Bioactive-Based Nanotherapeutics

Name: Bioactive-Based Nanotherapeutics
Brand: Wiley
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Rakesh K. Sindhu Sumitra Singh Evren Algin Yapar(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

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Erschienen am 6. Juni 2025

771 Seiten

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Inhalt

Cover
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Basics of Nano-Bioactive Compounds and Their Therapeutic Potential
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Therapeutic Potential of Bioactive Compounds
1.2.1 Alkaloids
1.2.1.1 Medicinal Use of Alkaloids as Bioactive Molecule
1.2.2 Antibiotics
1.2.2.1 Medicinal Use of Antibiotics as Bioactive Molecule
1.2.3 Mycotoxins
1.2.3.1 Medicinal Use of Mycotoxins as Bioactive Molecule
1.2.4 Growth Factors
1.2.4.1 Medicinal Use of Growth Factors as Bioactive Compounds
1.2.5 Phenolics
1.2.5.1 Medicinal Use of Phenolics as Bioactive Compounds
1.3 Extraction Techniques for Obtaining Bioactive Compound
1.4 Novel Delivery Approach for Bioactive Compounds
1.5 Electrospinning
1.6 Micro- and Nanoencapsulation of Bioactive Compounds
1.7 Polymeric Nanoparticles (NPs)
1.8 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
1.9 Nanoemulsions
1.10 Nanocrystals
1.11 Phytosomes
1.12 Therapeutic Potential of Nano-Bioactive Compounds
1.13 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Recent Techniques for Isolation of Bioactive Components from Plants
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Extraction Methods
2.2.1 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE)
2.2.2 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)
2.2.3 Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)
2.2.4 Molecular Imprinting Technology (MIT)
2.3 Recent Chromatographic Methods
2.3.1 Liquid Chromatography (LC) and Gas Chromatography (GC)
2.3.2 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS)
2.3.3 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC)
2.3.4 Two-Dimensional Chromatographic Approaches
2.4 Applications of Two-Dimensional Chromatographic Approaches
2.5 Hyphenated Techniques
2.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers for Inflammatory Diseases
3.1 Inflammation and Diseases
3.2 Nanocarriers as Drug Delivery System
3.3 Nanocarriers and Inflammation
3.4 Inflammation in Central Nervous System
3.4.1 Etiology of CNS Inflammation
3.4.2 The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
3.4.3 Immune Response
3.4.4 Clinical Manifestations
3.4.5 Diagnosis and Therapeutic Approaches
3.4.6 Chronic Inflammation
3.5 Ophthalmological Inflammation
3.5.1 Causes of Ophthalmological Inflammation
3.5.2 Symptoms of Ophthalmological Inflammation
3.5.3 Diagnosis and Treatment
3.6 Cardiovascular Inflammation
3.6.1 Significance of Inflammation
3.6.2 Factors Contributing to Inflammation
3.6.3 Role of Cytokines and Chemokines
3.6.4 Distinguishing Acute and Chronic Inflammation
3.6.5 Consequences of Chronic Inflammation
3.6.6 Treatment and Prevention
3.6.7 Use of Biomarkers
3.6.8 Ongoing Research
3.6.9 Nanocarriers Used in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Inflammation
3.7 Respiratory Inflammation
3.7.1 Origins of Respiratory Inflammation
3.7.2 Forms of Respiratory Inflammation
3.7.3 Disorders Associated with Respiratory Inflammation
3.7.4 Symptoms of Respiratory Inflammation
3.7.5 Treatment and Management
3.7.6 Prevention
3.7.7 Nanocarriers Used for the Treatment of Respiratory Inflammation
3.8 Inflammation in Gastric System
3.8.1 Causes of Gastric Inflammation
3.8.2 Types of Gastric Inflammation
3.8.3 Symptoms of Gastric Inflammation
3.8.4 Complications
3.8.5 Diagnosis
3.8.6 Treatment and Management
3.8.7 Prevention
3.8.8 Nanocarriers Used for the Treatment of Gastric Inflammation
3.9 Excretory System Inflammation
3.9.1 Causes of Excretory System Inflammation
3.9.2 Types of Urinary Tract Inflammation
3.9.3 Symptoms of Excretory System Inflammation
3.9.4 Complications
3.9.5 Diagnosis
3.9.6 Treatment and Management
3.9.7 Prevention
3.9.8 Nanocarriers Used for Treatment of Excretory System Inflammation
3.10 Inflammation of the Reproductive System
3.10.1 Causes of Reproductive System Inflammation
3.10.2 Types of Reproductive System Inflammation
3.10.3 Symptoms of Reproductive System Inflammation
3.10.4 Complications
3.10.5 Diagnosis
