Foreword to the Second Edition

The commentary by Luise Schottroff to The First Letter to the Congregation in Corinth appeared in 2013. Therein she offered an easily understandable, true-to-life interpretation of this letter, which directs attention to the living conditions of the Corinthian congregation, offers a political analysis of the power structures underlying the Roman Empire and reveals the daily struggle for dignity of the people in the messianic communities. This second edition offers in extensive sections the unaltered text of the first. The bibliography was enlarged with current publications-in keeping with the wishes of Luise Schottroff, whose concern was never completeness but relevance for a socio-historical, imperium-critical and gender-conscious rereading of Paul's writings in the context of ancient Judaism. Minor mistakes in the manuscript were corrected and a few additions were made. Her interpretation continues to be up-to-date and represents the present state of international Pauline research. Even after her death, Luise Schottroff is an important teacher for those who are seeking their own critical and life-serving access to theology and exegesis.

In 2013, on the occasion of the publication of the commentary, Luise Schottroff received the Leonore Siegele-Wenschkewitz-Prize of the Protestant Church in Hessen and Nassau (EKHN) for her lifework. For this becomes clear: She puts to work in her interpretation of The First Letter to the Congregation in Corinth the yield of her more than forty-year research on Paul. The guidelines of the Theologischer Kommentar zum Neuen Testament [ThKNT] series, of which she is coeditor, are also the central themes of her own exegetical work since the late 1970s: social history, Christian-Jewish dialogue and feminist theology. Her works were and still are trailblazing for a comprehensive rereading of Paul's letters in the German speaking realm and also internationally. The appearance of the second edition of her commentary should, therefore, be taken as the occasion for a comprehensive honoring of her exegetical work in this field of research.

1.  Social History

In the introduction, Luise Schottroff writes in 2013 that she will portray Paul's first letter to the congregation in Corinth from a socio-historical theological perspective. She assumes that the letter is addressed to specific people that Paul describes in this way: »not many wise, powerful or priviledged by birth,« rather »uneducated . weak, disadvantaged by birth, despised, things reduced to nothing« (cf. for on 1 Cor 1:26-28). This perspective determines how things will proceed: She thus bases her interpretation on a detailed investigation of the life-situation of the Corinthian congregation in the context of Roman-Hellenistic society in the first century, which was made up of people of diverse nations and languages, of enslaved and free, women and men. Based on her analysis, these people belonged principally to the lower classes. She does not understand the problems that are addressed in the letter as conflicts with »opponents,« but as discussions about how one lives, the backgrounds of which she develops in Basic Information Sections on themes like slavery, divorce, sacrificial meat-meat consumption, the theology of the body, eschatology. Thereby she comprehensively includes in her interpretation the open and subtle aspects of violence in the Roman Empire: crucifixions as a means of political deterrence, »games« as events for the masses in which people were tortured and executed, slavery as a structure that seizes power over people and their bodies. Paul sets in contrast to this the image of the congregation as the »body of the Messiah,« the concept of a collective body, with which God acts to effect liberation in the world (1 Cor 12:12-27) and which is not to be thought of in purely metaphorical terms. The congregation embodies the Risen One. The commentary's manifold socio-historical data, which are based on history of religions and archeological investigations, serve to direct the gaze on the difficult life-situations of a congregation within the structures of the Roman-Hellenistic world, on the oppressive situation of women, children, the poor and enslaved and, at the same time, to open an understanding of the attractiveness of the message of the gospel. The people experience themselves in their community as a messianic body, which promises them dignity as God's creatures and allows eschatological visions of God's just world to develop.

