Identifying, assessing, and mitigating electric power grid vulnerabilities is a growing focus in short-term operational planning of power systems. Through illustrated application, this important guide surveys state-of-the-art methodologies for the assessment and enhancement of power system security in short term operational planning and real-time operation. The methodologies employ advanced methods from probabilistic theory, data mining, artificial intelligence, and optimization, to provide knowledge-based support for monitoring, control (preventive and corrective), and decision making tasks.
Key features:
* Introduces behavioural recognition in wide-area monitoring and security constrained optimal power flow for intelligent control and protection and optimal grid management.
* Provides in-depth understanding of risk-based reliability and security assessment, dynamic vulnerability assessment methods, supported by the underpinning mathematics.
* Develops expertise in mitigation techniques using intelligent protection and control, controlled islanding, model predictive control, multi-agent and distributed control systems
* Illustrates implementation in smart grid and self-healing applications with examples and real-world experience from the WAMPAC (Wide Area Monitoring Protection and Control) scheme.
Dynamic Vulnerability Assessment and Intelligent Control for Power Systems is a valuable reference for postgraduate students and researchers in power system stability as well as practicing engineers working in power system dynamics, control, and network operation and planning.
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ISBN-13
978-1-119-21497-7 (9781119214977)
Schweitzer Klassifikation
1 - Cover [Seite 1]
2 - Title Page [Seite 5]
3 - Copyright [Seite 6]
4 - Contents [Seite 7]
5 - List of Contributors [Seite 17]
6 - Foreword [Seite 21]
7 - Preface [Seite 23]
8 - Chapter 1 Introduction: The Role of Wide Area Monitoring Systems in Dynamic Vulnerability Assessment [Seite 27]
8.1 - 1.1 Introduction [Seite 27]
8.2 - 1.2 Power System Vulnerability [Seite 28]
8.2.1 - 1.2.1 Vulnerability Assessment [Seite 28]
8.2.2 - 1.2.2 Timescale of Power System Actions and Operations [Seite 30]
8.3 - 1.3 Power System Vulnerability Symptoms [Seite 31]
8.3.1 - 1.3.1 Rotor Angle Stability [Seite 32]
8.3.1.1 - 1.3.1.1 Transient Stability [Seite 32]
8.3.1.2 - 1.3.1.2 Oscillatory Stability [Seite 32]
8.3.2 - 1.3.2 Short?Term Voltage Stability [Seite 33]
8.3.3 - 1.3.3 Short?Term Frequency Stability [Seite 33]
8.3.4 - 1.3.4 Post?Contingency Overloads [Seite 33]
8.4 - 1.4 Synchronized Phasor Measurement Technology [Seite 34]
8.4.1 - 1.4.1 Phasor Representation of Sinusoids [Seite 34]
8.4.2 - 1.4.2 Synchronized Phasors [Seite 35]
8.4.3 - 1.4.3 Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) [Seite 35]
8.4.4 - 1.4.4 Discrete Fourier Transform and Phasor Calculation [Seite 36]
8.4.5 - 1.4.5 Wide Area Monitoring Systems [Seite 36]
8.4.6 - 1.4.6 WAMPAC Communication Time Delay [Seite 38]
8.5 - 1.5 The Fundamental Role of WAMS in Dynamic Vulnerability Assessment [Seite 39]
8.6 - 1.6 Concluding Remarks [Seite 42]
8.7 - References [Seite 43]
9 - Chapter 2 Steady?State Security [Seite 47]
9.1 - 2.1 Power System Reliability Management: A Combination of Reliability Assessment and Reliability Control [Seite 48]
9.1.1 - 2.1.1 Reliability Assessment [Seite 49]
