Preface

"There probably is no group of people more anxious to be helpful to one another than those engaged in the study and prevention of corrosion".opening comment in the Acknowledgments prepared by Francis L. LaQue for his 1951 ASTM Edgar Marburg Lecture "Corrosion Testing". That lecture and subsequent ASTM publications highlighted many of the advances in corrosion technology and understanding generated over the previous half century, and provided a basis for the first edition of Marine Corrosion: Causes and Prevention which was published in 1975 as part of The Electrochemical Society and Wiley-Interscience Corrosion Monograph Series. It was fitting that following LaQue's death in 1988 at the age of 83, Herbert H. Uhlig, Professor Emeritus, MIT wrote in his tribute to Frank LaQue "Over the years, he inspired, advised and informed many students engaged in corrosion studies and he unstintingly helped numerous engineers concerned with corrosion problems."

By the time of his "Marburg Lecture", Frank LaQue had already accumulated nearly 25 years of research and development experience with the International Nickel Company of Canada (INCO) as head of its Corrosion Engineering Section. In the mid- 1930s, with the cooperation of the management of Ethyl Dow Corporation's seawater bromine extraction plant, located at Kure Beach, NC, Frank LaQue set up a small facility for corrosion testing in seawater on behalf of INCO., After Dow shut down its plant, INCO (in 1941) expanded the facility that subsequently became the world-renowned Kure Beach marine atmospheric corrosion test site. In 1950, a separate facility was set up at Wrightsville Beach, NC, dedicated to corrosion testing in seawater; this facility also became world-renowned. Numerous long-term research and testing programs were undertaken at both the test facilities to investigate corrosion mechanisms and the performance of a wide variety of metals and alloys available at the time and in the development of new alloys for marine applications. Although both facilities closed in 2005, data generated from many test programs is still widely available in the technical literature, for example, ASM Metals Handbooks, ASTM STPs, other marine corrosion text books, etc. Such data are often cited by researchers and designers. Following his retirement in 1969, Frank LaQue maintained strong ties with his former INCO colleagues and others in the field and continued his interest in corrosion technology transfer.

The first edition of Marine Corrosion: Causes and Prevention was prepared while LaQue was Senior Lecturer at Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of California at La Jolla, CA. As he stated at the time, the book was based primarily on decades of accumulated experience from the aforementioned test facilities. This much sought-after book went out of print in the 1980s.

Oceans cover approximately 65 percent of the earth's surface. Though salt content can vary somewhat from ocean to ocean, seawater and the marine atmosphere are more corrosive than most situations found on land. Thus, it is important to understand how the marine environments interact with materials and structures and ways by which on can counter these corrosive effects. The premise of this book is to provide a technical source for designers and engineers to use in order to avoid corrosion-related problems resulting from the design, materials selection, and maintenance of structures and equipment in the corrosive marine environment.

The discoveries and technologies since 1975 have outdated a number of materials and technical practices denoted in the first edition. Environmental regulations have eliminated or severely reduced the use of prior treatments and recommended practices (such as organotin-based antifoulants or chromate conversion coatings), while also spurring the discovery and development of new materials such as polymers, alloys, coatings, and composites that were either unknown or not considered for use in 1975. New recommended practices and standards have also evolved. While the fundamentals from the first edition are still very relevant, the science and engineering knowledge has expanded and been updated in the past 45 years. The introduction of and capability surge of personal computers has spawned new technologies such as computational materials science, corrosion modeling to describe and predict corrosion, physical scale modeling to design cathodic protection systems, remote monitoring, and system and ship design strategies. Characterization and evaluation methods such as electrochemical impedance or noise, tools, kelvin probe, coupled electrode arrays, high resolution, in situ and operando techniques, UHV scanning tunneling microscopy (UHV STM)/atomic force microscopy (AFM) did not exist, which can evaluate processes down to the atomic level.

Increasingly, standards covering many aspects of materials applications, surface preparation, corrosion testing, and data collection and analysis have evolved to guide design and multiple engineering disciplines on all areas of corrosion technology. Numerous references to standards and recommended practices permeate many of the chapters from numerous national and international organizations such as ASTM International, the International Organization for Standardisation, the U.S. Navy, the American Bureau of Shipping, NACE International, Steel Structures Painting Council (SSPC), the International Maritime Organization, Lloyds Register of Shipping, and Det Norske Veritas GL (DNV GL). In 2021 NACE International and SSPC combined to form AMPP (Association for Materials Protection and Performance).

This edition book is divided into three sections that comprise 25 chapters. The first part (12 chapters) provides the reader, with a description of the seawater environment, fundamentals of corrosion that occur in a seawater and other marine environments, factors that contribute to protection of or corrosion of materials, and a brief description of the corrosion of materials, (metals, alloy, composites, polymers, etc.) in atmospheric, immersion, or wetted marine environments. Marine atmospheric corrosion, microbiological corrosion, fouling, environmentally influenced fatigue and cracking, localized corrosion, flow effects on corrosion, cathodic delamination, and high temperature corrosion in a marine setting are new areas of discussion in this section. The second section (10 chapters) of the book discus corrosion control methods and materials selection that can mitigate or eliminate corrosion in different marine environments. Such methods can minimize capital investment costs, inspection requirements, and maintenance costs that can lead to increaseed reliability and design life. Corrosion modelling, nonmetallic materials, electronic materials, biofouling control, and corrosion monitoring are new areas. The third section (3 chapters) will provide the reader with specific applications (fasteners, piping systems, and preservation of marine artifacts) of corrosion engineering to structures, systems, or components that exist in marine environments. It is hoped that a new generation of marine corrosion engineers and scientist will find this book invaluable.

I would like to acknowledge, first, Dr. Brenda Little, formerly from the Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, who provided the initial legwork in securing authors for the various chapters in this book. I would also like to acknowledge her help in guiding me to be a better writer. I would also like to acknowledge the authors who wrote the chapters that form this book. Bopinder Phull and Robert Kain provided photos of the LaQue testing facilities and some history related to the first edition. I would also like to acknowledge the contributions of the reviewers for this book, namely Bopinder Phull, Harvey Hack, Doug Konitzer, Paul Natishan, Matthew Strom, Brenda Little, and Robert Kain. The introduction of the Marine Coatings chapter was written by Charles G. Munger, author of the 1975 book chapter, with permission from his son, Chuck Munger, Jr.

One's career is influenced by many personal interactions. My parents instilled the attributes of hard work and integrity in anything I should pursue. While in high school, I witnessed a fascinating materials presentation by Robert B. Pond, Sr., which would spark my interest in materials. Little did I know than that he would hire me in my first technical job after college and later become my father-in-law. Drs. Jerome Kruger and Patrick Moran, among others, provided a solid foundation in corrosion science. James Poole, Robert Ferrara, Harvey Hack, Denise Aylor, and Daniel Davis provided different aspects in corrosion engineering. However, there are others, unnamed here, who have enriched my career in many ways as well.

I have been blessed with two wonderful women who I was/am honored to call them my wife. Both have supported my career. My wife, Margaret, endured my long hours alone with our children, Elizabeth, Rebecca, and Andrew while I conducted research at Johns Hopkins University and spent many hours deciphering my handwriting and typing my essay and thesis during my graduate school days. We had many wonderful times until her sudden death in 2010. Bonnie revitalized passions in my work. She also supports my career and spent many hours alone in our home while I worked on this book.

Lastly, I would like to thank the Office of Naval Research, which through the Research Opportunities for Program Officers (ROPO) program supported some of my time and provided financial support for this book with the support of Dr. Julie Christodoulou, Division...