Airborne Biocontaminants and their Impact on Human Health

Name: Airborne Biocontaminants and their Impact on Human Health
Brand: Wiley-Blackwell
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Rajeev Singh Anamika Singh(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley-Blackwell (Verlag)

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Erschienen am 11. Juni 2024

416 Seiten

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Inhalt

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Contents
About the Editors
List of Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1 Biocontaminants in Indoor Environments: Occurrence, Spread, and Prevention
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Indoor Microenvironments That Harbor Biocontaminants
1.2.1 Bedding/Carpets/Furnishings
1.2.2 ACs/Humidifiers
1.2.3 AC Ducts/Outdoor Units/Centralized AC Units
1.2.4 Fan/Exhaust
1.2.5 Furniture Wooden/Metal Items/Decoratives
1.2.6 Books/Stationery
1.2.7 Electronics - TV, Mobile, and Laptop
1.2.8 Refrigerator/Deep Freezer
1.2.9 Kitchen Slab and Sink (Wet Surfaces)
1.2.10 Kitchen Storage (Dry Surfaces)
1.2.11 Bathroom Floor/Walls
1.2.12 Toilet and Its Surfaces
1.2.13 Basement/Attic
1.2.14 Hospitals
1.3 Factors Influencing Biocontaminant Accumulation in Microenvironments
1.3.1 Entry of Outdoor Microbes
1.3.2 Resident Biocontaminants (in Dust)
1.3.3 Human Occupancy
1.3.4 Pets and Aquariums
1.3.5 Construction Materials and VOCs
1.4 Conditions Affecting Spread of Biocontaminants
1.4.1 Light (Sunlight and Artificial Light, Darkness)
1.4.2 Temperature
1.4.3 Humidity/Moisture
1.4.4 Air Circulation
1.4.5 Spores, Pollens, and Allergens
1.5 Preventing Biocontaminants in Microenvironments
1.5.1 Cleaning Habits - Thorough Cleaning, Disinfecting
1.6 Preventing Biocontaminants in Controlled Environments
1.6.1 Cleaning Protocols - Comprehensive Cleaning and Disinfection
1.6.2 Efficient Ventilation
1.6.3 HVAC Systems for Enhanced Air Quality
1.6.4 Optimizing Sunlight in Indoor Environments
1.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Estimation of Indoor Bioaerosols and Occurrence of Sick Building Syndrome Symptoms Within Office Premises in Urban Delhi
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Methodology and Study Design
2.2.1 Sampling Sites
2.2.2 Site Description
2.2.3 Bioaerosol Sampling
2.2.4 Respondent Characteristics and Prevalence of Sick Building Syndrome Symptoms
2.2.5 Statistical Analyses
2.3 Results and Discussion
2.3.1 Seasonal Variation in Bioaerosol Distribution
2.3.2 Effect of Meteorological Parameters and Footfall Count on Bioaerosol Distribution
2.3.3 Association of Bioaerosol Count and Daily Footfall
2.3.4 Respondent Characteristics
2.3.5 Occurrence of SBS
2.3.6 Occupant Satisfaction
2.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3 Sources and Transmission of Bio-Contaminants in Indoor Areas
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Sources of Bio-contaminants in Indoor Areas
3.2.1 Bacteria in Indoor Air
3.2.2 Virus in the Indoor Air
3.2.3 Fungi in the Indoor Air
3.2.4 Mycotoxins in the Indoor Air
3.2.5 (1, 3)-ß-D glucans in the Indoor Air
3.2.6 Endotoxins in the Indoor Air
3.2.7 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Fungi in the Indoor Air
3.2.8 Allergens in the Indoor Air
3.2.9 Bioaerosols in the Indoor Air
3.3 Mode of Transmission of Bio-Contaminants in Indoor Air
3.3.1 Humans
3.3.2 Building Systems
3.3.3 Pets
3.3.4 Healthcare Facilities
3.3.5 Ventilation Facility and Sunlight
3.3.6 Plants
3.4 Health Consequences of Bio-Contaminants in Indoor Air