9.1.2 - 2.1.2 Reliability Control [Seite 50]
9.1.2.1 - 2.1.2.1 Credible and Non?Credible Contingencies [Seite 51]
9.1.2.2 - 2.1.2.2 Operating State of the Power System [Seite 51]
9.1.2.3 - 2.1.2.3 System State Space Representation [Seite 54]
9.2 - 2.2 Reliability Under Various Timeframes [Seite 57]
9.3 - 2.3 Reliability Criteria [Seite 59]
9.4 - 2.4 Reliability and Its Cost as a Function of Uncertainty [Seite 60]
9.4.1 - 2.4.1 Reliability Costs [Seite 60]
9.4.2 - 2.4.2 Interruption Costs [Seite 61]
9.4.3 - 2.4.3 Minimizing the Sum of Reliability and Interruption Costs [Seite 62]
9.5 - 2.5 Conclusion [Seite 63]
9.6 - References [Seite 64]
10 - Chapter 3 Probabilistic Indicators for the Assessment of Reliability and Security of Future Power Systems [Seite 67]
10.1 - 3.1 Introduction [Seite 67]
10.2 - 3.2 Time Horizons in the Planning and Operation of Power Systems [Seite 68]
10.2.1 - 3.2.1 Time Horizons [Seite 68]
10.2.2 - 3.2.2 Overlapping and Interaction [Seite 68]
10.2.3 - 3.2.3 Remedial Actions [Seite 68]
10.3 - 3.3 Reliability Indicators [Seite 71]
10.3.1 - 3.3.1 Security?of?Supply Related Indicators [Seite 71]
10.3.2 - 3.3.2 Additional Indicators [Seite 73]
10.4 - 3.4 Reliability Analysis [Seite 75]
10.4.1 - 3.4.1 Input Information [Seite 75]
10.4.2 - 3.4.2 Pre?calculations [Seite 76]
10.4.3 - 3.4.3 Reliability Analysis [Seite 76]
10.4.4 - 3.4.4 Output: Reliability Indicators [Seite 79]
10.5 - 3.5 Application Example: EHV Underground Cables [Seite 79]
10.5.1 - 3.5.1 Input Parameters [Seite 80]
10.5.2 - 3.5.2 Results of Analysis [Seite 82]
10.6 - 3.6 Conclusions [Seite 84]
10.7 - References [Seite 86]
11 - Chapter 4 An Enhanced WAMS?based Power System Oscillation Analysis Approach [Seite 89]
11.1 - 4.1 Introduction [Seite 89]
11.2 - 4.2 HHT Method [Seite 91]
11.2.1 - 4.2.1 EMD [Seite 91]
11.2.2 - 4.2.2 Hilbert Transform [Seite 91]
11.2.3 - 4.2.3 Hilbert Spectrum and Hilbert Marginal Spectrum [Seite 92]
11.2.4 - 4.2.4 HHT Issues [Seite 93]
11.2.4.1 - 4.2.4.1 The Boundary End Effect [Seite 95]
11.2.4.2 - 4.2.4.2 Mode Mixing and Pseudo?IMF Component [Seite 96]
11.2.4.3 - 4.2.4.3 Parameter Identification [Seite 97]
11.3 - 4.3 The Enhanced HHT Method [Seite 97]
11.3.1 - 4.3.1 Data Pre?treatment Processing [Seite 97]
11.3.1.1 - 4.3.1.1 DC Removal Processing [Seite 98]
11.3.1.2 - 4.3.1.2 Digital Band?Pass Filter Algorithm [Seite 98]
11.3.2 - 4.3.2 Inhibiting the Boundary End Effect [Seite 101]
11.3.2.1 - 4.3.2.1 The Boundary End Effect Caused by the EMD Algorithm [Seite 101]
11.3.2.2 - 4.3.2.2 Inhibiting the Boundary End Effects Caused by the EMD [Seite 102]
11.3.2.3 - 4.3.2.3 The Boundary End Effect Caused by the Hilbert Transform [Seite 102]
11.3.2.4 - 4.3.2.4 Inhibiting the Boundary End Effect Caused by the HT [Seite 105]
11.3.3 - 4.3.3 Parameter Identification [Seite 106]
11.4 - 4.4 Enhanced HHT Method Evaluation [Seite 107]
11.4.1 - 4.4.1 Case I [Seite 107]
11.4.2 - 4.4.2 Case II [Seite 110]
11.4.3 - 4.4.3 Case III [Seite 111]
11.5 - 4.5 Application to Real Wide Area Measurements [Seite 114]
11.6 - Summary [Seite 118]
11.7 - References [Seite 119]
12 - Chapter 5 Pattern Recognition?Based Approach for Dynamic Vulnerability Status Prediction [Seite 121]
12.1 - 5.1 Introduction [Seite 121]
12.2 - 5.2 Post?contingency Dynamic Vulnerability Regions [Seite 122]
12.3 - 5.3 Recognition of Post?contingency DVRs [Seite 123]