3.10.6 Treatment and Management
3.10.7 Prevention
3.10.8 Nanocarriers Used for the Treatment of Reproductive Inflammation
3.11 Inflammation Associated with Dermatology
3.11.1 Causes of Dermatological Inflammation
3.11.2 Types of Dermatological Inflammation
3.11.3 Symptoms of Dermatological Inflammation
3.11.4 Complications
3.11.5 Diagnosis
3.11.6 Treatment and Management
3.11.7 Prevention
3.11.8 Nanocarriers Used for the Treatment of Inflammation Related to Dermatology
3.12 Muscular Inflammation
3.12.1 Causes of Muscular Inflammation
3.12.2 Types of Muscular Inflammation
3.12.3 Symptoms of Muscular Inflammation
3.12.4 Complications
3.12.5 Diagnosis
3.12.6 Treatment and Management
3.12.7 Prevention
3.12.8 Nanocarriers Used for the Treatment of Muscular Inflammation
3.13 Skeletal Inflammation
3.13.1 Causes of Skeletal Inflammation
3.13.2 Types of Skeletal Inflammation
3.13.3 Symptoms of Skeletal Inflammation
3.13.4 Complications
3.13.5 Diagnosis
3.13.6 Treatment and Management
3.13.7 Prevention
3.13.8 Nanocarriers Used for the Treatment of Skeletal Inflammation
3.14 Applications of Nanocarriers in Inflammation
3.15 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers for Dermal Diseases
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Skin Anatomy and Physiology: Implications for Drug Delivery
4.2.1 Structure of the Skin Layers
4.2.2 Epidermis: The Protective Barrier
4.2.3 Dermis: Structural Support and Vascular Network
4.2.4 Hypodermis: Adipose Tissue and Insulation
4.2.5 Appendages: Hair Follicles, Sweat Glands, and More
4.3 Barrier Functions of the Skin
4.4 Transdermal Permeation Challenges
4.5 Factors Influencing Dermal Drug Penetration
4.5.1 Physicochemical Properties of the Drug
4.5.2 Formulation and Carrier Design
4.5.3 Skin Hydration and Moisture
4.5.4 Skin Integrity and Barrier Disorders
4.5.5 Anatomical Site and Skin Thickness
4.5.6 Circulation and Blood Flow
4.5.7 Skin pH and Microenvironment
4.6 Role of Nanocarriers in Enhancing Drug Penetration
4.6.1 Nanocarrier Types and Properties
4.6.2 Encapsulation and Solubilization
4.6.3 Enhanced Skin Penetration
4.6.4 Targeted Drug Delivery
4.6.5 Controlled Release
4.6.6 Safety and Biocompatibility
4.7 Types of Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers
4.8 Design Principles and Fabrication Techniques
4.8.1 Formulation Considerations
4.8.2 Techniques for Fabricating Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers
4.9 Characterization of Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers
4.9.1 Physicochemical Characterization
4.9.1.1 Dynamic Light Scattering
4.9.1.2 Zeta Potential Measurement
4.9.1.3 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
4.9.2 Morphological Analysis
4.9.2.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy
4.9.2.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy
4.9.3 Drug Release Profiling
4.9.3.1 In Vitro Release Studies
4.9.3.2 Franz Diffusion Cells
4.9.4 Stability Assessment
4.9.4.1 Accelerated Stability Studies
4.9.4.2 Thermal Analysis
4.10 Applications in Diverse Dermal Diseases
4.10.1 Acne: Targeted Delivery of Anti-Inflammatory Agents
4.10.1.1 Anti-Inflammatory Agents for Acne Treatment
4.10.1.2 Enhanced Drug Penetration
4.10.2 Psoriasis: Immune Modulation and Skin Barrier Restoration
4.10.2.1 Immune Modulation Through Nanocarriers
4.10.2.2 Restoring Skin Barrier Function with Nanocarriers
4.10.2.3 Synergy in Action: Combined Approach for Comprehensive Psoriasis Management
4.10.3 Skin Cancers: Localized Chemotherapy and Photodynamic Therapy
4.10.4 Atopic Dermatitis: Addressing Inflammation and Pruritus
4.10.5 Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers for Chronic Wounds
4.11 Preclinical Studies: In Vivo and In Vitro
4.12 Challenges and Future Directions
4.13 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Nano-Based Nasal Delivery of Biomacromolecules: A Myriad of Opportunities
5.1 Biomacromolecules
5.2 Characteristics of Biomacromolecules and Delivery Challenges
5.2.1 Physicochemical Properties
5.2.2 Stability
5.2.3 Immunogenicity
5.2.4 Administration Route
5.3 Opportunities of Nasal Route
5.4 Main Factors in Nasal Cavity Affecting Delivery of Biomacromolecules
5.4.1 Nasal Epithelium and Absorption
5.4.2 Mucus Layer and Mucociliary Clearance
5.4.3 Enzymatic Activity
5.4.4 Other Factors
5.5 Nano-Based Delivery Systems as an Efficient Strategy to Improve Intranasal Administration of Biomacromolecules
