residues as a feedstock for carbon materials..- 13. Combustion reactivity of chars..- III Research contributions.- 1. A probe for the rapid analysis of Vanadium: An Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and theoretical perspective..- 2. Characterization of Jurassic black shales from Asturias (Northern Spain): evolution and petroleumpotential..- 3. n-Alkanoic compounds in sulphur-rich macromolecular substances: a detailed investigation of sulphur incorporation and cross-linking..- 4. Biodegradation of hydrocarbons by sulphate reducing-bacteria in the Cretaceous Bahloul Formation (Tunisia)..- 5. Origin, evolution and petroleum potential of a Cambrian source rock: implications of pyrolysate and bitumen composition..- 6. Carbon isotopic compositions of individual alkanes/alkenes in leaf fossils and sediments from the P-33 site of the Miocene Clarkia deposit..- 7. Atmospheric pressure temperature programmed reduction (AP-TPR) as a tool to investigate the changes in sulphur functionalities in solid fuels..- 8. Organic geochemical characterization of some carboniferous coal seams of the Zonguldak basin (N.W. Turkey)..- 9. X-ray studies of the structure of coals and cokes..- 10. The aspects of microscopic studies as exemplified by the macroporous structure of cokes from bituminous coal range..- 11. Determination of organic sulphur forms in Type I/II kerogens by high pressure temperature programmed reduction..
