Mycoremediation

Name: Mycoremediation | Fungal Bioremediation
Brand: Wiley
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Fungal Bioremediation

Harbhajan Singh(Autor*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

Erschienen am 4. Januar 2007

608 Seiten

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Inhalt

Intro
MYCOREMEDIATION
CONTENTS
Preface
1 Introduction
1.1 Fungal Biodegradation and Biodeterioration
1.2 How a Fungus Escapes Water to Grow in Air
1.3 Fungal Morphology, Analysis, and Growth Measurement
1.3.1 Fungal Morphology
1.3.2 Analysis of Fungal Morphology
1.3.3 Pellet Formation and Structure
1.3.4 Growth Measurement
1.4 Mass Transfer, Growth Kinetics, and Bioreactors
1.5 Methods for Detection of Degradative Fungi
1.5.1 Immunological Assays
1.5.2 Molecular Assays
1.6 Fungi as Environmental Indicators
1.7 Fungal Attack on Coal
1.8 Thermophilic, Alpine, and Lichen-Forming Fungi
1.9 Mycoremediation: Fungal Bioremediation
1.9.1 White-Rot Fungi in Bioremediation
1.10 Ecology of Mycoremediation
1.11 Genetic Engineering of Mycoremediation
References
2 Fungal Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Alternative Industrial Wastewater Bioreactors
2.3 Fungal Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters
2.3.1 Starch-Processing Wastewater
2.3.1.1 Background
2.3.1.2 Composition and Characteristics
2.3.1.3 Bioreactors and Fermentation
2.3.1.4 Enzyme Treatment
2.3.1.5 Production of Fungal Protein
2.3.2 Dairy Industry Wastewater
2.3.2.1 Background
2.3.2.2 Bioreactors and Modeling
2.3.2.3 Production of Fungal Biomass
2.3.2.4 Lactases
2.3.2.5 Genetics of Lactose Utilization
2.3.3 Pharmaceutical Industry Wastewater
2.3.3.1 Background
2.3.3.2 Process Development
2.3.3.3 Conclusions
2.3.4 Protein-Containing Wastewater
2.3.4.1 Background
2.3.4.2 Bioreactors
2.3.5 Oil Manufacturing Plant Wastewater
2.3.5.1 Background
2.3.5.2 Assay of Oil-Decomposing Ability
2.3.5.3 Bioreactors
2.3.6 Silage Wastewater
2.3.6.1 Background
2.3.6.2 Legislation
2.3.6.3 Growth of Fungi
2.3.6.4 On-Farm Treatment
2.3.6.5 Production of Fungal Biomass
2.3.7 Acidogenic Wastewater
2.3.7.1 Background
2.3.7.2 Bioreactors and Modeling
2.3.8 Olive Mill Wastewater
2.3.8.1 Background
2.3.8.2 Composition and Characteristics
2.3.8.3 Fermentation
2.3.8.4 Modeling
2.3.8.5 Immobilization
2.3.8.6 Enzyme Treatment
2.3.8.7 Toxicity Testing
2.3.8.8 Economic Importance
2.4 Biotechnology
2.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
3 Fungal Treatment of Distillery and Brewery Wastes
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Composition and Characteristics of Stillage
3.3 Alternative Industrial Stillage Treatment Reactors
3.4 Fungal Treatment of Distillery and Brewery Wastes
3.5 Fungal Fermentation and Decolorization
3.5.1 Yeasts
3.5.2 Filamentous Fungi
3.5.3 White-Rot Fungi
3.5.4 Mixed Cultures
3.6 Molasses Toxicity to Fungi
3.7 Factors Affecting Fungal Fermentation and Decolorization
3.7.1 Carbon Source
3.7.2 Nitrogen and Phosphorus Sources
3.7.3 Temperature
3.7.4 pH
3.7.5 Agitation and Aeration
3.7.6 Inoculum Size
3.7.7 Effluent Dilution Rate
3.8 Mechanisms of Melanoidin Degradation
3.9 Fungal Bioreactors for Distillery and Brewery Wastes
3.9.1 Fed-Batch Bioreactors
3.9.2 Bubble Column Bioreactors
3.9.3 Fluidized-Bed Bioreactors
3.9.4 Immobilized Bioreactors
3.10 Modeling
3.11 Economic Importance
3.11.1 Single-Cell Protein Production
3.11.2 Ethanol Production
3.11.3 Bioproducts
3.11.4 Algal Production
3.12 Biotechnology
3.13 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
4 Fungal Metabolism of Petroleum Hydrocarbons
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Fate of Oil in the Environment
4.3 Composition of Petroleum Hydrocarbons
4.4 Methods of Analysis of Petroleum Hydrocarbons
4.5 Alternative Treatment Technologies
4.6 Hydrocarbon-Utilizing Yeasts and Fungi
