EU Digital Law

Name: EU Digital Law | Article-by-Article Commentary
Brand: Nomos
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Article-by-Article Commentary

Reiner Schulze Dirk Staudenmayer(Herausgeber*in)

Nomos (Verlag)

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Erschienen am 8. Juli 2020

596 Seiten

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Inhalt

Cover
Introduction
A. The new challenges for EU law
B. EU Digital Law Commentary
I. Legislation
1. Digital Content Directive
2. Consumer Rights Directive
3. E-Commerce Directive
4. Portability Regulation
II. Aim
DIGITAL CONTENT DIRECTIVE (2019/770)
Article 1 Subject matter and purpose
A. Function
B. Context
C. Explanation
I. Purpose
II. Subject matter
1. General
2. Individual areas
3. Borderline to 'unaffected' areas of Member State law
4. 'Gold plating' by the Member States
D. Transposition issues
I. Type of transposition
II. Conflicts between purpose and limited subject matter
Article 2 Definitions
A. Function
B. Context
C. Explanation
I. Digital content
II. Digital service
III. Goods with digital elements
IV. Integration
V. Trader
VI. Consumer
VII. Price
VIII. Personal data
IX. Digital environment, compatibility, functionality, interoperability
1. Digital environment
2. Functionality
3. 'Compatibility' and 'interoperability'
X. Durable medium
D. Transposition issues
Article 3 Scope
A. FunctionThis commentary expresses only the personal opinions of the author and does not bind in any way the European Commission.
B. Context
I. The Digital Content Directive as a consumer contract law directive
II. A step towards the adaptation of private law to the digital economy
C. Explanation
I. Personal scope
1. Trader
2. Consumer
II. Substantive scope
1. Included contracts
2. Object of the contract
III. Sectoral exemptions
1. Services
2. Electronic communication services
3. Healthcare
4. Gambling
5. Financial services
6. Free and open source software
7. Public performance
8. Public sector information
IV. Bundle contracts
1. Regime of bundle contracts
2. Relationship with the European Electronic Communications Code
V. Delimitations of the scope
1. Delimitations in relation to other areas of EU law
2. Delimitations in relationship to national law
Article 4 Level of harmonisation
A. Function
B. Context
C. Explanation
I. Full harmonisation
II. Aims
III. Exceptions
D. Transposition issues
Article 5 Supply of the digital content or digital service
A. Function
B. Context
I. European contract law
II. Comparative remarks
C. Explanation
I. Obligation to supply digital content or digital service
1. Requirements
2. Content
3. Legal consequences
II. Due date of supply
III. Compliance with the obligation to supply
1. Digital content
2. Digital services
D. Transposition issues
I. Relationship to existing provisions in the Member States
II. Possible model function
Article 6 Conformity of the digital content or digital service
A. FunctionThis commentary expresses only the personal opinions of the author and does not bind in any way the European Commission.
B. Context
I. Previous conformity approaches in European contract law
1. Consumer Sales Directive
2. CESL
II. Full harmonisation
C. Explanation
I. Conformity approach
1. Subjective and objective conformity
2. The subjective approach under the Commission Proposal for a Digital Content Directive
3. The approach under the Digital Content Directive
II. Consistency
III. Relationship to Arts 9 and 10
Article 7 Subjective requirements for conformity
A. FunctionThis commentary expresses only the personal opinions of the author and does not bind in any way the European Commission.
B. Context
C. Explanation
I. Requirement of a contract between the trader and the consumer
II. Subjective conformity criteria
1. Agreed features
2. Agreed purpose
3. Agreed accessories and assistance
4. Agreed updates
Article 8 Objective requirements for conformity
A. FunctionThis commentary expresses only the personal opinions of the author and does not bind in any way the European Commission.
