Multimedia Cloud Computing Systems

1 Introduction.- 1.1 Overview.- 1.2 Multimedia Streaming and Cloud Computing.- 1.3 The Essence of this Book.- 1.4 Characteristics of the Multimedia Streaming Cloud (MSC).- 1.4.1 Quality of Experience (QoE) in the MSC Platform.- 1.4.2 Robustness of the MSC Platform.- 1.4.3 Function-as-a-Service and Serverless Computing in the MSC Platform.- 1.5 A Bird-Eye View of the Multimedia Streaming Cloud (MSC).- Platform.- References.- 2 Demystifying Multimedia StreamingWorkflow.- 2.1 Overview. -2.2 Video Streaming Types.- 2.3 Video Transcoding.- 2.3.1 Bit Rate.- 2.3.2 Resolution.- 2.3.3 Frame Rate.- 2.3.4 Codec.- 2.4 Video Delivery.- 2.4.1 Packaging.- 2.4.2 Encryption. -2.4.3 Streaming Protocols.- 2.5 Content Delivery Network (CDN).- 2.6 Video Playback.-2.7 Summary.- References.- xi.- xii Contents.- 3 Multimedia Cloud: Designing a Special-Purpose Cloud platform for Interactive Multimedia Streaming.- 3.1 Overview. -3.2 Characterizing the Multimedia Streaming Cloud (MSC) Environment.- 3.2.1 Stakeholders of MSC.- 3.2.2 Characteristics of Multimedia Streaming Tasks.- 3.2.3 Uncertainty.- 3.3 Architecture of the Multimedia Streaming Cloud (MSC) Platform.- 3.3.1 Object-as-a-Service (OaaS) Abstraction in the MSC Platform.- 3.3.2 Enabling Object-as-a-Service (OaaS) Abstraction in the MSC Platform.- 3.3.3 Enabling Live Object Migration.- 3.3.4 Single Pane of Glass to Objects in MSC.- 3.4 Summary.- References.- 4 Applications of Multimedia Clouds.- 4.1 Overview.- 4.2 Multimedia Streaming Types.- 4.2.1 On-Demand Multimedia Streaming.- 4.2.2 Live Multimedia Streaming.- 4.2.3 Live-to-VOD Streaming.- 4.2.4 Differences in Processing Live and VOD Streaming.- 4.3 Basic Services Offered by MSC.- 4.3.1 Multimedia Content Transcoding. -4.3.2 Video Packaging.- 4.3.3 Analytical Services of Multimedia Streaming.- 4.4 Advanced Services Offered by MSC.- 4.4.1 Smart (AI-based) Multimedia Streaming Services.- 4.4.2 Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR)Streaming.- 4.4.3 Holographic Multimedia Streaming.- 4.4.4 360_ Multimedia Streaming.- 4.5 Summary.- References. - 5 Computing Infrastructure for Multimedia Streaming Clouds (MSC).- 5.1 Overview.- 5.2 Virtualization Platforms for MSC.- 5.2.1 Case-Study: Appropriate Virtualization Platform for Multimedia Processing Using FFmpeg,- 5.3 Heterogeneous Computing for Multimedia Streaming Clouds (MSC).- 5.3.1 Heterogeneous Resource Provisioning in MSC.- 5.3.2 Case-Study: Performance Analysis of Video Transcoding Operations on Heterogeneous Cloud VMs.- Contents xiii.- 5.4 Performance-Cost Trade-Off of Multimedia Processing on Heterogeneous Cloud VMs.- 5.4.1 Modeling Performance versus Cost Trade-Off of Transcoding Tasks on Heterogeneous VMs.- 5.4.2 Case Study of the Cost Performance Trade-Off Model.- 5.5 Scheduling of Multimedia Segments on Heterogeneous Machines.- in MSC 81 5.5.1 QoS-Aware Multimedia Task Scheduler.- 5.5.2 Self-Configurable Heterogeneous VM Provisioner.- 5.6 Case-Study: Making use of Heterogeneous Computing in Live-Streaming Industry.- 5.7 Summary.- References.- 6 Service Reuse in Multimedia Clouds.- 6.1 Overview.- 6.2 Is Function Aggregation (Merging) Beneficial? A Case-Study on Video Transcoding.- 6.2.1 Introducing Video Benchmark Dataset.