5.5.1 Lipid-Based Delivery Systems
5.5.1.1 Liposomes
5.5.1.2 Lipid Nanoparticles: Solid Lipid Nanocarriers and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers
5.5.1.3 Nanoemulsions
5.5.2 Polymer-Based Delivery Systems
5.5.2.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles
5.5.2.2 Polymeric Micelles
5.5.2.3 Polymeric Nanocomplexes
5.5.2.4 Dendrimers
5.5.3 Inorganic Material-Based Delivery Systems
5.6 Proof of Concept: Biomacromolecules Administered by Intranasal Nano-Based Delivery Systems
5.6.1 Insulin
5.6.2 Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Its Analogs
5.6.3 Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone
5.6.4 Other Peptides and Proteins
5.6.5 Nucleic Acid Therapeutics
5.7 Safety Considerations
5.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers for Ocular Application
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Barriers and Route of Ocular Drug Delivery
6.3 Nanoparticles in Ocular Diseases Therapy
6.4 Organic Nanocarriers
6.4.1 Liposome
6.4.2 Niosomes
6.4.3 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)
6.4.4 Polymeric Nanoparticles
6.4.5 Dendrimers
6.4.6 Nanoemulsions
6.4.7 Nanosuspension
6.5 Inorganic Nanocarriers
6.5.1 Gold Nanoparticles
6.5.2 Silver Nanoparticles
6.5.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles
6.5.4 Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles
6.6 Benefits of Bioactive-Based Nanoparticles for Occular Application
6.7 Challenges and Future Considerations
6.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 7 Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers for Gastrointestinal System Disease
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Overview of Gastrointestinal System Diseases
7.1.1.1 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
7.1.1.2 Peptic Ulcer Disease
7.1.1.3 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
7.1.1.4 Irritable Bowel Syndrome
7.1.1.5 Coeliac Disease
7.1.1.6 Gallstones
7.1.1.7 Liver Diseases
7.1.1.8 Pancreatitis
7.1.1.9 Colon Cancer
7.1.1.10 Gastroenteritis
7.1.2 Challenges in Drug Delivery to the Gastrointestinal System
7.1.2.1 Variable pH and Enzymatic Activity
7.1.2.2 Limited Residence Time
7.1.2.3 Absorption Barriers
7.1.2.4 First-Pass Metabolism
7.1.2.5 Interactions with Food and Nutrients
7.1.2.6 Patient Variability
7.1.2.7 Gastrointestinal Motility
7.1.2.8 Mucus Layer and Biofilms
7.1.2.9 Localized Targeting
7.1.3 Role of Nanocarriers in Overcoming Drug Delivery Challenges
7.1.3.1 Improved Drug Solubility
7.1.3.2 Enhanced Drug Stability
7.1.3.3 Targeted Delivery
7.1.3.4 Sustained Release
7.1.3.5 Bypassing Biological Barriers
7.1.3.6 Combination Therapy
7.1.3.7 Personalized Medicine
7.1.3.8 Reduced Side Effects
7.1.3.9 Diagnostic and Theragnostic Applications
7.1.3.10 Overcoming Drug Resistance
7.2 Types of Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers
7.2.1 Liposomes
7.2.1.1 Characteristics of Liposomes
7.2.1.2 Advantages of Liposomes
7.2.1.3 Surface Functionalization for Targeting Gastrointestinal Diseases
7.2.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles
7.2.3 Micelles
7.2.4 Dendrimers
7.2.5 Nanocrystals
7.2.6 Carbon Nanotubes
7.2.7 Metal-Based Nanoparticles
7.2.8 Vesicular Systems
7.2.9 Protein-Based Nanocarriers
7.2.10 Hybrid Nanocarriers
7.3 Design and Fabrication of Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers
7.3.1 Particle Size and Surface Charge Optimization
7.3.2 Encapsulation Efficiency and Drug Loading Capacity
7.3.3 Tailoring Drug Release Kinetics for Gastrointestinal Conditions
7.4 Bioactive Molecules for Targeting Gastrointestinal Diseases
7.4.1 Ligands and Antibodies for Site-Specific Drug Delivery
7.4.2 Receptor-Mediated Targeting Strategies
7.4.3 Overcoming Biological Barriers in the Gastrointestinal Tract
7.5 Preclinical Studies and Clinical Trials
7.5.1 In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluations of Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers
7.5.2 Case Studies on Specific Gastrointestinal Diseases
7.5.2.1 Colorectal Cancer Targeted Therapy
7.5.2.2 Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treatment
7.6 Therapeutic Applications of Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers
7.6.1 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
7.6.1.1 Localized Drug Delivery
7.6.1.2 Controlled Drug Release