4.7 Fungal Methods of Assessment
4.7.1 Fungal Enumeration
4.7.2 Respirometric Tests
4.7.3 Soil Microcosm Tests
4.7.4 Miscellaneous Tests
4.8 Hydrocarbon Metabolism by Yeasts and Fungi
4.9 Taxonomic Relationship of Hydrocarbon-Utilizing Yeasts and Fungi
4.10 Factors Affecting Metabolism of Petroleum Hydrocarbons
4.10.1 Physical Nature
4.10.2 Temperature
4.10.3 pH
4.10.4 Oxygen
4.10.5 Nutrients, Dispersants, and Biosurfactants
4.11 Fungal Mechanisms of Metabolism of Petroleum Hydrocarbons
4.11.1 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
4.11.2 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
4.11.3 Cooxidation of Hydrocarbons
4.11.4 Uptake of Hydrocarbons
4.12 Oxidation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Fungal Enzymes
4.13 Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Systems
4.14 Economic Importance
4.14.1 Single-Cell Protein
4.14.2 Surfactant Production
4.14.3 Metabolite Overproduction
4.15 Biotechnology and Bioengineering
4.16 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
5 Fungal Degradation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Dioxins
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Nomenclature
5.3 Bioaccumulation and Toxicity
5.4 Alternative PCB Remediation Technologies
5.5 Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphenyls
5.6 Bioavailability of Polychlorinated Biphenyls
5.7 Fungal Degradation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls
5.7.1 Filamentous Fungi
5.7.2 Yeasts
5.7.3 White-Rot Fungi
5.7.3.1 White-Rot Fungal Bioreactors
5.7.3.2 Degradation and Mineralization
5.7.3.3 Effects of Chlorination Grades and Patterns
5.7.3.4 Metabolic Products and Pathways
5.7.3.5 Role of Manganese in PCB Biodegradation
5.7.3.6 PCB Bioremediation in Soils
5.7.3.7 Biotransformation of PCBs by Laccases
5.7.3.8 Comparison with Bacterial Systems
5.8 Fungal Degradation of Dioxins
5.9 Genetic Manipulation
5.10 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
6 Fungal Degradation of Pesticides
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Classification
6.3 Biosensors for Detection of Pesticides
6.4 Fungal Degradation of Insecticides
6.4.1 Chlorinated Compounds
6.4.2 Organophosphorus Compounds
6.4.3 Miscellaneous Compounds
6.5 Fungal Degradation of Herbicides
6.5.1 Phenoxyalkanoate Compounds
6.5.2 Phenylamide Compounds
6.5.2.1 Acylanilides
6.5.2.2 Phenylureas
6.5.2.3 Phenylcarbamates
6.5.3 s-Triazine Compounds
6.5.4 Miscellaneous Compounds
6.6 Fungal Degradation of Fungicides
6.6.1 Organomercurial Compounds
6.6.2 Organosulfur Compounds
6.6.3 Organophosphorus Compounds
6.6.4 Aromatic and Heterocyclic Compounds
6.7 Biotransformation of Pesticides by Fungal Enzymes
6.8 Genetic Manipulation
6.9 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
7 Fungal Metabolism of Phenols, Chlorophenols, and Pentachlorophenol
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Alternative Treatment Technologies
7.2.1 Physicochemical Methods
7.2.2 Biological Methods
7.2.2.1 Metabolism by Bacteria
7.2.2.2 Metabolism by Actinomycetes
7.2.2.3 Metabolism by Algae and Higher Plants
7.3 Fungal Biosensors for Determination of Various Types of Phenols
7.3.1 Enzyme-Based Systems
7.3.2 Biological Affinity Assays (Immunoassays)
7.4 Methods of Analysis of Various Types of Phenols
7.5 Fungal Bioreactors for Removal of Various Types of Phenols
7.5.1 Rotating Tube Bioreactors
7.5.2 Membrane Bioreactors
7.5.3 Packed-Bed/Immobilized Bioreactors
7.5.4 Upflow Column Bioreactors
7.5.5 Miscellaneous Bioreactors
7.6 Fungal Metabolism of Phenols, Chlorophenols, and Pentachlorophenol
7.6.1 Fungal Metabolism of Phenols
7.6.2 Fungal Metabolism of Chlorophenols
7.6.3 Fungal Metabolism of Pentachlorophenol
7.7 Factors Affecting Fungal Metabolism of Various Types of Phenols
7.7.1 Effect of Static Versus Agitated Culture Conditions
