Aerodynamics of Road Vehicles

Name: Aerodynamics of Road Vehicles
Brand: SAE International
Price: 614.99 EUR
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Thomas Christian Schuetz(Autor*in)

SAE International (Verlag)

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 30. Dezember 2015

1312 Seiten

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978-0-7680-8253-1 (ISBN)

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Inhalt

Cover
Title Page
Copyright ©
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Introduction to Automobile Aerodynamics
1.1 Scope
1.1.1 The Role of Aerodynamics in Vehicle Design
1.1.2 The Character of Vehicle Aerodynamics
1.1.3 Related Fields
1.2 Historical Development of Vehicle Aerodynamics
1.2.1 Literature
1.2.2 Ahead of Its Time
1.2.3 Dominant Reference Number
1.2.4 Creating Shapes for Cars
1.2.5 "Borrowed" Shapes
1.2.6 The "Streamline" Era
1.2.7 Early Investigations with Parameters
1.3 From Horseless Carriage to Automobile
1.3.1 Stamping
1.3.2 "Bathtub" Body
1.3.3 One-Volume Bodies
1.4 Rear-End Shapes
1.4.1 Kamm-Back
1.4.2 Fastback
1.4.3 Notchback
1.4.4 Hatchback
1.5 Directional Stability
1.6 Commercial Vehicles
1.7 Motorcycles and Helmets
1.8 Internal Flows
1.8.1 Engine Compartment
1.8.2 Passenger Compartment
1.9 Development Strategies
1.9.1 Detail Optimization
1.9.2 Shape Optimization
1.9.3 Limit Strategy
1.10 Design and Aerodynamics
1.11 Development Tools
1.11.1 Wind Tunnels
1.11.2 Rating
1.11.3 Classical Approach
1.11.4 CFD-Integrated Methods
Chapter 2 The Physical Principles of Aerodynamics
2.1 Basic Equations in Fluid Dynamics
2.1.1 Conservation Laws
2.1.2 Kinematics and Dynamics of Flow Fields
2.1.3 The Continuity Equation
2.1.4 The Euler Equation
2.1.5 The Bernoulli Equation
2.1.6 Potential Theory
2.1.7 The Navier-Stokes Equation
2.1.8 Integral Forms of the Conservation Laws
2.2 Dynamics of Inviscid Flow
2.2.1 Interpreting Streamline Patterns
2.2.2 Planar Model Flows
2.2.3 Vortex Flows
2.3 The Dynamics of the Frictional Flow
2.3.1 The Reynolds Number
2.3.2 The Prandtl Boundary Layer Concept
2.3.3 Boundary Layer Separation
2.3.4 Boundary Layer Turbulence
2.3.5 Drag of Simple Bodies
2.3.6 Multi-Body Systems
2.3.7 Pipe Systems with Internal Flow
2.4 Appendix
2.4.1 Density and Viscosity of Air
2.4.2 Compressibility Effects
Chapter 3 Consumption and Performance
3.1 The Significance of Aerodynamic Drag
3.2 Theory of Driving Resistance
3.2.1 Rolling Resistance
3.2.2 Aerodynamic Drag
3.2.3 Grade Resistance
3.2.4 Acceleration
3.2.5 Overall Driving Resistance
3.2.6 Example
3.3 Performance
3.3.1 Acceleration and Elasticity
3.3.2 Ascending Ability
3.3.3 Top Speed
3.4 Consumption
3.4.1 Calculating Fuel Consumption
3.4.2 Consumption Measurement and CO2 and Energy Equivalents
3.5 Driving Cycles
3.5.1 History
3.5.2 New European Driving Cycle (NEDC)
3.5.3 NEDC Cycle for Hybrid Drives
3.5.4 United States Cycles
3.5.5 Asian Cycles
3.5.6 WLTP-Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure
3.5.7 Realistic Driving Cycles
3.6 Possibilities for Reducing Fuel Consumption
3.6.1 Energy Flow Diagram
3.6.2 Engine Efficiency and Engine Maps
3.6.3 Ancillary Components