7.6.1.3 Mucosal Barrier Penetration
7.6.1.4 Combination Therapy
7.6.1.5 Minimizing Systemic Side Effects
7.6.1.6 Patient Compliance
7.6.1.7 Personalized Treatment
7.6.2 Gastric Ulcers
7.6.2.1 Drug Delivery to Ulcer Site
7.6.2.2 Enhanced Mucosal Protection
7.6.2.3 Controlled Drug Release
7.6.2.4 Local Anesthetic Delivery
7.6.2.5 Minimizing Systemic Effects
7.6.2.6 Prevention of Drug Degradation
7.6.2.7 Diagnostic and Therapeutic Dual Role
7.6.2.8 Enhanced Adhesion and Retention
7.6.3 Colorectal Cancer
7.6.3.1 Targeted Drug Delivery
7.6.3.2 Chemotherapy Enhancement
7.6.3.3 Combination Therapy
7.6.3.4 Gene Delivery
7.6.5 Diagnostic and Therapeutic Dual Role
7.6.6 Minimizing Drug Resistance
7.7 Safety and Toxicity Considerations
7.7.1 Biocompatibility and Biodistribution Studies
7.7.2 Reducing Systemic Toxicity and Off-Target Effects
7.8 Challenges and Future Perspectives
7.8.1 Scalability and Commercialization of Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers
7.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers for Cancer Treatment and Targeting
8.1 Overview of Current Global Epidemiology and Prevalence of Cancer
8.2 Comparison and Contrast Between Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers and Other Cancer Treatment
8.3 Mechanism(s) for Cancer Treatment and Targeting Using Bioactive Compounds
8.3.1 Inhibition of Cancer Cell Proliferation
8.3.2 Induction of Apoptosis
8.3.3 Anti-Oxidative Effect
8.4 Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers for Treatment and Targeting of Different Categories of Cancer
8.4.1 Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers for Treatment and Targeting of Breast Cancer
8.4.2 Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers for Treatment and Targeting of Brain Cancer
8.4.3 Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers for Treatment and Targeting of Cervical Cancer
8.4.4 Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers for Treatment and Targeting of Colorectal Cancer
8.4.5 Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers for Treatment and Targeting of Primary Liver Cancer
8.4.6 Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers for Treatment and Targeting of Lung Cancer
8.4.7 Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers for Treatment and Targeting Cancer of the Lip and Oral Cavity
8.4.8 Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers for Treatment and Targeting of Ovarian Cancer
8.4.9 Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers for Treatment and Targeting of Pancreatic Cancer
8.4.10 Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers for Treatment and Targeting of Prostate Cancer
8.4.11 Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers for Treatment and Targeting of Skin Cancer
8.5 Limitations of Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers for Cancer Treatment and Targeting
8.6 Future prospects
8.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Bioactive-Based Nanocarrier for the Management of Infectious Diseases
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Factors Influencing Bioactive Nanocarriers
9.2.1 Size of Nanoparticle
9.2.2 Shape of Nanoparticle
9.2.3 Zeta Potential of Nanoparticle
9.2.4 Roughness
9.2.5 Doping Modification
9.2.6 Environmental Conditions
9.3 Mechanism of Action of Bioactive Nanocarriers in Infection
9.3.1 Interaction of Nanoparticles
9.3.2 Cell Wall/Membrane Disruption
9.3.3 Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species
9.3.4 Damage to Intracellular Components
9.3.5 Non-Oxidative Mechanisms
9.3.6 NPs Prevent the Development of Microbial Biofilms
9.4 Recent Advancements in Bioactive-Based Nanocarrier for Infections
9.5 Beneficial Aspects of Bioactive-Based Nanocarrier Over Conventional Treatment
9.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 10 Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers for Cosmeceuticals
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Evolution of Cosmeceuticals
10.1.2 Importance of Nanotechnology in Cosmeceuticals
10.2 Nanotechnology in Cosmeceuticals
10.2.1 Overview of Nanotechnology
10.2.2 Applications of Nanotechnology in Cosmeceuticals
10.2.3 Advantages of Nanocarriers in Cosmeceuticals
10.3 Bioactive Ingredients in Cosmeceuticals
10.3.1 Introduction to Bioactive Ingredients
10.3.2 Popular Bioactive Ingredients Used in Cosmeceuticals
