The Biology of Frankia and Actinorhizal Plants

DedicationContributorsPreface1. Introduction I. Frankiae II. Actinorhizal Root Nodule Symbioses III. Distribution of Actinorhizal Plants IV. Practical Uses of Actinorhizal Plants References2. Discoveries, Discussions, and Trends in Research on Actinorhizal Root Nodule Symbioses before 1978 I. The Classical Period until the End of the Nineteenth Century II. The Intermediary Period from the Beginning of the Twentieth Century until 1950 III. The Modern Period from 1950 to 1978 References3. Systematics, Isolation, and Culture of Frankia I. Systematics II. Isolation of Frankia III. Culture of Frankia References4. The Infection Process and Nodule Development I. Infection Process II. Nodule Development III. Regulation of Infection and Nodule Development IV. Summary References5. Cross-Inoculation Groups within Frankia and Host-Endosymbiont Associations I. Introduction II. Methods of Testing Host-Microsymbiont Associations III. Evidence Concerning Host Specificity of Frankia Strains and the Phenomenon of Cross-Inoculation Infectivity References6. Physiology and Biochemistry of Frankia in Culture I. Introduction II. General Cultural Characteristics III. Carbon Metabolism of Frankia in Culture IV. Nitrogen Metabolism V. Protection of Nitrogenase from Oxygen in Culture VI. Conclusions References7. The Physiology of Actinorhizal Nodules I. Introduction II. Nodule Dormancy III. Carbon Metabolism IV. Nitrogen Metabolism V. Hydrogen Metabolism VI. Host-Microsymbiont Interactions VII. Concluding Remarks References8. Oxygen Regulation and Hemoglobin I. Introduction II. Response of Frankia to Oxygen III. Plant Growth and Nodule Development in Response to Varying Oxygen IV. Internal Oxygen Environment in Nodules V. Oxygen Effects on Nodule Function VI. Hemoglobins in Actinorhizal Nodules VII. Conclusions References9. Spore-Positive and Spore-Negative Nodules I. Factors Determining Nodule Spore Type II. Location of Spores within Nodules and Timing of Spore Development III. Methods of Determining Nodule Spore Type IV. Physiology of Sp+ and Sp- Nodules V. Ecological Distribution of Sp+ and Sp- Nodules References10. The Molecular Genetics of Frankia I. Frankia as an Actinomycete II. Frankia as a Symbiont III. Approaches to Studying Frankia Genetics IV. Concluding Remarks References11. Micropropagation, Tissue Culture, and Genetic Transformation of Actinorhizal Plants and Betula I. Vegetative Propagation II. Genetic Transformation Systems for Betulaceae III. Applications of in Vitro Techniques References12. The Genetics of Actinorhizal Betulaceae I. Introduction II. Diversity among Actinorhizal Plants III. A Model Host Group for the Temperate Regions IV. The Potential of Studies at the DNA Level References13. Techniques for Measuring Nitrogenase Activity in Frankia and Actinorhizal Plants I. Nitrogen Balance II. Isotope Enrichment III. Isotope Dilution after 15N Enrichment IV. Natural Abundance Dilution V. Acetylene Reduction VI. Hydrogen Analysis VII. Limitations and Problems Common to All Methods VIII. Conclusions References14. Methods for Production and Use of Actinorhizal Plants in Forestry, Low Maintenance Landscapes, and Revegetation I. Considerations of Site Use and Planting Goals II. Propagation of Actinorhizal Plants III. Approaches to Establishing Actinorhizal Symbioses IV. Outplanting and Follow-up V. Conclusion References15. Interactions among Actinorhizal and Associated Plant Species I. Complementary Interactions II. Competitive Interactions III. Conclusions References16. Current and Potential Uses and Management of Casuarinaceae in the Tropics and Subtropics I. Introduction II.