3.4.1 Asthma
3.4.2 Rhinitis
3.4.3 Tuberculosis
3.4.4 Leprosy
3.4.5 Legionellosis
3.4.6 Mycosis
3.4.7 Mycotoxicosis
3.4.8 Influenza Virus (H1N1)
3.4.9 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)
3.4.10 Chronic Bronchitis
3.4.11 Organic Dust Toxic Syndrome
3.4.12 Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis or Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis
3.4.13 Sick Building Syndrome
3.4.14 Chronic Airflow Obstruction
3.5 Method of Detection and Control of Bio-Contaminants
3.5.1 Detection of Bio-Contaminants
3.5.2 Control of Biological Contaminants
3.5.3 Control Measures for Reducing Bioaerosols
3.6 Summary and Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Climatic/Meteorological Conditions and Their Role in Biological Contamination: A Comprehensive Review
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Microbial Ecology and Climatic Factors
4.2.1 Overview of Microbial Communities
4.2.2 Influence of Temperature on Microbial Growth and Survival
4.2.3 Effect of Humidity on Microbial Proliferation
4.2.4 Precipitation and Its Role in Microbial Dissemination
4.2.5 Wind Patterns and Their Impact on the Spread of Contaminants
4.3 Climatic Conditions and Waterborne Contamination
4.3.1 Rainfall and Surface Water Contamination
4.3.2 Floods and Their Role in Waterborne Pathogen Transmission
4.3.3 Drought and Its Influence on Water Quality
4.4 Climatic Conditions and Airborne Contamination
4.4.1 Aerosolized Microorganisms and Atmospheric Conditions
4.4.2 Dust Storms and Their Role in Microbial Dissemination
4.4.3 Pollen and Allergenic Contaminants Influenced by Weather
4.5 Climatic Conditions and Soil Contamination
4.5.1 Temperature and Its Impact on Soil Microbial Communities
4.5.2 Moisture and Soilborne Pathogen Survival
4.5.3 Erosion and Its Connection to Soil Contamination
4.6 Climatic Conditions and Food Contamination
4.6.1 Temperature and Food Spoilage
4.6.2 Humidity and Microbial Growth in Food Products
4.6.3 Impacts of Extreme Weather Events on Food Safety
4.7 Impact of Climate Change on Biological Contamination
4.7.1 Long-Term Effects of Climate Change on Microbial Ecosystems
4.7.2 Altered Climatic Patterns and Their Consequences for Contamination
4.7.3 Strategies for Mitigating Climate Change-Related Contamination Risks
4.8 Case Studies and Examples
4.8.1 Documented Instances of Climatic/Meteorological Conditions and Biological Contamination
4.8.2 Lessons Learned and Potential Interventions
4.9 Detection and Monitoring of Climatic-Related Contamination
4.9.1 Methods for Identifying and Quantifying Biological Contaminants
4.9.2 Remote Sensing and Technological Advancements
4.9.3 Surveillance Systems for Early Detection and Response
4.10 Future Research Directions and Recommendations
4.10.1 Identifying Research Gaps and Unanswered Questions
4.10.2 Integration of Climatic Data Into Contamination Risk Assessments
4.10.3 Strategies for Adapting to Changing Climatic Conditions
4.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Role of Gases, VOC, PM2.5, and PM10 in Biological Contamination in Indoor Areas
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Gases and Biological Contamination
5.2.1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
5.2.2 Carbon Monoxide
5.2.3 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
5.2.4 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
5.2.5 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
5.2.5.1 Common VOC in Indoor Air
5.2.6 Radon (Rn)
5.2.7 Ozone (O3)
5.3 Particulate Matter
5.3.1 PM2.5
5.3.2 PM10
5.4 Human Health Effects and Toxicity Mechanisms
