The Chemistry and Technology of Magnesia

Name: The Chemistry and Technology of Magnesia
Brand: Wiley
Price: 135.99 EUR
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Mark A. Shand(Autor*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

Erschienen am 25. Juli 2006

240 Seiten

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978-0-471-98056-8 (ISBN)

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Inhalt

Intro
THE CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF MAGNESIA
CONTENTS
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 History of Magnesia
1.1 History of Magnesia
Bibliography
2 Formation and Occurrence of Magnesite and Brucite
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Sedimentary Magnesite-Basis for Carbonate Deposition
2.2.1 Secondary Nodular Magnesite
2.2.2 Biogenic Carbonate
2.3 Serpentine Alteration by Hydrothermal Processes
2.4 Cryptocrystalline Magnesite Formation by Infiltration
2.5 Crystalline Magnesite-Replacement of Limestone and Dolomite
2.6 Brucite
2.7 Worldwide Occurrence of Magnesite and Brucite
2.7.1 United States and Canada
2.7.2 Brazil
2.7.3 Australia
2.7.4 China
2.7.5 North Korea
2.7.6 Nigeria
2.7.7 South Africa
2.7.8 India
2.7.9 Saudi Arabia
2.7.10 Iran
2.7.11 Greece
2.7.12 Turkey
2.7.13 Serbia and Bosnia
2.7.14 Austria
2.7.15 Russia
2.7.16 Slovakia
2.7.17 Spain
2.8 Physical and Chemical Properties of Magnesite
2.9 Chemical and Physical Properties of Brucite
Bibliography
References
3 Synthetic Magnesia
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Composition of Seawater and Brines
3.2.1 Seawater Chemistry
3.2.2 Brine Extraction
3.2.3 Sump Leaching Phase
3.2.4 Preparation Phase
3.2.5 Production Phase
3.2.6 Evaporite Production
3.2.7 Subsurface Brines
3.3 Process Description
3.3.1 Precipitation Reaction
3.3.2 Influence of Reaction Conditions on Mg(OH)(2) Particle Morphology
3.3.3 Dolime/Lime Requirements
3.3.4 Seawater Pretreatment
3.3.5 Precipitation Process
3.3.6 Settling and Compaction
3.3.7 Washing
3.3.8 Filtration
3.3.9 Brine Precipitation
3.4 Calcination
3.5 Grinding
3.6 Packaging
3.7 Sampling and Testing and In-Process Quality Control
3.7.1 Dolime
3.7.2 Seawater
3.7.3 Reactor
3.7.4 Settling/Thickener
3.7.5 Washing
3.7.6 Filtration
3.7.7 Calcining
3.7.8 Grinding
3.7.9 Finished Product
3.8 Aman Process
3.8.1 Pyrohydrolysis of Magnesium Chloride Hexahydrate
3.9 General Properties of Synthetic Magnesia
Bibliography
References
4 Mining and Processing Magnesite
4.1 Mining Operations
4.1.1 Overburden Removal
4.1.2 Drilling
4.1.3 Bench Height
4.1.4 Hole Diameter
4.1.5 Burden and Spacing
4.1.6 Subdrilling
4.1.7 Hole Stemming
4.1.8 Blast Hole Pattern
4.1.9 Blast Timing
4.1.10 Blasting Agents
4.1.11 Secondary Blasting
4.1.12 Chemical Contour and Muck Maps
4.2 Processing Magnesite
4.2.1 Ore Removal and Primary Crushing
4.2.2 Gyratory and Cone Crushers
4.2.3 Jaw Crushers
4.2.4 Roll Crushers
4.2.5 Size Separation
4.2.6 Screening
4.2.7 Pneumatic (Air) Classification
4.2.8 Hydroclones
4.3 Gravity Concentration
4.3.1 Float-Sink Separation
4.3.2 Froth Floatation
4.3.3 Floatation Reagents
4.3.4 Floatation Machines
4.4 Tertiary Crushing
4.5 Postcalcination Screening and Grinding
References
5 Calcination of Magnesium Hydroxide and Carbonate
5.1 Calcination of Magnesite
5.1.1 Energy Requirement for Calcination Process
5.1.2 Effect of Time and Temperature