10.3.3 Importance of Bioactive Ingredients in Enhancing Skin Health
10.4 Nanocarriers for Bioactive Delivery
10.4.1 Types of Nanocarriers
10.4.2 Properties of Ideal Nanocarriers for Cosmeceuticals
10.4.3 Mechanisms of Bioactive Delivery Using Nanocarriers
10.5 Applications of Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers in Cosmeceuticals
10.5.1 Anti-Aging Formulations
10.5.2 Skin Whitening Agents
10.5.3 Sunscreen Formulations
10.5.4 Moisturizing Products
10.5.5 Acne Treatment Formulations
10.6 Challenges and Future Perspectives
10.6.1 Regulatory Challenges
10.6.2 Safety Concerns
10.6.3 Future Directions in Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers for Cosmeceuticals
References
Chapter 11 Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers for CVD
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Ongoing CVD Crisis
11.2.1 Prevalence and Incidence
11.2.2 Economic Impact
11.2.3 Risk Factors and Their Prevalence
11.2.4 Health Disparities
11.2.5 Risk Factors
11.2.6 Challenges in Prevention and Treatment
11.2.7 The Role of Research and Innovation
11.3 Bioactive Compounds and Their Role in Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Prevention and Treatment
11.4 Role of Bioactive Compounds in CVD Prevention
11.4.1 Antioxidant Activity
11.4.2 Anti-Inflammatory Effects
11.4.3 Regulation of Lipid Profiles
11.4.4 Blood Pressure Regulation
11.4.5 Endothelial Function Improvement
11.4.6 Anti-Thrombotic Effects
11.4.6.1 Anti-Arrhythmic Effects
11.4.6.2 Cardioprotective Effects
11.4.6.3 Vasodilation and Improved Blood Flow
11.4.6.4 Reduction of Myocardial Hypertrophy
11.4.6.5 Anti-Fibrotic Effects
11.5 Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers for Enhanced Drug Delivery
11.6 Challenges and Future Directions
11.6.1 Challenges
11.6.1.1 Bioavailability Enhancement
11.6.1.2 Long-Term Safety
11.6.1.3 Personalized Medicine
11.6.1.4 Regulatory Approval
11.6.1.5 Clinical Translation
11.6.2 Future Directions
11.6.2.1 Targeted Delivery
11.6.2.2 Combination Therapies
11.6.2.3 Biological Markers
11.6.2.4 Imaging Integration
11.6.2.5 Personalized Formulations
11.6.2.6 Biomimetic Nanocarriers
11.6.2.7 Regulatory Framework
11.6.2.8 Clinical Trials
11.6.2.9 Patient Education
11.6.2.10 Cost-Effective Production
11.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers for Diabetes
Abbreviations
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Need for Advanced Drug Delivery Systems in Diabetes Treatment
12.2 Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers in Medicine and Healthcare Including Diabetes
12.2.1 Bioactive-Based Nanocarrier
12.2.2 Bioactive Components
12.2.3 Lipid-Based Nanocarriers in Diabetes Management
12.2.4 Polymer-Based Nanocarriers
12.3 Significance of Material Selection in Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers
12.4 Targeting Strategies for Diabetes Therapy
12.4.1 Active Targeting-Precision with Ligand-Based Approaches
12.4.2 Passive Targeting-Exploiting the EPR Effect
12.5 Benefits of Targeted Drug Delivery in Diabetes
12.5.1 Encapsulation and Drug Loading
12.5.2 Encapsulation Mechanisms
12.6 Factors Affecting Drug Loading Efficiency and Stability in Encapsulation Systems
12.6.1 Strategies to Maintain Bioactivity During Encapsulation
12.6.2 Examples of Nanocarrier Systems with Controlled Release Capabilities
12.7 Opportunities for Improving Nanocarrier Performance and Targeting Specificity
12.8 Ethical and Regulatory Considerations
12.8.1 Regulatory Steps in Approving Nanocarrier-Based Therapies
12.9 Challenges and Future Perspectives
12.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13 Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers in Management of CNS Diseases
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Principles of Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers
13.2.1 Characteristics of Bioactive Substances
13.2.2 Liposomes
13.2.3 Nanoparticles
13.2.4 Polymeric Nanoparticles
13.2.5 Dendrimers
13.2.6 Micelles
13.2.7 Nanoemulsions
13.2.8 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers
13.2.9 Carbon Nanotubes
13.2.10 Quantum Dots
13.2.11 Drug-Polymer Conjugates
13.3 Overcoming the Blood-Brain Barrier
13.3.1 The Blood-Brain Barrier: A Fortress
13.3.2 Surface Alterations: Providing Direction
13.3.3 Optimization of Size: Small Is Mighty
13.3.4 A Molecular Symphony of Receptor-Mediated Transport
