Chapter 2: Advanced driver-assistance system

The acronym "advanced driver-assistance system" (ADAS) refers to any of a number of different categories of electronic technologies that provide support to drivers in the processes of driving and parking. ADAS improve the safety of cars and roads by providing a secure interaction between humans and machines. ADAS make use of automated technologies, such as sensors and cameras, to monitor the surrounding area for potential hazards and correct the driver's actions appropriately. ADAS may result in varying degrees of autonomous driving, depending on the capabilities of the specific features that are placed in the vehicle.

As the majority of traffic accidents are caused by human error, The anti-lock braking system was the precursor of the advanced driver assistance system (ADAS), which was first put into service in the 1950s. Electronic stability control, anti-lock brakes, blind spot information systems, lane departure warning, adaptive cruise control, and traction control are some early examples of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). Adjustments to the mechanical alignment or damage from a collision are also potential sources of disruption for these systems. As a result of this, many manufacturers now demand that these systems include automatic resets when a mechanical alignment has been carried out.

The dependence of ADAS on data that defines the external world of the vehicle, as opposed to the vehicle's own data, is what distinguishes it from driver assistance systems (DAS). Automobile makers are able to incorporate these additional features since modern vehicles already have ADAS built into their electronics.

ADAS are termed real-time systems because of the speed with which they respond to various inputs and the order in which they prioritize the information that is received to avoid collisions.

The Society of Automotive Engineers has developed a scale that is used to divide ADAS into a number of distinct levels, each of which corresponds to an increasing degree of automation (SAE). The levels may be loosely interpreted as follows: Level 0 denotes no automation; Level 1 denotes hands-on control that is shared; Level 2 denotes hands-off control; Level 3 denotes eyes-off control; Level 4 denotes mind-off control; and Level 5 denotes an optional steering wheel.

Due to the gradually rising adoption of industry-wide quality and safety requirements, ADAS are among the categories in the automotive electronics industry that are developing at the quickest rate.

This list is not intended to be an exhaustive compilation of all ADA standards. Instead, it gives information on key instances of ADAS that have advanced and been more widely accessible since 2015. These examples date back to 2015.

The Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) system in a car is able to keep the vehicle at a constant speed and distance from the vehicle in front of it. The ACC system is able to automatically apply the brakes or accelerate, depending on the distance between the car and the vehicle in front of it.

When installed in a vehicle, alcohol ignition interlock devices ensure that the vehicle cannot be started if the driver's breath alcohol level is above a certain threshold. The Automotive Coalition for Traffic Safety and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration have both urged for the implementation of a Driver Alcohol Detecting System for Safety (DADSS) program, which would require all vehicles to be equipped with alcohol detection equipment.

Anti-lock braking system (ABS) restore traction to a car's tires by regulating the brake pressure when the vehicle begins to skid.

The parking functions are completely taken over by the automatic parking system, including steering, braking, and acceleration, to aid drivers in the process of parking.

Currently, the driver must still be aware of the vehicle's surroundings and be willing to take control of it if necessary.

The automotive head-up display, or auto-HUD, presents critical driving information to the driver in a position that does not need the driver to look down or away from the road. This keeps the driver's eyes on the road at all times.

Digital mapping technologies like the global positioning system (GPS) and the traffic message channel (TMC) are used by automotive navigation systems in order to offer drivers with the most current traffic and navigation information possible.

Night vision systems in automobiles provide drivers the ability to notice potential hazards, such as pedestrians and other vehicles, even in conditions when visibility is limited, such as during the night or during inclement weather. Infrared sensors, GPS, Lidar, and Radar are just few of the technologies that may be used by these systems in order to identify pedestrians and other types of impediments.

The footage provided by your car's backup camera is in real time, and it shows the position of your vehicle as well as its surroundings.

The blind spot monitor consists of cameras that monitor the driver's blind spots and alert the driver if any impediments are approaching the vehicle from a close distance.

Small radar detectors are used in the collision avoidance system, often known as the pre-crash system, positioned often close to the front of the vehicle, to determine the car's vicinity to nearby obstacles and notify the driver of potential car crash situations.

Crosswind stabilization helps prevent a vehicle from overturning when strong winds hit its side by analyzing the vehicle's yaw rate, steering angle, lateral acceleration, as well as sensors of velocity.

The driver may program a set speed into the cruise control system, and it will keep the vehicle traveling at that pace.

The identification of sleepiness in drivers has the potential to reduce the number of accidents caused by drivers who are overworked.

The attentiveness of the driver is something that the driver monitoring system is intended to keep an eye on. If the car comes across anything that may be a barrier, it will alert the driver, and if the driver does nothing, the vehicle will respond to the obstacle on its own.

Warning noises for electric vehicles often alert adjacent pedestrians and cyclists that a hybrid or plug-in electric car is present. These warnings might be in the form of a beep, horn, or other audible signal.

The electronic stability control (ESC) system may slow the vehicle down and use the brakes individually to avoid understeer and oversteer from occurring.

If the driver stops paying attention to the road or does not take any driving actions after a certain amount of time, the emergency driver assistance will take over and enable emergency countermeasures.

The forward collision warning (FCW) system keeps an eye on both the speed of the vehicle being driven and the speed of the vehicle in front of it, as well as the distance that separates each of them.

At crossroads, highway exits, and parking lots, vehicles equipped with intersection assistance systems have two radar sensors installed in the front bumper and on both sides of the vehicle. These sensors look for approaching traffic.

Utilization of Glare-Free High Beams Light Emitting Diodes, or LEDs for short, are used to exclude two or more vehicles from the light distribution.

When driving down a hill or other drop, hill descent control assists drivers with maintaining a safe speed for the conditions.

When a vehicle is started from a stopped position at the top of a hill, having hill-start assist, which is also known as hill-start control or hill holder, may help prevent the car from rolling backward down the hill.

Drivers who are assisted with intelligent speed adaption or intelligent speed advise (ISA) are more likely to adhere to the posted speed limit.

They take in information of the vehicle's position and notify the driver when he/she is not enforcing the speed limit.

The lane centering feature provides the driver with assistance in maintaining the vehicle's position inside the lane.

When a vehicle begins to partly merge into another lane without first utilizing their turn signals, the lane departure warning system (LDW) will sound an alarm.

Lane change assistance helps the driver through a safe completion of a lane change by using sensors to scan the vehicle's surroundings and monitor the driver's blind spots.

"ACSF (Automatically commanded steering function) of Category C" (...) a function that is initiated/activated by the driver and which can perform a single lateral manoeuvre (such as changing lanes) when commanded by the driver "ACSF" stands for "Automatically commanded steering function," and it is a category of "Automatically commanded steering function" that falls under "Category C.".

The ACSF was rated as a Category D. (...) a function that may suggest the potential of a single lateral motion (for example, changing lanes), but only executes that function after a confirmation by the driver before carrying it out. This function is started or triggered by the driver.

The ACSF was categorized as E. (...) a function that may constantly identify the feasibility of a movement (such as changing lanes) and accomplish these actions over lengthy periods of time without additional driver order or confirmation; this function is started and triggered by the driver.

Parking sensors can scan the vehicle's surroundings for objects when the driver initiates parking.

Pedestrian protection systems are intended to reduce the likelihood of pedestrians being involved in collisions with motor vehicles or suffering injuries as a result of such collisions.

Rain sensors detect moisture and...