- 6.2.2 Case-Study: Benchmarking Execution-Time of Video Transcoding Tasks.- 6.2.3 Analyzing the Impact of Merging Video Tasks.- 6.3 Predicting the Execution-Time Saving of Aggregating Functions.- 6.3.1 A Model to Predict Execution-Time Saving.- 6.3.2 Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT) to Predict the Execution-Time Saving.- 6.3.3 Performance Evaluation of the Execution-Time Saving Predictor.- 6.4 Function Aggregation in the Admission Control Unit of MSC.- 6.5 Task Similarity Detection.- 6.5.1 Categories of Mergeable Tasks.- 6.5.2 Detecting Tasks of Similar Functions.- 6.6 Identifying Merging Appropriateness.- 6.6.1 Overview.- 6.6.2 Evaluating the Impact of Merging.- 6.6.3 Positioning Aggregated Tasks in the Scheduling Queue.- 6.7 Adapting Merging based on the Oversubscription Level.- 6.7.1 Overview.- 6.7.2 Quantifying Oversubscription in the MSC Platform.- 6.7.3 Adaptive Task Merging Aggressiveness.- 6.8 Summary and Discussion.- References.- xiv Contents.- 7 Low-Latency Delivery Networks for Multimedia Streaming.- 7.1 Overview.- 7.2 Content Delivery Networks (CDN).- 7.3 Peer to Peer (P2P) Networks.- 7.4 Fog Delivery Networks (FDN) versus Content Delivery Networks (CDN.- 7.4.1 Federated Fog Delivery Networks (F-FDN).- 7.4.2 Efficient Operation of F-FDN.- 7.4.3 Introducing Different Streaming Delivery Methods for Evaluation.- 7.4.4 Evaluation of Stream Delivery Methods.- 7.5 Streaming Protocols.- 7.6 Case-Study: Low-Latency Streaming in Practice.- 7.7 Summary.- References.- 8 Other Aspects of Multimedia Clouds.- 8.1 Domain-Specific Billing.- 8.2 Networking of the Multimedia Streaming Clouds.-- 8.3 Security of Multimedia Streaming.- 8.3.1 Privacy.- 8.3.2 DigitalRights Management.- 8.4 Storage Service for Multimedia Contents.- 8.4.1 Cloud Storage for Multimedia Streaming.- 8.5 Summary.- References.- 9 Prototype Implementation of the MSC Platform.- 9.1 Overview.- 9.2 Serverless Computing Paradigm in Practice.- 9.3 A Use Case for the MSC Platform.- 9.4 Characteristics of Multimedia Stream Processing.- 9.5 Architecture of the MSC Prototype Implementation.- 9.5.1 Media Repository.- 9.5.2 Service Repository.- 9.5.3 Request Ingestion.- 9.5.4 Task Admission Control.- 9.5.5 Task Queue.- 9.5.6 Task Scheduler.- 9.5.7 Task Execution Time Estimator.- 9.5.8 Execution Engine.- 9.5.9 Provisioning Manager and Elasticity Manager.- 9.5.10 Stream Manager.- 9.5.11 Media Caching.- 9.6 Performance Evaluation.- Contents xv.- 9.6.1 Experimental setup.- 9.6.2 Evaluating Task Execution Unit Configurations.- 9.6.3 Evaluating Scheduling Policy.- 9.7 Summary.- References.- 10 Future of Multimedia Streaming and Cloud Technology.- 10.1 Overview.- 10.2 Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) in Domain-Specific Clouds.- 10.3 Efficient Scheduling of Functions on Heterogeneous Machines.- 10.4 Supporting both Live and On-Demand Multimedia Streaming on the same Underlying Resources.- 10.5 Blockchain Technology for Multimedia Streaming.- 10.6 Reuse and Approximate Computing of Functions in Multimedia Clouds and other Domain-Specific Clouds.- 10.7 Machine Learning for Multimedia Processing.- 10.8 Avoiding Bias in MSC and Other Domain-Specific Clouds.- 10.9 Dependability of Cloud-based Multimedia Streaming.- References