13.3.5 Focused Ultrasound: Disrupting Limitations
13.3.6 Activating the Gateways with Enzymatic Cleavage
13.3.7 Utilizing Cellular Mechanisms as A Trojan Horse Approach
13.3.8 Magnetic Targeting: Accurately Directing the Journey
13.3.9 The Path to Penetration in Photothermal Therapy
13.3.10 A New Narrative for Gene Therapy
13.3.11 A Molecular Odyssey of Active Targeting
13.3.12 Conjugation of Ligands: Crossing the Divide
13.3.13 Accuracy and Beyond
13.3.14 Creating the CNS Therapy of the Future
13.4 Nanocarriers of Hope: Revolutionizing Neurodegenerative Disease Management
13.4.1 The Landscape of Neurodegeneration: A Search for Precision
13.4.2 Beyond Neuroprotection: A Dual Mission
13.4.3 Nanocarriers and Neuronal Regeneration as Signs of Regeneration
13.4.4 Toward Clinical Translation: A Journey
13.5 Applications in Neurodegenerative Diseases
13.5.1 Targeting the Trojan Horse in Glioblastoma
13.5.2 Amyloid Plaques with Alzheimer's Disease
13.5.3 Precision in Neurons Revealed in Parkinson's Disease
13.5.4 Beyond the Horizon: Opportunities and Promises
13.6 Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers for Brain Tumor Therapy
13.7 Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers in Stroke Management
13.8 Traumatic Brain Injury and Nanocarrier Interventions
13.9 Imaging and Diagnostic Capabilities
13.10 Current Preclinical and Clinical Advancements
13.11 Future Prospects and Challenges
13.12 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Nanocarrier Applications for the Delivery of Bioactives for Topical Wound Healing
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Physiology of Wound Healing
14.3 Skin Drug Delivery for Wound-Healing Applications
14.3.1 Conventional Dosage Forms
14.3.2 Nano Drug Delivery Systems
14.4 Research on Wound Healing Using Nanocarriers Loaded with Bioactive Materials
14.4.1 Nanoparticles
14.4.2 Nanogels
14.4.3 Nanoemulsions
14.4.4 Vesicular Carriers
14.4.4.1 Liposomes
14.4.4.2 Niosomes
14.4.4.3 Transferosomes
14.4.4.4 Phytosomes
14.4.4.5 Ethosomes
14.4.4.6 Cubosomes and Invasomes
14.4.4.7 Glycerosomes and Glycethosomes
14.4.4.8 Hyalurosomes
14.4.5 Micelles
14.4.6 Nanofibers and Nanosheets
14.4.7 Nanodiamonds and Nanocrystals
14.5 Prospects and Challenges of Nanocarriers in Future Wound Healing
References
Chapter 15 Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers for Targeting Antimicrobial Resistance
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Development of Antibiotic Resistance
15.3 Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance
15.3.1 Intrinsic Resistance
15.3.1.1 Antibiotics: Their Alteration or Destruction
15.3.1.2 Cell Permeability and Drug-Efflux Pumps
15.3.1.3 Modification of the Antibiotic Targets
15.3.2 Acquired Resistance
15.3.2.1 Horizontal Gene Transfer
15.3.2.2 Conjugation
15.3.2.3 Transformation
15.3.2.4 Transduction
15.4 Current Treatment Approaches to Management Antibiotic Resistance and Challenges
15.4.1 Improve the Old Antibiotics
15.4.2 Semisynthetic Engineering
15.4.3 Genome Mining Technique
15.4.4 Retro-Biosynthetic Algorithm and Hit Compound Technique
15.4.5 Antibiotic Adjuvants for the Inhibition of Resistance
15.4.6 Antimicrobial Peptides
15.4.7 Vaccination
15.4.8 Phage Therapy
15.4.9 Nanoparticles
15.4.10 Challenges
15.5 Phytochemicals in the Management of Antibiotic Resistance
15.5.1 Alkaloids
15.5.2 Polyphenols
15.5.3 Sulfur-Containing Compounds
15.5.4 Terpenes
15.5.5 Coumarins
15.6 Phytochemical-Based Nanocarriers for the Management of Antibiotic Resistance
15.7 Mechanism of Phytochemical-Based Nanocarriers in Combating Antibiotic Resistance
15.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 16 Bioactive Phytochemical-Based Nanocarriers for Targeting Non- Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Etiology and Pathophysiology
16.3 Current Treatment Options Available for NAFLD
16.3.1 Non-Pharmacological Approaches
16.3.2 Pharmacological Approach
16.3.3 Phytochemicals in the Management of NAFLD
16.3.3.1 Resveratrol
16.3.3.2 Quercetin
16.3.3.3 Uncaria Genus
16.3.3.4 Silymarin/Silybin
16.3.3.5 Ginkgo Biloba
16.3.3.6 Ginseng
16.4 Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers: A Treatment Option for NAFLD as Smart Drug Carriers
16.4.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles
16.4.1.1 Chitosan
16.4.1.2 Poly Lactic Glycolic Acid
