Routledge Handbook of Illiberalism

Part 1: Theoretical perspectives 1. The antiliberal idea 2. The history of illiberalism 3. Illiberalism and opposition to the Enlightenment 4. Contemporary Christian criticism of liberalism 5. Left and New Left critiques of liberalism 6. Conservativism as illiberalism 7. Asian values, Confucianism, and illiberal constitutions 8. A theory of illiberal democracy Part 2: Forms of illiberal government 9. Illiberal regime types 10. Hybrid regimes 11. Theocracy 12. Authoritarian structures and trends in consolidated democracies Part 3: Ideas and Forces Fuelling Illiberalism 13. The ideational core of democratic illiberalism 14. The people in ancient times and the rise of 'popularism' 15. The illiberal potential of the people 16. Identity, narratives and nationalism 17. Illiberalism and national sovereignty 18. Populism and illiberalism 19. Illiberalism and the multicultural backlash 20. Illiberal democracy and the politicization of immigration 21. Gender and illiberalism 22. Illiberalism and Islam Part 4: Illiberal practices 23. Illiberal practices 24. Surveillance in the illiberal state 25. Media control and post-truth communication 26. Illiberal practices and the management of protest and dissent 27. The body of the nation: Illiberalism and gender Part 5: Government and governance 28. The myth of the illiberal democratic constitution 29. Constitutional practices in times 'after liberty' 30. Parliaments in an Era of Illiberal Executives 31. Political parties, elections, and pernicious polarization in the rise of illiberalism 32. The plebiscite in modern democracy 33. Illiberal constitutionalism and the judiciary 34. Illiberalism and the rule of law 35. Emergencies and illiberalism 36. Illiberalism of military regimes 37. Towards a post-liberal approach to political ordering Part 6: Economy, society and psychology 38. The social requisites of illiberalism 39. The psychological construction of the illiberal subject 40. The psychology of authoritarianism and support for illiberal policies and parties 41. Illiberal politics and group-based needs for recognition and dominance 42. Illiberal economic policies 43. Economic Consequences of Illiberalism in Eastern Europe Part 7: Regional and national variations 44. Asia's illiberal governments 45. Cultural sources and institutional practice of authoritarianism in China 46. The intertwining of liberalism and illiberalism in India 47. Indonesia's 'third-wave' democratic model? 48. Latin America breathing: Liberalism and illiberalism, once and again 49. From antiestablishmentarianism to Bolsonarism in Brazil 50. The Balkans 51. Illiberalism in East Central Europe 52. The illiberal challenge in the European Union 53. Turkey as a model of Muslim authoritarianism? Part 8: Global perspectives 54. Illiberalism and human rights 55. Free trade in peril 56. International sources of democratic backsliding 57. The crisis of liberal world order Part 9: Sources of resistance 58. The weaknesses of illiberal regimes 59. Civil society, crisis exposure and resistance strategies 60. Politics after the normalization of shamelessness Part 10: Themes for future research 61. A compass for future research