5.5 Mitigation Strategies Reducing Indoor Gases and Particulate Matter
5.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Indoor Contaminants Based on Fungi
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fungal Diseases
6.2.1 Mycosis
6.2.2 Mycotoxicosis
6.2.3 Respiratory Symptoms
6.3 Factors Affecting the Colonization of Fungi
6.4 Fungal Quantitation
6.5 Methods for Quantitation
6.5.1 Liquid Impingement
6.5.2 Impaction
6.5.3 Electrostatic Precipitation
6.5.4 Gravitational Settling/Sedimentation
6.5.5 Filtration
6.6 Determination of Fungal Components in Indoor Conditions
6.7 Methodologies for Fungal Analysis
6.8 Practices that Contribute to the Biotic Indoor Pollution
6.9 Removing Fungal Material and Cleaning
6.10 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 7 Health Implications Related With the Presence of Waste Sorting Plants and Biological Contaminants
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Waste Sorting Plants
7.3 Biological Contaminants
7.4 Major Bio-Contaminants
7.4.1 Viruses
7.4.2 Bacteria
7.4.3 Fungi
7.4.4 Mycotoxins and Endotoxins
7.4.5 Allergens
7.5 Effect of Biological Contaminants and Waste Sorting Plants on Health
7.5.1 Bacterial Diseases
7.5.2 Diseases Caused by Viruses
7.5.3 Disease Spread Through Fungi
7.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Neurological Health Hazards Associated with Biological Contaminants
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Occupational Hazards and Neurological Disorders
8.3 Occupational Hazards Associated with Risk Factors Linked to Neurological Disorders
8.4 Neurological Diseases Associated with Occupational Hazards
8.5 Prevention and Treatment Strategies
8.6 Conclusion and Future Directions
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interest
References
Chapter 9 Effect of Bioaerosols Exposure on Acute Exacerbation Among Individuals with COPD in Urban India
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Methodology
9.3 Results
9.3.1 Effect of Aerosolized Microbes on COPD Exacerbation
9.4 Meteorological Variables
9.4.1 Temperature
9.4.2 Relative Humidity
9.4.3 Particulate Matter
9.5 Discussion
9.6 Conclusion
Conflict of Interest
Disclosure of Interest
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10 The Crucial Role of Pollen Grains, (1 3)-ß-D-Glucan and Endotoxin in Triggering Respiratory Diseases
10.1 Respiratory Diseases
10.2 Pollen Grains and Their Role in Triggering Respiratory Diseases
10.2.1 Pollen Grains
10.2.2 Pollen and Respiratory Diseases
10.2.3 How Pollen Triggers Respiratory Diseases
10.2.4 Respiratory Diseases Caused by Pollens
10.2.5 Mitigating the Impact of Pollen on Respiratory Health
10.2.6 Future Directions in Research on Pollen and Respiratory Diseases
10.3 (1 3)-ß-D-Glucan and Its Role in Triggering Respiratory Diseases
10.3.1 (1 3)-ß-D-Glucan
10.3.2 Toxic Effects of (1 3)-ß-D-Glucans
10.3.3 Immune System-Modulating Properties of (1 3)-ß-D-Glucan
10.4 Endotoxin and Role in Triggering Respiratory Diseases
10.4.1 Endotoxins
10.4.2 Endotoxin Exposures
10.4.3 Impact of Endotoxins in Respiratory Diseases
10.4.4 Mitigating the Impact of Endotoxin on Respiratory Health
10.4.4.1 Quantitative Endotoxin Testing Assay
10.5 Implications for Public Health Policy and Individual Behavior
10.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Problems of Drug Resistance in Indoor Biological Contaminants
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Drug Resistance: A Major Problem in Indoor Biological Contaminants
11.3 Genetic Basis of Antimicrobial Resistance