5.1.3 Kinetics of Calcination
5.1.4 Stone Size
5.2 Calcination of Magnesium Hydroxide
5.2.1 Energy Requirement for Calcination Process
5.2.2 Decomposition Mechanism
5.2.3 Kinetics of Decomposition
5.2.4 Effect of Time and Temperature
References
6 Furnaces and Kilns
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Multiple-Hearth Furnaces
6.2.1 Single Progressive Rabble (Four Arms per Hearth)
6.2.2 Full Progressive Rabble (Four Arms per Hearth)
6.2.3 Back Rabble (Four Arms per Hearth)
6.2.4 Full Progressive Rabble (Two Arms per Hearth)
6.2.5 Refractory Linings
6.3 Horizontal Rotary Kilns
6.4 External Water Coolers
6.5 Shaft Kilns
6.5.1 Ore Charging
6.5.2 Discharge
6.5.3 Modern Shaft Kiln
6.5.4 Double-Inclined Kiln
6.5.5 Multichamber Kiln
6.5.6 Annular Shaft Kiln
6.5.7 Parallel-Flow Regenerative Kiln
7 Postcalcination Processing
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Grinding
7.2.1 Ring-Roller Mills
7.2.2 Ball Mills
Bibliography
Reference
8 Physical and Chemical Properties of Magnesium Oxide
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Physical Properties of Magnesium Oxide
8.3 Chemical Properties of Magnesium Oxide
8.3.1 Dissolution of Magnesium Oxide
8.4 Surface Structures of MgO
8.5 Molecular Adsorption on MgO
8.5.1 Chemisorption of Various Molecules on MgO
Bibliography
References
9 Other Magnesia Products
9.1 Production of Hard-Burned Magnesia
9.2 Production of Dead-Burned Magnesia
9.2.1 Sintering
9.2.2 Sinter Aids
9.2.3 Production Methods
9.3 Fused Magnesia
9.3.1 Refractory-Grade Fused Magnesia
9.4 Magnesium Hydroxide Slurry
9.4.1 Production of Synthetic Magnesium Hydroxide Slurry
9.4.2 Hydration of Magnesium Oxide
9.4.3 Hydration Kinetics and Mechanisms
9.4.4 Testing and Quality Control of Magnesium Hydroxide Slurry
9.5 Purification by Carbonation of Magnesium Hydroxide Slurry
9.5.1 Precipitation of Magnesium Carbonate from Bicarbonate Solution
References
10 Water and Wastewater Applications for Magnesia Products
10.1 Introduction to Applications
10.2 Industrial Wastewater Treatment
10.3 Advantages of Magnesium Hydroxide in Wastewater Treatment
10.3.1 Safety
10.3.2 pH Control
10.3.3 Metals Removal
10.3.4 Sludge Volume and Dewatering
10.3.5 Treatment Methods
10.3.6 Handling Requirements
10.3.7 Environmental Impact
10.4 Adsorption of Dyes on Magnesium Hydroxide
10.5 Biological Wastewater Treatment
10.5.1 Aerobic Processes
10.5.2 Nitrification
10.5.3 Anaerobic Digestion
10.6 Bioflocculation and Solids Settling
10.7 Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater and Struvite Formation
10.8 Odor and Corrosion Control in Sanitary Collection Systems
10.8.1 Addition to Raw Sewage
10.8.2 Crown Spraying
10.9 Acid Mine Drainage
10.10 Silica Removal from Industrial Plant Water
10.10.1 Mechanism of Silica Removal
10.10.2 Factors Controlling the Removal of Silica
References
11 Magnesia in Polymer Applications
11.1 Magnesium Hydroxide as a Flame Retardant for Polymer Applications
11.2 Flame-Retardant Mechanisms
11.3 Properties Required of Magnesium Hydroxide for Flame-Retardant Applications
11.3.1 Surface Treatment
11.3.2 Stearic Acid
11.3.3 Silanes
11.4 Novel Applications for Magnesium Hydroxide as a Flame Retardant
11.5 Polymer Curing and Thickening
11.5.1 Sheet Molding Compound (SMC)
11.5.2 Synthetic Rubber
Bibliography
References
12 Environmental Applications