In a programmatic essay in 1979, Luise Schottroff has already set forth the theological foundations for this socio-historical work: »Sin's Reign of Terror and Liberation Through Christ According to Paul's Letter to Rome«.1 Therein she shows that Paul's statements on sin, on the meaning of the Torah and on Christ's liberating activity are based on an analysis of the Roman Empire. The power of the texts then unfolds in a special way, when they are read in this way and questioned about their significance for people's everyday life in the cities of the empire. Her analysis shows that Paul's leading idea is that sin rules over all people as over slaves and Christ brings liberation from this dominion. The sphere of power of hamartia is the kosmos; it's instrument of power is death. For the execution of its power, it employs the nomos. This word, according to Schottroff, does not mean the Torah but the compulsion that makes it impossible to do the will of God. Paul thinks about sin's rule over the world within the dimensions of the Roman Empire, which are first viewed by the believers. They recognize that the ruler of the world makes use of the Torah. Luise Schottroff further asks what liberation from the power of sin means in concrete terms for people. Paul's principal concern is not an improvement in general living conditions; he is thinking apocalyptically: His hope is directed to God's final intervention, which has already begun with the resurrection of Christ. This hope in a final change of rule has had far-reaching political consequences. The people do not feel themselves loyal, in the first place, to the Roman Emperor as the Lord and his institutions, but to the God of Israel and to the Messiah God has sent.

With this interpretive framework, within which she also reads Paul's other letters, Luise Schottroff prepared the way for further studies of socio-historical exegesis in the German context and internationally in the context of studies of empire-critical Pauline research, which is now being carried on under the watchword »Paul and Empire.« There are available a multitude of publications by her in the area of social-historical biblical interpretation.2 In 2009, together with Old and New Testament colleagues, she published the Sozialgeschichtliches Wörterbuch zur Bibel.

2.  Christian-Jewish Dialogue

To the fundamental question that Luise Schottroff posed in 2013 in the Introduction, »Who was Paul?« there first followed the heading: »Paul the Jew.« In her publications it becomes clear that Jewish-Christian dialogue decisively determines her thinking. In the commentary on the letter to the Corinthian congregation she consistently reads Paul as a Jewish author who has remained true to his theological traditions as he came to faith in Jesus as the Messiah of Israel. Thereby she positions herself within an international debate that, under the watchword »Paul within Judaism,« bundles Jewish and Christian investigations on Paul.3 A central concern of her entire exegetical work is the overcoming of Christian anti-Judaism. Within the framework of a theology after Auschwitz, she sees it as an important task to recognize anti-Jewish stereotypes and ways of thinking and to develop alternatives-in recognition that in the German context there has not been until now a completely non anti-Jewish Christian theology.

Since the middle of the 1960s, there arose in New Testament scholarship the beginnings of an interpretation of Paul's writings in the context of ancient Judaism, which is now discussed under the title »New Perspective on Paul,« or »Post New Perspective on Paul,« or »Paul Within Judaism.« For the debate in the German-speaking realm, the book by Krister Stendahl, Paul Among Jews and Gentiles (1976), was fundamental; it appeared in translation in 1978 under the title Der Jude Paulus und wir Heiden. This understanding of the Jewish Paul was taken up by Luise Schottroff very early, and she consistently developed it further in her own work.

At the end of the 1980's, in the context of German-speaking feminist theology, the question of anti-Judaism in Christian theology was carried on publicly in a broad sphere, challenged, above all, by Jewish women theologians. They criticized the fact that even feminist theologians unreflectively perpetuate anti-Jewish stereotypes of Christian theologies, as, for example, the depiction of Jesus as the »new man,« who freed women from a patriarchal, women-oppressing Judaism. The volume, Von der Wurzel getragen. Christlich-feministische Exegese in Auseinandersetzung mit Antijudaismus, which was published in 1996 by Luise Schottroff and Marie-Theres Wacker, fashioned the subsequent exegetical discussions and their results. The essay published by Schottroff in this volume presented alternatives to the (often anti-Judaisticly connoted) construct »law-free Gentile Christianity.«4 She programmatically summarized this in 2013 in the introduction to The First Letter to the Congregation in Corinth:

Paul did not through his call become a Christian but a divine messenger, who spreads the liberating message of Jesus' resurrection. Paul...