12.3.1 - 5.3.1 N?1 Contingency Monte Carlo Simulation [Seite 124]
12.3.2 - 5.3.2 Post?contingency Pattern Recognition Method [Seite 126]
12.3.3 - 5.3.3 Definition of Data?Time Windows [Seite 129]
12.3.4 - 5.3.4 Identification of Post?contingency DVRs-Case Study [Seite 130]
12.4 - 5.4 Real?Time Vulnerability Status Prediction [Seite 135]
12.4.1 - 5.4.1 Support Vector Classifier (SVC) Training [Seite 138]
12.4.2 - 5.4.2 SVC Real?Time Implementation [Seite 139]
12.5 - 5.5 Concluding Remarks [Seite 141]
12.6 - References [Seite 141]
13 - Chapter 6 Performance Indicator?Based Real?Time Vulnerability Assessment [Seite 145]
13.1 - 6.1 Introduction [Seite 145]
13.2 - 6.2 Overview of the Proposed Vulnerability Assessment Methodology [Seite 146]
13.3 - 6.3 Real?Time Area Coherency Identification [Seite 148]
13.3.1 - 6.3.1 Associated PMU Coherent Areas [Seite 148]
13.4 - 6.4 TVFS Vulnerability Performance Indicators [Seite 151]
13.4.1 - 6.4.1 Transient Stability Index (TSI) [Seite 151]
13.4.2 - 6.4.2 Voltage Deviation Index (VDI) [Seite 154]
13.4.3 - 6.4.3 Frequency Deviation Index (FDI) [Seite 157]
13.4.4 - 6.4.4 Assessment of TVFS Security Level for the Illustrative Examples [Seite 157]
13.4.5 - 6.4.5 Complete TVFS Real?Time Vulnerability Assessment [Seite 159]
13.5 - 6.5 Slower Phenomena Vulnerability Performance Indicators [Seite 163]
13.5.1 - 6.5.1 Oscillatory Index (OSI) [Seite 163]
13.5.2 - 6.5.2 Overload Index (OVI) [Seite 167]
13.6 - 6.6 Concluding Remarks [Seite 171]
13.7 - References [Seite 171]
14 - Chapter 7 Challenges Ahead Risk?Based AC Optimal Power Flow Under Uncertainty for Smart Sustainable Power Systems [Seite 175]
14.1 - 7.1 Chapter Overview [Seite 175]
14.2 - 7.2 Conventional (Deterministic) AC Optimal Power Flow (OPF) [Seite 176]
14.2.1 - 7.2.1 Introduction [Seite 176]
14.2.2 - 7.2.2 Abstract Mathematical Formulation of the OPF Problem [Seite 176]
14.2.3 - 7.2.3 OPF Solution via Interior?Point Method [Seite 177]
14.2.3.1 - 7.2.3.1 Obtaining the Optimality Conditions In IPM [Seite 177]
14.2.3.2 - 7.2.3.2 The Basic Primal Dual Algorithm [Seite 178]
14.2.4 - 7.2.4 Illustrative Example [Seite 180]
14.2.4.1 - 7.2.4.1 Description of the Test System [Seite 180]
14.2.4.2 - 7.2.4.2 Detailed Formulation of the OPF Problem [Seite 181]
14.2.4.3 - 7.2.4.3 Analysis of Various Operating Modes [Seite 182]
14.2.4.4 - 7.2.4.4 Iterative OPF Methodology [Seite 183]
14.3 - 7.3 Risk?Based OPF [Seite 184]
14.3.1 - 7.3.1 Motivation and Principle [Seite 184]
14.3.2 - 7.3.2 Risk?Based OPF Problem Formulation [Seite 185]
14.3.3 - 7.3.3 Illustrative Example [Seite 186]
14.3.3.1 - 7.3.3.1 Detailed Formulation of the RB?OPF Problem [Seite 186]
14.3.3.2 - 7.3.3.2 Numerical Results [Seite 187]
14.4 - 7.4 OPF Under Uncertainty [Seite 188]
14.4.1 - 7.4.1 Motivation and Potential Approaches [Seite 188]
14.4.2 - 7.4.2 Robust Optimization Framework [Seite 188]
14.4.3 - 7.4.3 Methodology for Solving the R?OPF Problem [Seite 189]
14.4.4 - 7.4.4 Illustrative Example [Seite 190]
14.4.4.1 - 7.4.4.1 Detailed Formulation of the Worst Uncertainty Pattern Computation With Respect to a Contingency [Seite 190]
14.4.4.2 - 7.4.4.2 Detailed Formulation of the OPF to Check Feasibility in the Presence of Corrective Actions [Seite 192]
14.4.4.3 - 7.4.4.3 Detailed Formulation of the R?OPF Relaxation [Seite 192]