3.6.4 Transmission
3.6.5 Vehicle Mass
3.6.6 Rolling Resistance
3.6.7 Aerodynamic Drag
3.7 Reducing Aerodynamic Drag
3.7.1 Possibilities for Reducing Resistance
3.7.2 Weight Equivalency
3.7.3 Amortization Analysis
3.8 CO2 Legislation and Labels
3.8.1 EU Legislation
3.8.2 CO2 Labels in the EU
3.8.3 Legislation in the United States
3.8.4 CO2 Labels in the United States
3.8.5 Legislation in Asia
Chapter 4 Aerodynamic Forces and Their Influence on Passenger Vehicles
4.1 Aerodynamic Forces and Force Coefficients
4.1.1 Buckingham
Theorem
4.2 Flow Field Around Cars
4.2.1 Dead Wake
4.2.2 Longitudinal Vortices
4.2.3 Internal Flow
4.2.4 Environmental Influences
4.2.5 Influence of the Reynolds Number
4.3 Analysis of Aerodynamic Drag Components
4.3.1 Pressure and Friction Drag
4.3.2 Microdrag
4.3.3 Analysis by Individual Components
4.4 Other Components of Aerodynamic Force and Aerodynamic Moment
4.4.1 Lift and Pitching Moment
4.4.2 Side Force and Yaw Moment
4.4.3 Roll Moment
4.5 Influence on Aerodynamic Forces
4.5.1 The Influence of Basic Shape
4.5.2 Cooling Air Effect
4.5.3 Add-On Parts
4.5.4 Interference
4.6 The Aerodynamic Development Process
4.6.1 Goal Definition
4.6.2 Project Milestones and Tools
4.6.3 Examples
4.7 Drag and Lift of Passenger Cars in Production
4.7.1 Overview of Competitors by Vehicle Class
4.7.2 Drag Surface Area
4.7.3 Intercomparison in Accordance with EADE
4.7.4 Influence of Vehicle Concepts
4.7.5 Influence of Equipment and Engine
4.7.6 Driving on the Ceiling?
4.8 Future Development
4.9 Reference Bodies
4.9.1 SAE Reference Body
4.9.2 Ahmed Body
4.9.3 DrivAer Body
Chapter 5 Aerodynamics and Driving Stability
5.1 Unsteady Aerodynamic Forces and Moments
5.1.1 Overtaking Maneuvers
5.1.2 Side Wind
5.2 Dynamic Driving Effects
5.2.1 Single-Track Model
5.2.2 Reaction to Lift Forces
5.2.3 Aerodynamic Axle Load Relief Settings
5.2.4 Reaction to Crosswinds
Chapter 6 Functionality, Safety, and Comfort
6.1 Component Loads
6.1.1 Component Loads and Pinpointing Them
6.1.2 Doors, Flaps, and Outside Mirrors
6.1.3 Windshield Wipers
6.2 Comfort When Driving with the Top Down
6.2.1 Objective
6.2.2 Airflow with Convertible Top Open
6.2.3 Wind Noise
6.2.4 Thermal Comfort
6.2.5 Design Solutions for Convertibles
6.2.6 Design Solutions for Sunroofs
6.3 Prevention of Vehicle Soiling
6.3.1 Basics of Vehicle Soiling
6.3.2 External Contamination
6.3.3 Vehicle-Induced Contamination
Chapter 7 Cooling and Internal Flow
7.1 Cooling Requirements
7.1.1 Representative Operating Conditions
7.1.2 Components and Systems
7.1.3 Other Requirements
7.2 Cooling System
7.2.1 Engine Cooling System Circuit
7.2.2 Fundamentals of Heat Transfer
7.2.3 Design of Heat Exchanger
7.2.4 Heat Exchangers in the Vehicle
7.3 Internal Flow
7.3.1 Operating Conditions
7.3.2 Cooling Module
7.3.3 Fan
7.4 Optimizing the Overall System
7.4.1 Calculation of the Cooling Air Mass Flow
7.4.2 Influence Parameters of the Internal Flow
7.4.3 Air Intakes and Cooling Air Ducts
7.4.4 Cooling Matrix
7.4.5 Fan
7.4.6 Engine Compartment
7.4.7 Cooling Air Outlets
7.5 Measurement Technology for Cooling Airflow
7.5.1 Vane Anemometers
7.5.2 Pressure Measurements