7.7.2 Effect of Culture Age, Type of Inoculum, and Carbon and Nitrogen Sources
7.8 Physiological Alterations of Fungi by Phenols
7.9 Taxonomic Relationship of Phenol-Utilizing Yeasts and Fungi
7.10 Mechanisms of Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, and Metabolites
7.11 Degradation of Phenols by Fungal Enzymes
7.11.1 Peroxidase-Catalyzed Degradation
7.11.1.1 Peroxidase Bioreactors
7.11.2 Polyphenol Oxidase/Tyrosinase-Catalyzed Degradation
7.11.2.1 Polyphenol Oxidase/Tyrosinase Bioreactors
7.11.3 Laccase-Catalyzed Degradation
7.11.3.1 Influence of Cosubstrates
7.11.3.2 Laccase Bioreactors
7.11.4 Miscellaneous Enzymes
7.12 Fungal Transformation of Pentachlorophenol in Soils
7.12.1 Bound Residue Formation
7.12.2 Degradation and Mineralization
7.12.3 Fungal Augmentation
7.13 Cytochrome P450 Systems in Degradation of Phenols
7.14 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
8 Fungal Metabolism of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Occurrence of PAHs in the Environment
8.3 Alternative PAH Metabolism
8.3.1 Bacteria
8.3.2 Algae, Cyanobacteria, and Higher Plants
8.4 Fungal Metabolism of PAHs
8.4.1 Fungal Metabolism of Naphthalene
8.4.2 Fungal Metabolism of Acenaphthene
8.4.3 Fungal Metabolism of Anthracene
8.4.4 Fungal Metabolism of Phenanthrene
8.4.5 Fungal Metabolism of Fluorene
8.4.6 Fungal Metabolism of Fluoranthene
8.4.7 Fungal Metabolism of Chrysene
8.4.8 Fungal Metabolism of Pyrene
8.4.9 Fungal Metabolism of Benz[a]anthracene
8.4.10 Fungal Metabolism of Benzo[a]pyrene
8.5 Mutagenicity of Fungal Metabolites of PAHs
8.6 Fungal Bioreactors for Removal of PAHs
8.6.1 Immobilized Bioreactors
8.6.2 Closed-Batch Feed Bioreactors
8.6.3 Compost Bioreactors
8.6.4 Miscellaneous Bioreactors
8.7 PAH Degradation by Fungal Enzymes
8.7.1 Peroxidase-Catalyzed Degradation
8.7.1.1 Role of Miscible Solvents
8.7.1.2 Influence of Cyclodextrins
8.7.2 Laccase-Catalyzed Degradation
8.7.2.1 Laccase Bioreactors
8.7.2.2 Influence of Mediators
8.7.3 Miscellaneous Enzymes
8.8 Cytochrome P450 in Degradation of PAHs
8.9 Fungal Degradation of PAHs in Soils
8.9.1 Influence of Cosubstrates and Surfactants
8.9.2 Fate of PAH Disappearance
8.9.2.1 PAH Degradation and Mineralization
8.9.2.2 Bound Residue Formation
8.9.3 Factors Affecting Biodegradation of PAHs
8.10 Fungal Metabolism of Complex PAH Mixtures
8.11 PAH Degradation by Fungal-Bacterial Co-cultures
8.12 Biotechnology and Bioengineering
8.13 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
9 Fungal Lignin Degradation and Decolorization of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Distribution and Structure of Lignin
9.3 Lignin-Degrading Microorganisms
9.3.1 Bacterial Degradation
9.3.2 Fungal Degradation
9.4 Fungal Lignin-Degrading Enzymes
9.4.1 Lignin Peroxidases
9.4.2 Manganese Peroxidases
9.4.3 Laccases
9.4.4 Hydrogen Peroxide-Producing Enzymes
9.4.5 Reactive Oxygen Species
9.4.6 Miscellaneous Enzymes
9.5 Mechanisms of Fungal Lignin Degradation and Metabolic Products
9.6 Fungal Decolorization of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents
9.7 Fungal Bioreactors for Decolorization of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents
9.7.1 Batch and Continuous Bioreactors
9.7.2 Upflow Column Bioreactors
9.7.3 Immobilized Bioreactors
9.7.4 Miscellaneous Bioreactors
9.8 Factors Affecting Decolorization of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents
9.8.1 Carbon Cosubstrate
9.8.2 Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Chloride Concentrations
9.8.3 Hydrogen Ion Concentration and Temperature
9.8.4 Dilution of Effluent
9.8.5 Inoculum Dose and Nature
9.8.6 Static Versus Agitated Culture Conditions
9.9 Effect of Fungal Treatment on Chlorophenols and Chloroaldehydes in Effluents
9.10 Decolorization of Effluents by Fungal Enzymes
9.11 Wetlands Treatment
9.12 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