B. Context
C. Explanation
I. Objective conformity criteria
1. Fit for purpose
2. Performance features reasonably expected by the consumer
3. Accessories and instructions
4. Trial version
5. Reasonable consumer expectations
II. Version due
1. Conformity during continuous supply over a period of time
2. Most recent version
III. Updates
1. Update obligation
2. Failure to install
IV. Waiver
1. Purpose
2. Conditions
Article 9 Incorrect integration of the digital content or digital service
A. Function
B. Context
I. Art. 9 and the acquis communautaire
II. Art. 9 in the legislative process
III. Art. 9 in the system of the Digital Content Directive
C. Explanation
I. Scope of application
II. Constituent elements
1. Digital environment
2. Incorrect integration
3. Lack of conformity
4. Causation
5. By the trader or under the trader's responsibility
6. Or by the consumer and due to shortcomings in the instructions
7. Relevant point in time
III. Legal consequence
IV. Burden of proof
V. Mandatory nature
D. Transposition issues
Article 10 Third-party rights
A. Function
B. Context
I. Art. 10 and the acquis communautaire
II. Art. 10 in the legislative process
III. Art. 10 in the system of the Digital Content Directive
C. Explanation
I. Scope of application
II. Constituent elements
1. Any right
2. Third party
3. Violation
4. Resulting restriction
5. Limitation of usability
6. Relevant point in time
7. No fault requirement
III. Legal consequences
1. Reference to Art. 14
2. Opening clause for nullity or rescission of the contract
IV. Burden of proof
V. Mandatory nature
D. Transposition issues
Article 11 Liability of the trader
A. Function
B. Context
I. European private law
II. Comparative remarks
C. Explanation
I. Liability for failure to supply
1. Non-performance
2. Supply
3. Relationship to Art. 13
II. Liability for lack of conformity
1. Scope
2. Conformity
3. Time of supply
4. Liability period
5. Limitation period
III. Continuous supply
1. Definition
2. Conformity
3. Time of supply
4. Limitation period
D. Transposition issues
I. Deterioration of digital content
II. Third party rights
III. Incorrect integration
Article 12 Burden of proof
A. Function
B. Context
I. European private law
II. Comparative remarks
C. Explanation
I. Failure to supply
II. Lack of conformity
1. Supply
2. Becomes apparent
3. Presumption
III. Continuous supply
IV. Discharging the burden of proof on the trader
1. Incompatibility of the consumer's digital environment
2. Duty to cooperate
D. Transposition issues
I. Scope of presumption
II. Period of presumption
III. Presumption in contracts for continuous supply
Article 13 Remedy for the failure to supply
A. Function
B. Context
I. Modifications in relation to the Commission's Proposal
II. Interaction with other consumer protection directives
III. Application of private international law
C. Explanation
I. Consumer's right to demand performance
II. Scope
III. Requirements
1. Failure to supply
2. Termination after request to the trader
3. Immediate termination
4. Exercise of the right of termination
IV. Legal consequences of termination
D. Transposition issues
I. Impossibility
1. Possible diversity of national provisions
2. Termination without declaration by the consumer
3. Impossibility in case of delayed supply
4. Legal consequences of impossibility
II. Right to withhold performance
III. Right to reject the supplied content or service
IV. Differences between Art. 13 DCD and Art. 18 CRD
V. Liability for damages and other remedies
1. Liability for damages
2. Other remedies
Article 14 Remedies for lack of conformity
A. Function
B. Context
I. Modifications in relation to the Commission's Proposal
II. Interaction with other consumer protection directives
1. Consumer Rights Directive
2. Sale of Goods Directive
C. Explanation
I. General requirements
1. Lack of conformity
2. Time limits
II. Entitlement to have the digital content or digital service brought into conformity
1. Modalities
2. Limits
III. Price reduction and termination of the contract
1. Special requirements for the second level remedies
2. Price reduction
3. Termination
D. Transposition issues
I. Scope of full harmonisation
II. Frustrated expenditures
III. Place of remedying the conformity
IV. Liability for damage beyond the scope of the Directive
V. Right to withhold performance beyond the scope of the Directive
Article 15 Exercise of the right of termination
A. Function
B. Context
I. European contract law
II. Comparative remarks
C. Explanation
I. Relationship with other provisions
II. Requirements for exercising the right to terminate
1. Statement to trader expressing decision to terminate
2. Possible formal requirements for effective statement
3. Content of the statement