7.5.3 Optical Measuring Methods
7.5.4 Hot-Wire Anemometry
Chapter 8 Aeroacoustics
8.1 The Influence of Airflow on the Interior and Exterior Noise of Motor Vehicles
8.2 Aerodynamic Noise Generation
8.3 Aeroacoustic Measuring Systems
8.3.1 Aeroacoustic Wind Tunnels
8.3.2 Measuring Interior Noise
8.3.3 Measuring Exterior Noise
8.3.4 Measuring Structure-Borne Sound
8.3.5 Sound Source Location with Special Instruments
8.4 Main Noise Sources and Options for Their Reduction
8.4.1 Leaks
8.4.2 Rear View Mirrors
8.4.3 Windshield Wipers
8.4.4 Antennas
8.4.5 A-Pillar
8.4.6 Cavity Resonances
8.4.7 Sun Roof Opening Noise
8.4.8 Wheel Housings
8.4.9 Underbody
8.4.10 Reduction of Interior Noise by Using Special Acoustic Glass Windows
8.4.11 Convertibles
8.5 Psycho-Acoustic Aspects
8.5.1 Assessing Different Behavior Under Yaw Conditions
8.5.2 Simulation with Static Vortex Generators
8.5.3 Simulation with Dynamic Vortex Generators
8.5.4 Noise Synthesis
Chapter 9 High-Performance Vehicles
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Definition
9.1.2 Preview
9.2 Outline of the History
9.2.1 Racing Cars
9.2.2 Record-Breaking Vehicles
9.2.3 Sports Cars
9.3 Vehicle Classes
9.4 Race Tracks
9.5 Regulations
9.6 Aerodynamics, Performance, and Handling Characteristics
9.6.1 Drag
9.6.2 Downforce
9.6.3 Balance
9.6.4 Road Performance
9.6.5 Efficiency
9.6.6 Cooling and Ventilation
9.6.7 Oblique Incident Flow
9.6.8 Slipstream
9.7 Aerodynamics of Components
9.7.1 Basic Body
9.7.2 Wings
9.7.3 Spoiler and Gurneys
9.7.4 Ground Effect
9.7.5 Diffusers
9.7.6 Inlets and Outlets
9.7.7 Air Guiding Elements (Vanes)
9.7.8 Wheels
Chapter 10 Commercial Vehicles
10.1 Target Group
10.2 Driving Resistances and Fuel Consumption
10.3 History of Commercial Vehicle Aerodynamics
10.4 Principles of Commercial Vehicle Aerodynamics
10.4.1 Straight/Oblique Flow
10.4.2 Legislative Framework
10.5 Tools for Optimizing Commercial Vehicle Aerodynamics
10.5.1 Challenges Posed by Commercial Vehicles
10.5.2 Model-Scale Wind Tunnel
10.5.3 Full-Scale Wind Tunnel
10.5.4 CFD Simulation
10.5.5 Test Drives with Wheel Hub Measurement Device
10.6 Optimizing Aerodynamic Drag on Trucks
10.6.1 Characteristic Airflow and Pressure Conditions
10.6.2 Cab
10.6.3 Mirrors and Attachments on the Cab
10.6.4 Airflow Through the Engine Compartment
10.6.5 Chassis
10.6.6 Semitrailers and Bodies
10.6.7 Concept Vehicles
10.7 Optimizing Aerodynamic Drag on Buses and Coaches
10.7.1 Characteristic Airflow and Pressure Conditions
10.7.2 Front
10.7.3 Rear View Mirrors
10.7.4 Windscreen Wipers
10.7.5 Underbody
10.7.6 Wheels and Wheel Covers
10.7.7 Airflow Through the Engine Compartment
10.7.8 Rear
10.8 Aerodynamic Interaction
10.8.1 Nose-toTail Driving
10.8.2 Tipping and Susceptibility to Side Winds
10.8.3 Aerodynamic Loads on Components
10.8.4 Dust Turbulence
10.8.5 Intake of Warm Air
10.8.6 Management of Exhaust Gas
10.9 Vehicle Soiling
10.9.1 Task Description and Testing Methods
10.9.2 Foreign Soiling
10.9.3 Self-Soiling
Chapter 11 Motorcycle Aerodynamics
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Historical Review and Current Types
11.2.1 History of Motorcycle Aerodynamics