11.4 Mutational Resistance
11.5 Horizontal Gene Transfer
11.6 Mechanisms of Resistance
11.6.1 Drug Inactivation
11.6.2 Limiting Drug Uptake
11.6.3 Modification of Drug Targets
11.6.4 Drug Efflux
11.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): An Underestimate Threat
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Epidemiology
12.2.1 Pathophysiology of Bacterial Colonization and Transmission
12.2.2 Virulence Factors and Toxins
12.2.3 Mechanisms of Drug Resistance
12.2.4 Genomic Regulation
12.2.5 Pathogenesis
12.2.5.1 Pneumonia
12.2.5.2 Endocarditis
12.2.5.3 Bacteremia
12.2.5.4 Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
12.2.5.5 Bone and Joint Infections
12.2.6 Diagnosis, Screening, and Prevention
12.2.7 HA-MRSA
12.2.8 CA-MRSA
12.2.9 LA-MRSA
12.2.10 Microbiological Diagnosis
12.2.10.1 Phenotypic Methods
12.2.10.2 Non-PhenotypicMethods
12.2.11 Prevention
12.2.11.1 Hand Hygiene
12.2.11.2 Contact Precautions and Isolation
12.2.11.3 Active Surveillance
12.2.12 Management
12.2.12.1 Decolonization of Carriers
12.2.12.2 Short-TermDecolonization
12.2.12.3 Permanent Decolonization
12.2.13 Treatment
12.2.13.1 Bacteremia
12.2.13.2 Endocarditis
12.2.13.3 Skin and Soft Tissue Infection
12.2.13.4 Osteomyelitis
12.2.13.5 Pneumonia
12.2.13.6 Vaccine Development
References
Chapter 13 Immunological and Molecular Mechanism Induced by Indoor Bio-contaminants
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Sources of Biocontaminants in Indoor Environment
13.2.1 Humans
13.2.2 Building Systems
13.2.3 Pets
13.2.4 Healthcare Facilities
13.3 Detection Techniques for Quantification of Biocontaminants
13.3.1 Sampling Methods
13.3.1.1 Passive Sampling
13.3.1.2 Active Sampling
13.4 Biocontaminants and Immunological Responses
13.4.1 Immune Receptors that Recognize Fungal Molecules
13.4.1.1 Pattern Recognition Receptors
13.4.1.2 Toll-LikeReceptors
13.4.1.3 C-TypeLectin Receptors
13.4.1.4 Recognition of Proteases
13.4.2 Innate Immune Responses
13.4.2.1 Epithelial Barrier and Epithelial Cells
13.4.2.2 Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells
13.4.2.3 Natural Killer Cells
13.4.2.4 Dendritic Cells
13.4.2.5 Neutrophils and Eosinophils
13.4.3 Adaptive Immune Response
13.4.3.1 Th1/Th17 Cell Response
13.4.3.2 Th2 Cell Response
13.5 Potential Role of Biocontaminants in Increasing Risk of Diseases and Disorders
13.5.1 Role of Fungi in Diseases
13.5.2 Role of Viruses in Diseases
13.5.3 Role of Bacteria in Diseases
13.5.4 Allergens
13.6 Cell Signaling Pathways Alterations and Endocrine Disruption
13.6.1 Changes in Cell Signalling Pathways
13.6.2 Endocrine Disruption
13.7 Probable Methods of Detoxification
13.7.1 Humidity Control
13.7.2 Biofumigation
13.7.3 Hybrid Biomembrane-Functionalized Nanorobots
13.7.4 Silver Nanoparticles
13.7.5 Air Filters
13.7.6 Probiotics-Combating Biofilms
13.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Indoor Airborne Insect Allergens: Environmental Evaluation and Health Implications
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Classification of Allergens
14.2.1 Allergens Based on Environment
14.2.2 Allergens Based on Route of Exposure
14.3 Airborne Insect Allergens
14.3.1 Mosquitoes
14.3.2 Cockroaches
14.3.3 House Dust Mite
14.3.4 Storage Mite
14.4 Allergens and Immune Response
14.5 Allergens and Disease
14.5.1 Mosquito Allergen: Immune Response and Disease
14.5.2 House Dust Mite Allergen: Immune Response and Disease
14.5.3 Cockroach Allergen: Immune Response and Disease
14.6 Environment and Allergens: Ways to Control