16.4.2 Metal Oxide-Based Nanoparticles
16.4.2.1 Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles
16.4.2.2 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
16.4.2.3 Nanographene Oxide Nanoparticles
16.4.3 Lipid-Based Nanoformulations
16.4.3.1 Liposomes
16.4.3.2 Solid Lipid Nanocarriers
16.4.3.3 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers
16.4.3.4 Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems
16.4.3.5 Micelles
16.4.3.6 Nanoemulsions
16.5 Toxicological Concerns of Nanocarriers for NAFLD Therapy
16.5.1 Biocompatibility and Accumulation
16.5.2 Immunotoxicity
16.5.3 Hepatotoxicity
16.5.4 Reactive Oxygen Species Generation
16.5.5 Drug Release Kinetics
16.5.6 Kidney Clearance
16.5.7 Long-Term Effects
16.6 Merits and Demerits of Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers for NAFLD Treatment
16.6.1 Merits of Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers for NAFLD Treatment
16.6.1.1 Specific Drug Delivery
16.6.1.2 Enhanced Drug Solubility
16.6.1.3 Longer Circulation Period
16.6.1.4 Minimized Toxicity
16.6.1.5 Applications in Diagnostics
16.6.2 Demerits of Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers for NAFLD Treatment
16.6.2.1 Concerns About Biocompatibility and Safety
16.6.2.2 Complex Manufacturing Procedure
16.6.2.3 Potential Immunogenicity
16.6.2.4 Risk of Aggregation
16.6.2.5 Regulatory Obstacles
16.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 17 Bioactive Peptide-Based Nanocarrier and Its Application
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Brief Attention on Peptides
17.3 Bioactive Peptide as Nanocarriers
17.3.1 Bioactive Peptide-Based Liposome Carrier
17.3.2 Bioactive Peptide-Based Solid Lipid Nanocarrier
17.3.2.1 Properties of Solid Lipid Nanocarrier
17.3.2.2 Application of Solid Lipid Nanocarrier
17.3.3 Bioactive Peptide-Based Self-Emulsifying Carrier
17.3.3.1 Properties of Self-Emulsifying Carrier
17.3.3.2 Application of Self-Emulsifying Carrier
17.3.4 Bioactive Peptide-Based Polymeric Nanocarrier
17.3.4.1 Properties of Polymeric Nanocarrier
17.3.4.2 Application of Polymeric Nanocarrier
17.3.5 Bioactive Peptide-Based Polysaccharide Nanocarrier
17.3.5.1 Properties of Polysaccharide Nanocarrier
17.3.5.2 Application of Polysaccharide Nanocarrier
17.3.6 Bioactive Peptide-Based Hydrogel Nanocarrier
17.3.6.1 Properties of Hydrogel Nanocarrier
17.3.6.2 Application of Hydrogel Nanocarrier
17.3.7 Silk Fibroin Nanocarrier
17.3.8 Cavitands
17.4 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
Chapter 18 Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers for the Treatment of Lung Disorders
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Advantages and Challenges of Nanocarriers in Lung Disease Treatment
18.3 Role of Bioactive Nanocarriers in Lung Disease Management
18.4 Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers in Asthma Management
18.4.1 Pathophysiology of Asthma and Targeted Intervention
18.4.2 Bioactive Nanocarrier Formulations for Asthma Therapy
18.5 Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers in COPD Treatment
18.5.1 Understanding COPD Pathogenesis and Drug Delivery Challenges
18.5.2 Role of Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers in COPD Management
18.6 Pulmonary Fibrosis and Bioactive Nanocarrier Approaches
18.6.1 Mechanisms of Pulmonary Fibrosis and Therapeutic Opportunities
18.6.2 Bioactive Nanoformulations for Pulmonary Fibrosis Therapy
18.7 Bioactive Nanocarriers for Cystic Fibrosis Treatment
18.7.1 Genetic Basis and Pathophysiology of Cystic Fibrosis
18.7.2 Nanotechnology Approaches in Cystic Fibrosis Treatment
18.8 Tuberculosis Management with Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers
18.8.1 Challenges in Tuberculosis Treatment and Drug Delivery
18.8.2 Nanocarrier Strategies for Tuberculosis Therapy
18.9 Future Perspectives and Conclusion
References
Chapter 19 Bioactive-Based Nanotherapeutics in Pain Management: A Revolutionary Approach
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Pathophysiology of Pain
19.3 Pain Biomarkers
19.3.1 Imaging-Based Biomarkers
19.3.2 Electrophysiological Biomarkers
19.3.3 Other Biomarkers to be Considered in Pain Diagnostics
19.3.3.1 Nerve Growth Factor
19.3.3.2 Substance P
19.3.3.3 Other Biomolecules
19.4 Treatment for Pain Management
19.4.1 Non-Opioid Analgesic Agents
19.4.1.1 Acetaminophen