4. Effectiveness of statement
5. Withdrawal of consent to processing personal data
6. Operation of right to terminate
D. Transposition issues
Article 16 Obligations of the trader in the event of termination
A. Function
B. Context
I. European contract law
II. Comparative remarks
C. Explanation
I. System
II. Trader's obligation to reimburse all sums paid under the contract
III. Limitation of obligation to reimburse where digital content/digital service provided over a period of time
1. Consumer has paid a price.
2. Digital content or digital service supplied over a period of time
3. Lack of conformity for some of the period of supply only
4. Partial reimbursement where all criteria met
IV. Trader's obligations in respect of personal data
V. Trader's obligation in respect of content other than personal data
1. Content other than personal data
2. Obligation to refrain from using content
3. Exceptions to the obligation to refrain from using content
VI. Trader's obligation to make content other than personal data available
1. Purpose of this obligation
2. Content other than personal data within the scope of Art. 16(4)
3. Content to be made available on request
4. Timescale for making request
5. Content to be made available
6. Consumer's entitlement to retrieve
7. Exceptions to obligation under Art. 16(4)
VII. Trader's right to prevent further use of digital content or digital service
D. Transposition issues
Article 17 Obligations of the consumer in the event of termination
A. Function
B. Context
I. European contract law
II. Comparative remarks
C. Explanation
I. Refrain from using digital content or digital service
II. Refrain from making digital content or digital service available to third party
III. Return of tangible medium on which content supplied
1. Duty arises after request by trader
2. Time limit for trader to make request
3. Return of the tangible medium by the consumer
4. Return at the trader's expense
5. Consumer to return tangible medium without undue delay
IV. Limitation of obligation to pay for use of digital content or digital service
D. Transposition issues
Article 18 Time limits and means of reimbursement by the trader
A. Function
B. Context
I. European contract law
II. Comparative remarks
C. Explanation
I. System
II. Reimbursement owed to consumer
III. Timescale for reimbursement
1. Reimbursement without undue delay
2. Reimbursement no later than within 14 days
3. Return of tangible medium as precondition for reimbursement
IV. Method of reimbursement
1. Same method as used by the consumer for paying
2. Express agreement by the consumer to a different means of payment
V. No fee in respect of reimbursement
1. Fees charged for using a particular means of payment
2. Trader must not charge fees for reimbursing consumer
VI. No regulation of consequences of non-compliance
D. Transposition issues
Article 19 Modification of the digital content or digital service
A. Function
B. Context
I. Modifications in relation to the Commission's Proposal
II. Relationship to the Unfair Terms Directive
III. Conformity
C. Explanation
I. Right of the trader to modify the digital content or digital service
1. Requirements
2. Effect
II. Right to terminate the contract by the consumer
1. Negative impact
2. Effects
III. Application of Arts 15-18
IV. Exception to the right to terminate the contract
1. Requirements
2. Effect
D. Transposition issues
Article 20 Right of redress
A. Function
B. Context
C. Explanation
I. Liability to consumer because of any failure to supply or lack of conformity
II. Resulting from an act or omission
III. Person or persons liable in the chain of commercial transaction
IV. Modalities of redress
V. Non-mandatory right of redress
D. Transposition issues
Article 21 Enforcement
A. Function
B. Context
C. Explanation
Article 22 Mandatory nature
A. Function
B. Context
C. Explanation
I. Agreements on the notion of conformity
II. Agreements on liability of the trader, burden of proof, remedies of the consumer and modifications of contract
III. Agreements after the consumer has gained knowledge of the failure of supply or lack of conformity or of the modification
IV. Agreements non-binding on the consumer
Article 23 Amendments to Regulation (EU) 2017/2394 and Directive 2009/22/EC
A. Function and context
B. Explanation
I. Amendment to the Consumer Protection Regulation
II. Amendment to the Injunctions Directive
Article 24 Transposition
A. Function
B. Context
C. Explanation
I. Transposition
II. Information obligations
III. Intertemporal provisions
1. Overview
2. General rule
3. Specific rule for Arts 19 and 20
Article 25 Review
A. FunctionThis commentary expresses only the personal opinions of the author and does not bind in any way the European Commission.