14.4.4.4 - 7.4.4.4 Numerical Results [Seite 194]
14.5 - 7.5 Advanced Issues and Outlook [Seite 195]
14.5.1 - 7.5.1 Conventional OPF [Seite 195]
14.5.1.1 - 7.5.1.1 Overall OPF Solution Methodology [Seite 195]
14.5.1.2 - 7.5.1.2 Core Optimizers: Classical Methods Versus Convex Relaxations [Seite 197]
14.5.2 - 7.5.2 Beyond the Scope of Conventional OPF: Risk, Uncertainty, Smarter Sustainable Grid [Seite 198]
14.6 - References [Seite 199]
15 - Chapter 8 Modeling Preventive and Corrective Actions Using Linear Formulation [Seite 203]
15.1 - 8.1 Introduction [Seite 203]
15.2 - 8.2 Security Constrained OPF [Seite 204]
15.3 - 8.3 Available Control Actions in AC Power Systems [Seite 204]
15.3.1 - 8.3.1 Generator Redispatch [Seite 205]
15.3.2 - 8.3.2 Load Shedding and Demand Side Management [Seite 205]
15.3.3 - 8.3.3 Phase Shifting Transformer [Seite 205]
15.3.4 - 8.3.4 Switching Actions [Seite 206]
15.3.5 - 8.3.5 Reactive Power Management [Seite 206]
15.3.6 - 8.3.6 Special Protection Schemes [Seite 206]
15.4 - 8.4 Linear Implementation of Control Actions in a SCOPF Environment [Seite 206]
15.4.1 - 8.4.1 Generator Redispatch [Seite 207]
15.4.2 - 8.4.2 Load Shedding and Demand Side Management [Seite 208]
15.4.3 - 8.4.3 Phase Shifting Transformer [Seite 209]
15.4.4 - 8.4.4 Switching [Seite 210]
15.5 - 8.5 Case Study of Preventive and Corrective Actions [Seite 211]
15.5.1 - 8.5.1 Case Study 1: Generator Redispatch and Load Shedding (CS1) [Seite 212]
15.5.2 - 8.5.2 Case Study 2: Generator Redispatch, Load Shedding and PST (CS2) [Seite 213]
15.5.3 - 8.5.3 Case Study 3: Generator Redispatch, Load Shedding and Switching (CS3) [Seite 216]
15.6 - 8.6 Conclusions [Seite 217]
15.7 - References [Seite 217]
16 - Chapter 9 Model?based Predictive Control for Damping Electromechanical Oscillations in Power Systems [Seite 219]
16.1 - 9.1 Introduction [Seite 219]
16.2 - 9.2 MPC Basic Theory & Damping Controller Models [Seite 220]
16.2.1 - 9.2.1 What is MPC? [Seite 220]
16.2.2 - 9.2.2 Damping Controller Models [Seite 222]
16.3 - 9.3 MPC for Damping Oscillations [Seite 224]
16.3.1 - 9.3.1 Outline of Idea [Seite 224]
16.3.2 - 9.3.2 Mathematical Formulation [Seite 225]
16.3.3 - 9.3.3 Proposed Control Schemes [Seite 226]
16.3.3.1 - 9.3.3.1 Centralized MPC [Seite 226]
16.3.3.2 - 9.3.3.2 Decentralized MPC [Seite 226]
16.3.3.3 - 9.3.3.3 Hierarchical MPC [Seite 228]
16.4 - 9.4 Test System & Simulation Setting [Seite 230]
16.5 - 9.5 Performance Analysis of MPC Schemes [Seite 230]
16.5.1 - 9.5.1 Centralized MPC [Seite 230]
16.5.1.1 - 9.5.1.1 Basic Results in Ideal Conditions [Seite 230]
16.5.1.2 - 9.5.1.2 Results Considering State Estimation Errors [Seite 232]
16.5.1.3 - 9.5.1.3 Consideration of Control Delays [Seite 234]
16.5.2 - 9.5.2 Distributed MPC [Seite 235]
16.5.3 - 9.5.3 Hierarchical MPC [Seite 235]
16.6 - 9.6 Conclusions and Discussions [Seite 239]
16.7 - References [Seite 240]
17 - Chapter 10 Voltage Stability Enhancement by Computational Intelligence Methods [Seite 243]
17.1 - 10.1 Introduction [Seite 243]
17.2 - 10.2 Theoretical Background [Seite 244]
17.2.1 - 10.2.1 Voltage Stability Assessment [Seite 244]
17.2.2 - 10.2.2 Sensitivity Analysis [Seite 245]
17.2.3 - 10.2.3 Optimal Power Flow [Seite 246]
17.2.4 - 10.2.4 Artificial Neural Network [Seite 246]
17.2.5 - 10.2.5 Ant Colony Optimisation [Seite 247]
17.3 - 10.3 Test Power System [Seite 249]