19.4.2 Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
19.4.3 Antidepressant Medications
19.4.4 Antiepileptic Medications
19.4.5 Opioid Agents
19.5 Significance of Bioactive Compound-Based Nanotherapeutics in Pain Therapy
19.5.1 Precision Pain Management: Personalized Therapies
19.5.2 Clinical Applications and Future Perspectives
19.5.3 Nanotechnology and Pain Management: A Symbiotic Relationship
19.5.3.1 Bioactive Compounds: Nature's Pain Relievers
19.5.3.2 Bioactive-Based Nanotherapeutics: The Synergy Unveiled
19.5.3.3 Pain Management: Personalized Nanotherapeutics
19.5.3.4 Clinical Applications and Future Perspectives
19.6 Nanotherapeutics: A New Strategy from the Bioactive Compounds for the Treatment of Pain
19.6.1 Nanomaterials in Drug Delivery
19.6.2 Targeted Drug Delivery
19.6.3 Controlled Release Systems
19.6.4 Bioactive Compounds: Nature's Pain Relievers
19.6.4.1 Phytochemicals
19.6.4.2 Peptides and Proteins
19.6.4.3 Cannabinoids
19.6.5 Bioactive-Based Liposome for the Treatment of Pain
19.6.5.1 Classification of Liposome Based on Lipid Bilayers (Lamellae) and the Size
19.6.5.2 Preparation Technique for Liposomes and Drug Loading
19.6.5.3 Role of Bioactive Compound
19.6.6 Bioactive-Based In Situ Gel for the Treatment of Pain
19.6.6.1 Approaches of In Situ Gel
19.6.7 Bioactive-Based Nanoparticle
19.6.8 Bioactive-Based Patch
19.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 20 Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers for Neonatal Drug Delivery System: Enhancing Efficacy and Safety in Neonatal Medicine
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Nanocarrier Design Considerations for Neonatal Use
20.2.1 Biocompatibility in Neonatal Drug Delivery
20.2.2 Biodegradability of Nanocarriers for Neonates
20.2.3 Targeted Drug Release Strategies
20.3 Bioactive Components in Nanocarrier Systems
20.3.1 Lipid-Based Nanocarriers
20.3.1.1 Liposomes
20.3.1.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
20.3.1.3 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers
20.3.2 Polymer-Based Nanocarriers
20.3.3 Peptide-Conjugated Nanocarriers
20.4 Enhancing Drug Encapsulation, Stability, and Sustained Release
20.4.1 Bioactive-Based Strategies for Improved Drug Encapsulation
20.4.2 Stabilizing Drugs in Nanocarriers for Neonatal Applications
20.5 Minimizing Toxicity and Immunogenicity
20.6 Exploiting Neonatal Physiology for Targeted Delivery
20.6.1 Immature Blood-Brain Barrier and CNS Delivery
20.6.2 Enhanced Permeability for Targeted Therapies
20.6.3 Targeted Drug Delivery to Neonatal Organs and Tissues
20.7 Nanocarrier Surface Modification and Ligand Conjugation
20.7.1 Surface Modification in Neonatal Drug Delivery
20.7.2 Ligand-Conjugated Nanocarriers for Enhanced Cellular Uptake
20.7.3 Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis in Neonatal Nanomedicine
20.7.4 Applications in Neonatal Drug Delivery
20.8 Improving Drug Bioavailability in Neonatal Populations
20.8.1 Challenges in Drug Bioavailability for Neonates
20.8.2 Nanocarrier Strategies to Enhance Drug Bioavailability
20.9 Promising Applications of Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers in Neonatal Medicine
20.9.1 Neonatal Drug Delivery for Anti Inflammatory Therapies
20.9.2 Antibiotics and Infection Management in Neonates
20.9.3 Neuroprotective Agents for Neonatal Brain Health
20.10 Advancements and Future Perspectives
20.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21 Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers for the Treatments of Obesity: A Novel Approach
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Pathophysiology
21.3 Management of Obesity
21.3.1 Non-Pharmacological Action
21.3.2 Pharmacological Action
21.3.2.1 Sympathomimetic Agent
21.3.3 Synthetic Drug Surgery
21.4 Bioactive Compounds
21.4.1 In Vitro
21.4.2 In Vivo
21.5 Nanotechnology
21.5.1 Advantages
21.5.2 Disadvantages
21.5.3 Application of Nanotechnology
21.6 Conclusion/Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 22 Regulatory Aspects of Bioactive-Based Nanocarriers
22.1 Introduction
22.2 The Necessity of Regulating Nanomedicine
22.3 Worldwide Strategies for the Regulation of Nanopharmaceuticals
22.3.1 India
22.3.2 United States of America
22.3.3 European
22.3.4 United Kingdom
22.3.5 Canada
22.3.6 Japan
22.3.7 Australia
22.3.8 China
22.4 Conclusion
References
Index
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