B. Context
I. Review clauses in European contract law directives
1. General purpose of review clauses
2. Development of review clauses in European contract law directives
II. Link with Art. 25 SGD
C. Explanation
I. Review on issues concerning digital content or digital services not covered by the Digital Content Directive
1. Review clause
2. Content
II. Coherent framework for digital content, digital services and goods with digital elements
1. General framework
2. Common issues in both Directives as regards digital content, digital services and goods with digital elements
D. Transposition issues
Article 26 Entry into force
Article 27 Addressees
CONSUMER RIGHTS DIRECTIVE (2011/83)
CHAPTER II Consumer Information for Contracts other than Distance or Off-Premises Contracts
Article 5 Information requirements for contracts other than distance or off-premises contracts
A. Function
B. Context
I. Link with other information requirements
II. Sanctions
C. Explanation
I. Scope
1. On-premises contracts
2. Sales and services
3. Day-to-day transactions
II. Pre-contractual information elements
1. General requirements
2. Specific information to be provided
III. Minimum harmonisation
D. Reform/Criticism
CHAPTER III Consumer Information and Right of Withdrawal for Distance and Off-Premises Contracts
Article 6 Information requirements for distance or off-premises contracts
A. Function
B. Context
I. Distance Selling Directive
II. Digital contracts
III. Link with other information requirements
IV. Sanctions
C. Explanation
I. Scope
1. Distance contracts
2. Off-premises contracts
3. Sales and services
II. Pre-contractual information elements
1. Requirements
2. Specific information to be provided
3. Pre-contractual information is part of the contract, unless otherwise agreed
Article 8 Formal requirements for distance contracts
A. Function
B. Context
C. Explanation
I. Provision of pre-contractual information to consumers
1. Distance contracts in general
2. Specific distance contracts
II. Confirmation of the concluded contract
III. Express request of the consumer and acknowledgement of the loss of the right of withdrawal
IV. Interplay with E-Commerce Directive
V. Full harmonisation
D. Reform/Criticism
Article 14 Obligations of the consumer in the event of withdrawal
A. Function
B. Context
I. Distance Selling Directive
II. Sanctions
C. Explanation
Article 16 Exceptions from the right of withdrawal
A. Function and context
B. Explanation
I. Audio, video and software
II. Online digital content
III. (Digital) services
E-COMMERCE DIRECTIVE (2000/31)
Article 5 General information to be provided
A. FunctionPart of the research leading to this commentary was supported by the National Science Centre (Narodowe Centrum Nauki) in Poland on the basis of Decision No. 2018/31/B/HS5/01169.
B. Context
I. Relation to other information requirements in EU law
II. Level of harmonisation
C. Explanation
I. Personal scope
1. Service provider
2. Recipient of a service
3. Competent authorities
II. Material scope
1. Overview
2. Name of the service provider
3. Geographic address of the service provider
4. Details of the service provider
5. Trade register and registration number
6. Particulars of the relevant supervisory authority
7. Information regarding regulated professions
8. VAT identification number
9. Tax and delivery costs
III. Methods of providing information
1. Overview
2. Easy access to information
3. Direct access to information
4. Permanent access to information
D. Criticism
Section 2 Commercial communications
Article 6 Information to be provided
A. FunctionPart of the research leading to this commentary was supported by the National Science Centre (Narodowe Centrum Nauki) in Poland on the basis of Decision No. 2018/31/B/HS5/01169.