10 Fungal Decolorization and Degradation of Dyes
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Classification, Structure, and Color Measurements
10.3 Legislation and Regulations
10.4 Alternative Decolorization Treatment Technologies
10.4.1 Physicochemical Methods
10.4.2 Biological Methods
10.4.2.1 Degradation by Bacteria
10.4.2.2 Degradation by Actinomycetes
10.4.2.3 Degradation by Algae and Higher Plants
10.5 Fungal Decolorization and Degradation of Dyes
10.5.1 Azo Dyes
10.5.2 Phthalocyanine Dyes
10.5.3 Anthraquinone Dyes
10.5.4 Heterocyclic Dyes
10.5.5 Indigo Dyes
10.5.6 Polymeric Dyes
10.5.7 Triphenylmethane Dyes
10.6 Yeast Decolorization and Degradation of Dyes
10.7 White-Rot Fungal Decolorization and Degradation of Dyes
10.8 Mechanisms of Fungal Decolorization and Degradation of Dyes
10.9 Metabolic Products and Pathways
10.10 Factors Affecting Fungal Decolorization and Degradation of Dyes
10.10.1 Media Composition
10.10.2 Static Versus Agitated Culture Conditions
10.10.3 pH and Temperature
10.10.4 C and N Sources, TOC/N Ratio, and Salts
10.10.5 Initial Dye Concentration
10.11 Fungal Dye Decolorization and Degradation Bioreactors
10.11.1 Rotating Drum, Stirred-Tank, and Membrane Bioreactors
10.11.2 Packed- and Fluidized-Bed Bioreactors
10.11.3 Immobilized Bioreactors
10.12 Decolorization and Degradation of Dyes by Fungal Enzymes
10.12.1 Peroxidase-Catalyzed Decolorization and Degradation of Dyes
10.12.1.1 Peroxidase Bioreactors
10.12.2 Laccase-Catalyzed Decolorization and Degradation of Dyes
10.12.2.1 Laccase Bioreactors
10.12.2.2 Influence of Mediators
10.13 Decolorization of Artificial Textile Effluent
10.14 Sequential Dye Decolorization
10.15 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
11 Fungal Biosorption of Heavy Metals
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Biosorption and Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals
11.3 Evaluation of Sorption Performance
11.4 Mechanisms of Fungal Biosorption of Heavy Metals
11.5 Fungal Biosorption Reactors for Heavy Metals
11.5.1 Types of Reactors
11.5.1.1 Batch Stirred-Tank Reactors
11.5.1.2 Continuous-Flow Stirred-Tank Reactors
11.5.1.3 Fixed Packed-Bed Reactors
11.5.1.4 Immobilized Reactors
11.5.2 Models of Process Development
11.5.3 Desorption and Regeneration
11.5.4 Effect of Effluent Composition
11.6 Applications of Fungal Biosorption of Heavy Metals
11.6.1 Biosorption by Filamentous Fungi
11.6.2 Biosorption by White-Rot Fungi
11.6.3 Biosorption by Yeasts
11.6.4 Biosorption by Aspergillus niger
11.6.4.1 Role in Soil Bioremediation
11.7 Fungal Biosorption of Herbicides and Phenols
11.8 Fungal Biosorption of Dyes
11.9 Fungal Binary and Ternary Biosorption Systems
11.9.1 Binary Biosorption Systems
11.9.2 Ternary Biosorption Systems
11.9.3 Effect of Co-cations
11.10 Biosorption of Heavy Metal Anions
11.11 Metal Ion Resistance
11.12 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
12 Mycorrhizal Fungi in Rhizosphere Remediation
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Classification of Mycorrhizal Fungi
12.3 Functions of Mycorrhizal Mycelium
12.4 Methods for Studying Mycorrhizal Fungi
12.5 Molecular Mechanisms of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis
12.6 Metabolism of Mycorrhizal Fungi
12.6.1 General Metabolism
12.6.2 Degradative Metabolism
12.7 Uptake of Toxic Metals
12.7.1 Metal Tolerance in Mycorrhizal Symbiosis
12.7.2 Mechanisms of Response to Metals
12.7.3 Transport of Radionuclides
12.7.4 Genetics of Metal Tolerance
12.8 Petroleum Hydrocarbon Degradation
12.9 Lignin and Phenolic Degradation
12.10 PAH and TNT Degradation
12.11 PCB Degradation
12.12 Herbicide Degradation
12.13 Comparison of Mycorrhizal and White-Rot Fungi
12.14 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Index

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