14.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 Diagnosis and Treatment of Health Effects Caused by Airborne Contaminants
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Airborne Contaminants
15.3 Common Airborne Contaminants
15.3.1 Particulate Matter
15.3.2 Allergens
15.3.3 Fumes and Gases
15.3.4 Biological Agents
15.4 Specific Airborne Contaminants and Their Impact on Health
15.4.1 Asbestos
15.4.2 Radon
15.4.3 Mold
15.4.4 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
15.4.5 Allergens Such as Pollen
15.5 Health Effects Caused by Airborne Contaminants
15.6 Identifying Health Effects
15.6.1 Patient History and Symptoms
15.6.2 Physical Evaluation
15.6.3 Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
15.7 Health Consequences and Related Signs and Symptoms
15.7.1 Cardiovascular System
15.7.2 Respiratory System
15.7.3 Neurological System
15.7.4 Skin and Eyes
15.8 Treatment Approaches
15.8.1 Exposure Control
15.8.2 Immunotherapy
15.8.3 Medications and Therapies
15.8.4 Lifestyle Changes and Preventive Measures
15.8.5 Supportive Care
15.9 Effects on Occupational Health
15.9.1 Airborne Contaminants Associated With the Workplace
15.9.2 Occupational Exposure Limits
15.9.3 Control and Prevention Measures
15.10 Special Implications for Vulnerable Groups
15.10.1 Children
15.10.2 Senior Citizens
15.10.3 People With Pre-Existing Conditions
15.11 Evaluation and Improvement of Indoor Air Quality
15.11.1 Ventilation Systems
15.11.2 Techniques for Filtration and Purification
15.12 Regulatory Standards and Guidelines
15.12.1 Significance of Regulatory Standards and Guidelines
15.12.2 Illustrations of Regulatory Standards and Guidelines
15.13 Research and Future Management
15.14 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16 Strategies for Reducing Exposure to Airborne Biological Contaminants in Indoor Environments
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Engineering Controls and Real-Time Air Quality Monitoring
16.2.1 Ventilation Strategies
16.2.2 Air Filtration and Purification
16.2.3 Real-Time Indoor Air Quality Monitoring
16.3 Personal Protective Strategies
16.3.1 Respiratory Protection
16.3.2 Eye and Face Protection
16.4 Behavioral and Hygiene Practices
16.4.1 Respiratory Etiquette and Personal Hygiene
16.4.2 Minimizing Contaminant Generation
16.5 Public Health Strategies
16.5.1 Disease Outbreak Preparedness
16.5.2 Communication and Education
16.6 Current Air Decontamination Techniques to Reduce Airborne Biological Contaminants
16.6.1 High-Efficiency Particulate Air Filtration
16.6.2 Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation
16.6.3 Photocatalytic Oxidation
16.6.4 Electrostatic Precipitation
16.6.5 Portable Air Purifiers
16.6.6 HVAC System Upgrades
16.7 Challenges in Controlling Exposure to Airborne Biological Contaminants
16.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17 Guidelines for the Biological Contaminants in Indoor Areas
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Existing Quantitative Regulations and Recommendations from Different Countries and Agencies
17.3 Regulatory Frameworks and Standards
17.4 Basic Guidelines for Controlling Biological Contamination
17.4.1 Ventilation
17.4.2 Role of Plants in Reducing the Biological Contaminants
17.4.3 Reducing Pollution Sources
17.4.4 Controlling the Pest Infestations
17.4.5 Humidity Control
17.4.6 Bio-fumigation
17.4.7 Design and Construction of a Building
17.4.8 Social and Behavioral Factors
17.4.9 Future Trends and Emerging Technologies
17.4.10 Risk Assessment and Management
17.5 Conclusion
References
Index
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