B. Context
I. Regulatory context
II. Level of harmonisation
C. Explanation
I. Personal scope
1. Service provider
2. Recipient of the service
II. Material scope
1. Overview
2. Commercial communication
3. Identifiability of commercial communication
4. Scope of information requirements
D. Future development
Article 7 Unsolicited commercial communication
A. FunctionPart of the research leading to this commentary was supported by the National Science Centre (Narodowe Centrum Nauki) in Poland on the basis of Decision No. 2018/31/B/HS5/01169.
B. Context
I. Regulatory context
II. Level of harmonisation
C. Explanation
I. Personal scope
1. Service provider
2. Recipient
II. Material scope
1. Overview
2. Unsolicited commercial communication
3. Identification of unsolicited commercial communication
4. Opt-out registers
D. Criticism
Introduction to Arts 10-11
Article 10 Information to be provided
A. Function
B. Context
C. Explanation
I. Conclusion of contract
II. Filing and accessibility of the contract
III. Technical means for identifying and correcting errors
IV. Contract language
V. Codes of conduct
VI. Exclusions and derogations
VII. Contract terms and general conditions
VIII. Individual communications
D. Criticism
Article 11 Placing of the order
A. Function
B. Context
C. Explanation
I. Acknowledgement of receipt of the order
II. Receipt of the order and of the acknowledgment of receipt
III. Technical means to correct input errors
IV. Exclusions and derogations
D. Criticism
Introduction to Arts 12-15
A. Internet intermediaries and their roles
B. Harmonising exemptions from the liability of Internet intermediaries
C. Policy considerations and current reforms
Article 12 "Mere conduit"
A. Function
B. Context
C. Explanation
I. Mere conduit
1. Concept of 'intermediaries of access'
2. Free Wi-Fi connections
3. Business models
II. Liability exemptions
1. Manipulations of a technical nature
2. Automatic, intermediate and transient caching
III. Knowledge of illegal activity
IV. Injunctions
D. Criticism
Article 13 "Caching"
A. Function
B. Context
C. Explanation
I. Transmission and automatic, intermediate and temporary copies
II. Included and excluded caching services
III. Prerequisites for liability exemption
1. Neutrality and no modification of the information
2. Conditions on access to the information
3. Updating the information
4. Non-interference
5. Removal or disabling access
6. Scope
IV. Prohibitory injunctions
D. Criticism
Article 14 Hosting
A. Function
B. Context
C. Explanation
I. The boundaries of the concept of hosting provider
1. Hosting in a broad sense
2. Technical, automatic and passive activity
II. Liability exemption
1. Knowledge
2. Notice-and-take-down procedures
III. Limits to the exemption from liability
1. Acting under the relevant control or authority of the provider
2. Injunctions
3. Duty of care
D. Criticism
I. The need to adapt the norm to new scenarios
II. Economic activities
III. Active and passive providers
Article 15 No general obligation to monitor
A. Function
B. Context
C. Explanation
I. General and specific obligation to monitor
II. Scope of the injunction
III. Communication and disclosure of information
D. Criticism
PORTABILITY REGULATION (2017/1128)
Introduction Introduction to Portability Regulation
A. General
I. Digital Single Market
1. Historical background
2. Digital inadequacy
3. The concept
4. Copyright reform
5. Related initiatives
II. Copyright regime
1. Protected works
2. Territorial nature
III. Wider copyright-related field
1. Audiovisual media
2. Telecommunications
3. Data protection
IV. Factual connection
1. Content
2. Services
3. Licensing structure
B. Legislative objective
I. Portability Impact Assessment
II. Conclusion
C. Legislative construct
I. Legal fiction
II. Legal background
III. Legal example
D. Legislative process
I. Summary
II. Commission's position
III. Council's position
IV. Parliament's position
E. Perception
Article 1 Subject matter and scope
A. Function
B. Explanation
I. Subject-matter
II. Excluding the field of taxation
III. Incorporation into the EEA Agreement