11.2.2 Current Motorcycle Categories
11.2.3 Special Bikes
11.3 Aerodynamic Tasks
11.3.1 Aerodynamic Forces and Moments
11.3.2 Aerodynamics and Longitudinal Dynamics
11.3.3 Aerodynamics and Lateral Dynamics
11.3.4 Cooling and Internal Flow
11.3.5 Wind and Weather Protection
11.3.6 Aeroacoustics
11.4 Development Methods
11.4.1 Development Process
11.4.2 Simulation (CFD)
11.4.3 Wind Tunnel
11.4.4 Road Test
11.4.5 Outlook-The Future of Development Methods
11.5 Aerodynamic Design-Practical Examples
11.5.1 Measures to Optimize Drag and Lift
11.5.2 Design of Internal Flows, Cooling, and Heat Protection
11.5.3 Measures for Wind and Weather Protection
11.6 Outlook
Chapter 12 Helmets
12.1 Head Protection Technology
12.2 Motorcycle Helmets
12.2.1 Aerodynamics
12.2.2 Aeroacoustics
12.2.3 Ventilation and Rain Tests
12.3 Helmets for Open Race Cars
12.3.1 History
12.3.2 Aerodynamics and Ventilation
12.3.3 Acoustics
12.4 Measurement and Simulation Technology
12.4.1 Introduction
12.4.2 Wind Tunnel
12.4.3 Aerodynamic Forces
12.4.4 Aeroacoustic and Artificial-HeadMeasurement Technology
12.4.5 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
Chapter 13 Wind Tunnels and Measurement Technique
13.1 Scope of Wind Tunnels
13.2 Wind Tunnel Physics
13.2.1 Design and Function of Wind Tunnels
13.2.2 Wind Tunnel Nozzle
13.2.3 The Test Section
13.2.4 The Collector
13.2.5 Plenum
13.2.6 Diffusers
13.2.7 Turning Vanes
13.2.8 Flow Conditioning Screens
13.2.9 Honeycombs
13.2.10 Acoustic and Anti-Bueting Measures
13.2.11 Ground Simulation
13.2.12 Unsteady Flow and Gust Simulation
13.2.13 Wind Tunnel Correction Methods
13.3 Wind Tunnel Measurements
13.3.1 Test Sequence
13.3.2 Measurement of Flow Velocity
13.3.3 Pressure Measurements
13.3.4 Measurements of Aerodynamic Loads
13.3.5 Flow Visualization
13.3.6 Investigation of Vehicle Soiling
13.3.7 Engine Cooling Tests
13.3.8 Heating and Climatization Tests
13.3.9 On-Road Measurements
13.3.10 Additional Equipment in Climatic and Thermal Wind Tunnels
13.4 Model Testing-Dimensionless Numbers
13.5 Existing Wind Tunnels for Motor Vehicles
13.5.1 Full-Scale Wind Tunnels
13.5.2 Model-Scale Wind Tunnels
13.5.3 Climatic and Thermal Wind Tunnels
13.5.4 Overview and Correlation Measurements
13.6 Outlook
Chapter 14 Numerical Methods
14.1 Simulation of Three-Dimensional Viscous Flows
14.1.1 Requirements and Properties of CFD-Methods
14.1.2 Basics of Kinetic Theory
14.1.3 Lattice Methods
14.1.4 Navier-Stokes Methods
14.1.5 Potential Flow Methods (BEM)
14.1.6 One-Dimensional Methods for Cooling Module Design
14.1.7 Rotating Geometries (Wheels, Fans)
14.1.8 Porous Media (Heat Exchanger)
14.1.9 The Solution Process
14.1.10 Hardware and Benchmarking
14.1.11 Integration of CFD in the Development Process
14.1.12 Outlook
14.2 Computational Aeroacoustics for Motor Vehicles
14.2.1 Introduction
14.2.2 Calculation of Aerodynamic and Aeroacoustic Sources
14.2.3 Sources and Exterior Sound Field
14.2.4 Transfer into the Vehicle Cabin
14.2.5 Examples of Applications
14.2.6 Conclusion and Outlook
Abbreviations
Symbols
Literature
The Authors
Index

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