This textbook is an outgrowth of the author's experience in teaching a course, primarily to graduate students in chemistry, that included the subject matter presented in this book. The increasing use and importance of atomic spectroscopy as an analytical tool are quite evident to anyone involved in elemental analysis. A number of books are available that may be considered treatises in the various fields that use atomic spectra for analytical purposes. These include areas such as arc-spark emission spectroscopy, flame emission spectroscopy, and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Other books are available that can be catalogued as "methods" books. Most of these books serve well the purpose for which they were written but are not well adapted to serve as basic textbooks in their fields. This book is intended to fill the aforementioned gap and to present the basic principles and instrumentation involved in analytical atomic spectro scopy. To meet this objective, the book includes an elementary treatment of the origin of atomic spectra, the instrumentation and accessory equipment used in atomic spectroscopy, and the principles involved in arc-spark emission, flame emission, atomic absorption, and atomic fluorescence. The chapters in the book that deal with the methods of atomic spectro scopy discuss such things as the basic principles involved in the method, the instrumentation requirements, variations of instrumentation, advantages and disadvantages of the method, problems of interferences, detection limits, the collection and processing of the data, and possible applications.
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ISBN-13
978-1-4684-0811-9 (9781468408119)
DOI
10.1007/978-1-4684-0811-9
Schweitzer Klassifikation
1 Historical Introduction.- 1. Early Developments.- 2. The Newtonian Era.- 3. The Early 1800's (to Kirchhoff and Bunsen).- 4. The Later 1800's.- 5. Arc and Spark Excitation.- 6. Flame Emission Spectroscopy.- 7. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy.- 8. Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy.- Selected Reading.- 2 The Origin of Atomic Spectra.- 1. The Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation.- 2. Early Concepts.- 3. The Balmer Equation.- 4. From Balmer to Bohr.- 5. Modifications of the Bohr Theory.- 6. Alkali Metal Atom Spectra.- 7. Alkaline Earth Atomic Spectra.- 8. Spectral Series and Spectroscopic Term Symbols.- 9. Zeeman and Stark Effects.- 10. Spectral Line Intensities.- 11. Transition Probabilities-Oscillator Strengths.- 12. Spectral Linewidths.- 13. Atomic Fluorescence.- 14. Metastable States-Laser Action.- 15. Molecular Spectra (Band Spectra).- Selected Reading.- 3 Filters, Prisms, Gratings, and Lenses.- 1. Filters.- 2. Prisms.- 3. Interferometers.- 4. Diffraction Gratings.- 5. Lenses.- Selected Reading.- 4 Spectrometers.- 1. prism Spectrometers.- 2. Plane Grating Spectrometers.- 3. Concave Grating Spectrometers.- 4. Direct Reading Spectrometers.- 5. Selection of a Spectrometer.- 6. Adjustment and Care of Spectrometers.- Selected Reading.- 5 Accessory Equipment for Arc and Spark Spectrochemical Analysis.- 1. The Spectrometer Slit.- 2. The Hartmann Diaphragm.- 3. The Step Filter.- 4. Rotating Sectors.- 5. Excitation Sources.- 6. Arc and Spark Stands.- 7. Order Sorters.- 8. Densitometers and Comparators.- 9. Miscellaneous Accessory Equipment.- Selected Reading.- 6 Recording and Reading Spectra.- 1. The Photographic Process.- 2. Processing of Spectroscopic Films and Plates.- 3. Hadamard Transform and Fourier Transform Spectroscopy.- 4. Light-Sensitive Phototubes.- 5.Resonance Detectors.- 6. Vidicon Detectors.- Selected Reading.- 7 Qualitative and Semiquantitative Arc-Spark Emission Spectrochemical Analysis.- 1. Sample Excitation.- 2. Wavelength Measurements.- 3. Comparison Spectra.- 4. Spectral Charts.- 5. Wavelength Tables.- 6. Some Special Problems and Techniques of Spectrochemical Qualitative Analysis.- 7. Increasing Spectral Line Intensities.- 8. Semiquantitative Spectrochemical Analysis.- 9. Some Special Spectrochemical Problems.- Selected Reading.- 8 Quantitative Spectrochemical Analysis.- 1. Some General Considerations.- 2. The Internal Standard.- 3. Spectroscopic Buffers.- 4. Excitation of the Sample.- 5. Selection of Spectral Lines.- 6. Comparison Standards.- 7. Sample Preparation.- 8. Emulsion Calibration and Analytical Working Curves.- 9. The Working Curve.- 10. The Calculating Board.- 11. Background Correction.- 12. Multielement Analysis with Direct Read-Out.- 13. Types of Samples.- 14. Some Special Techniques.- 15. Time-Resolved Spectroscopy.- 16. Chemical Preparation of Samples.- 17. Applications of Spectrochemical Analysis.- Selected Reading.- 9 Flame Emission Spectroscopy.- 1. Flame Emission Instrumentation Requirements.- 2. The Analytical Flame.- 3. The Excitation Process in the Flame.- 4. Flame Emission Interferences.- 5. Control of Interferences.- 6. Simultaneous Multielement Analysis.- 7. Analytical Treatment of Data.- Selected Reading.- 10 Analytical Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy.- 1. The Atomic Absorption Process.- 2. Instrumentation Requirements.- 3. Radiation Sources.- 4. Production of the Atomic Vapor.- 5. Fuels and Oxidants.- 6. Non-Flame Absorption Cells.- 7. Monochromators.- 8. Detectors.- 9. Amplifiers.- 10. Read-Out Devices.- 11. Interferences in Atomic Absorption.- 12. Control of Interferences.- 13.Analytical Treatment of Data.- 14. Simultaneous Multielement Analysis.- Selected Reading.- 11 Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy.- 1. Theoretical Basis of Analytical Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy.- 2. Advantages and Limitations of Atomic Fluorescence.- 3. Instrumentation.- 4. The Sample Cell.- 5. Monochromators.- 6. Interferences in Atomic Fluorescence.- 7. Analytical Procedures.- 8. Applications and Future Developments.- Selected Reading.- Appendix I. Some Basic Definitions, Physical Constants, Units, and Conversion Factors.- Appendix IV. Spectral Charts.- Appendix V. Absorbance Values Calculated from Percentage Transmittances.- Appendix VI. Numerical Values of the Seidel Function.- Appendix VII. Four-Place Logarithm Table.- Appendix VIII. Detection Limits by Flame Emission and Atomic Absorption.- Appendix IX. Periodic Table of the Elements.- Appendix X. Relative Atomic Weights.- Author Index.