IV. Applicability to non-European scenarios
Article 2 Definitions
A. Function
B. Explanation
I. Subscriber
1. Meaning
2. Relevance
3. History
II. Consumer
1. Meaning
2. Relevance
3. History
III. Member State of residence
1. Meaning
2. Relevance
3. History
IV. Temporarily present
1. Meaning
2. Relevance
3. History
V. Online content service
1. Meaning
2. Relevance
3. History
VI. Portable
1. Meaning
2. Relevance
3. History
Article 3 Obligation to enable cross-border portability of online content services
A. Function
I. Goal
II. Structure
1. Addressee
2. Right, obligation or exception
3. Structure
B. Context
I. Relation to other provisions
II. Relation to other laws
III. History
C. Explanation
I. Obligation to provide portability
1. Online content service providers
2. Providing services against payment of money
3. Subscriber
4. Temporarily present
5. Member State of residence
6. Enabling access and use of the online service
7. Same manner as in the Member State of residence
II. No imposition of additional charges
III. Quality requirements applicable to the delivery
1. Quality requirements applicable to the delivery
2. No affirmative actions to reduce the quality
IV. Information obligation
C. Enforcement
Article 4 Localisation of the provision of, access to and use of online content services
A. Function
I. Goal
II. Structure
B. Context
I. Relation to other provisions
II. Relation to other laws
III. History
C. Explanation
I. Provision of an online content service to a subscriber
II. Access to an online content service by the subscriber
III. Use of an online content service by the subscriber
IV. Legal fiction
Article 5 Verification of the Member State of residence
A. Function
I. Goal
II. Structure
B. Context
I. Relation to other provisions
II. Relation to other laws
III. History
C. Explanation
I. Verification means
1. Conclusion and renewal of subscription
2. Provision against payment of money
3. Means of verification
II. Repetition of the verification
1. Reasonable doubts about the Member State of residence
2. In the course of the duration of the contract
3. Repetition of the verification
4. Sole means: IP address check
5. Collection in binary form only
III. Unusual verification
1. Entitlement
2. Failure of verification
IV. Authorisation without verification
1. Rightholder's discretion
2. Authorisation
3. Content of contract
4. Withdrawal of authorisation
5. Reasonable notice
V. No contractual restrictions
D. Enforcement
Article 6 Cross-border portability of online content services provided without payment of money
A. Function
I. Goal
II. Structure
B. Context
I. Relation to other provisions
II. Relation to other laws
III. History
C. Explanation
I. The option for services provided without the payment of money
1. Free-of-charge services
2. Option
3. Verification obligation
II. Information obligation
1. Inform subscribers and rightholders about the decision to enable portability
2. Timing
3. Adequate and proportional means
III. Applicability of the entire Regulation
Article 7 Contractual provisions
A. Function
I. Goal
II. Structure
B. Context
I. Relation to other provisions
II. Relation to other laws
III. History
C. Explanation
I. Contrary contractual provisions
1. Any contractual provision
2. Contrary to the Regulation
3. Unenforceable
II. Irrespective of the law applicable
Article 8 Protection of personal data
A. Function
I. Goal
II. Structure
B. Context
I. Relation to other provisions
II. Relation to other laws
III. History
C. Explanation
I. Compliance with data protection laws
II. Use of collected data and third parties
III. Art. 8(3): Destruction of data
Article 9 Application to existing contracts and rights acquired
A. Function
I. Goal
II. Structure
B. Context
I. Relation to other provisions
II. Relation to other laws
III. History
C. Explanation
I. Existing contracts and rights acquired
II. Online content storage services against payment of money
III. Online content storage services without payment of money
Article 10 Review
Article 11 Final provisions

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