12.1 Flue Gas Desulfurization
12.2 Regenerative Process
12.2.1 Process Description
12.2.2 Once-Through Process
12.2.3 Kawasaki Process
12.2.4 Dravo Thiosorbic Process with Magnesium Hydroxide Recovery
12.2.5 Sorbtech Process
12.3 Remediation Applications
12.4 Nuclear Waste Disposal
12.5 Hazardous Spill Cleanup
12.6 Antibacterial Activity of Magnesium Oxide Powder
12.7 Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Using Brucite
Bibliography
References
13 Role of Magnesium in Animal, Plant, and Human Nutrition
13.1 Role of Magnesium in Plant Nutrition
13.1.1 Uptake of Magnesium from the Soil
13.1.2 Functions of Magnesium in Plant Growth
13.2 Magnesium Fertilizers
13.3 Magnesium in Animal Nutrition
13.3.1 Ruminant Animals
13.3.2 Magnesium Oxide Requirements for Animal Nutrition
13.3.3 Factors Affecting Magnesium Utilization
13.3.4 Magnesium Bioavailability
13.3.5 Preventing Grass Tetany by Magnesium Fertilization
13.3.6 Preventing Grass Tetany by Oral Supplementation
13.3.7 Magnesium Requirements of Swine
13.3.8 Magnesium Requirements of Poultry
13.3.9 Magnesium in Dairy Ration Buffers
13.4 Magnesium in Human Health and Nutrition
13.4.1 Health Benefits of Magnesium
Bibliography
References
14 Magnesium Salts and Magnesium Metal
14.1 Magnesium Acetate
14.2 Magnesium Alkyls
14.3 Magnesium Chloride
14.4 Magnesium Nitrate
14.5 Magnesium Sulfate
14.6 Magnesium Soaps
14.7 Magnesium Overbase Sulfonates
14.8 Magnesium Peroxide
14.9 Magnesium Metal Production
14.9.1 Thermal Processes
14.9.2 Electrolytic Production
Bibliography
15 Pulp Applications
15.1 Sulfite Pulping
15.2 Magnefite Pulping Process
15.2.1 Pulping Liquor Preparation
15.2.2 Pulping Process
15.2.3 Chemical Recovery
15.3 Pulp Bleaching
15.3.1 Oxygen Bleaching and Delignification
15.3.2 Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching
15.4 Deinking
Bibliography
References
16 Magnesia Cements
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Magnesium Oxychloride Cement
16.2.1 Phase Formation
16.2.2 Water Resistance of MOC Cement
16.3 Magnesium Oxysulfate (MOS) Cement
16.4 Thermal Insulative and Fire Resistance Properties of Sorel Cement
16.4.1 Thermal Insulation
16.4.2 Fire Resistance
16.5 Magnesium Phosphate Cement
16.5.1 Reaction Mechanism
16.5.2 Magnesium Phosphate Cement Derived from Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate
16.5.3 Magnesium Phosphate Cement Derived from Diammonium Phosphate
16.5.4 Magnesium Phosphate Cement Derived from Ammonium Polyphosphate
16.5.5 Magnesium Phosphate Cement Derived from Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate
Bibliography
References
17 Miscellaneous Magnesia Applications
17.1 Sugar Manufacture
17.1.1 Clarification and Filtration
17.1.2 Reduction in Scaling
17.1.3 Additional Benefits
17.2 Chrome Tanning of Leather
17.3 Magnesia as a Catalyst Support
17.3.1 Example of Magnesium Oxide as Catalyst
17.4 Fuel Additives
17.4.1 High-Temperature Corrosion
17.4.2 Low-Temperature Corrosion
17.4.3 Types of Additives for High-Temperature Corrosion
17.4.4 Types of Additives for Low-Temperature Corrosion
17.5 Well-Drilling Fluids
17.6 Nanoparticulate Magnesia
17.6.1 Synthesis of Nanoparticulate Magnesia
17.6.2 Chemical and Catalytic Properties of Nanocrystals
17.7 Transformer Steel Coating
Bibliography
References
Appendix
Index

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