17.4 - 10.4 Example 1: Preventive Measure [Seite 250]
17.4.1 - 10.4.1 Problem Statement [Seite 250]
17.4.2 - 10.4.2 Simulation Results [Seite 251]
17.5 - 10.5 Example 2: Corrective Measure [Seite 252]
17.5.1 - 10.5.1 Problem Statement [Seite 252]
17.5.2 - 10.5.2 Simulation Results [Seite 253]
17.6 - 10.6 Conclusions [Seite 255]
17.7 - References [Seite 256]
18 - Chapter 11 Knowledge?Based Primary and Optimization?Based Secondary Control of Multi?terminal HVDC Grids [Seite 259]
18.1 - 11.1 Introduction [Seite 260]
18.2 - 11.2 Conventional Control Schemes in HV?MTDC Grids [Seite 260]
18.3 - 11.3 Principles of Fuzzy?Based Control [Seite 262]
18.4 - 11.4 Implementation of the Knowledge?Based Power?Voltage Droop Control Strategy [Seite 262]
18.4.1 - 11.4.1 Control Scheme for Primary and Secondary Power?Voltage Control [Seite 263]
18.4.2 - 11.4.2 Input/Output Variables [Seite 264]
18.4.2.1 - 11.4.2.1 Membership Functions and Linguistic Terms [Seite 265]
18.4.3 - 11.4.3 Knowledge Base and Inference Engine [Seite 267]
18.4.4 - 11.4.4 Defuzzification and Output [Seite 267]
18.5 - 11.5 Optimization?Based Secondary Control Strategy [Seite 268]
18.5.1 - 11.5.1 Fitness Function [Seite 268]
18.5.2 - 11.5.2 Constraints [Seite 270]
18.6 - 11.6 Simulation Results [Seite 271]
18.6.1 - 11.6.1 Set Point Change [Seite 271]
18.6.2 - 11.6.2 Constantly Changing Reference Set Points [Seite 272]
18.6.3 - 11.6.3 Sudden Disconnection of Wind Farm for Undefined Period [Seite 272]
18.6.4 - 11.6.4 Permanent Outage of VSC 3 [Seite 273]
18.7 - 11.7 Conclusion [Seite 273]
18.8 - References [Seite 274]
19 - Chapter 12 Model Based Voltage/Reactive Control in Sustainable Distribution Systems [Seite 277]
19.1 - 12.1 Introduction [Seite 277]
19.2 - 12.2 Background Theory [Seite 278]
19.2.1 - 12.2.1 Voltage Control [Seite 278]
19.2.2 - 12.2.2 Model Predictive Control [Seite 279]
19.2.3 - 12.2.3 Model Analysis [Seite 281]
19.2.3.1 - 12.2.3.1 Definition of Sensitivity [Seite 281]
19.2.3.2 - 12.2.3.2 Computation of Sensitivity [Seite 281]
19.2.4 - 12.2.4 Implementation [Seite 283]
19.3 - 12.3 MPC Based Voltage/Reactive Controller - an Example [Seite 284]
19.3.1 - 12.3.1 Control Scheme [Seite 284]
19.3.2 - 12.3.2 Overall Objective Function of the MPC Based Controller [Seite 285]
19.3.3 - 12.3.3 Implementation of the MPC Based Controller [Seite 287]
19.4 - 12.4 Test Results [Seite 288]
19.4.1 - 12.4.1 Test System and Measurement Deployment [Seite 288]
19.4.2 - 12.4.2 Parameter Setup and Algorithm Selection for the Controller [Seite 289]
19.4.3 - 12.4.3 Results and Discussion [Seite 289]
19.4.3.1 - 12.4.3.1 Loss Minimization Performance of the Controller [Seite 289]
19.4.3.2 - 12.4.3.2 Voltage Correction Performance of the Controller [Seite 290]
19.5 - 12.5 Conclusions [Seite 292]
19.6 - References [Seite 293]
20 - Chapter 13 Multi?Agent based Approach for Intelligent Control of Reactive Power Injection in Transmission Systems [Seite 295]
20.1 - 13.1 Introduction [Seite 295]
20.2 - 13.2 System Model and Problem Formulation [Seite 296]
20.2.1 - 13.2.1 Power System Model [Seite 296]
20.2.2 - 13.2.2 Optimal Reactive Control Problem Formulation [Seite 297]
20.2.3 - 13.2.3 Multi?Agent Sensitivity Model [Seite 298]
20.2.3.1 - 13.2.3.1 Calculation of the First Layer [Seite 299]
20.2.3.2 - 13.2.3.2 Calculation of the Second Layer [Seite 299]
20.3 - 13.3 Multi?Agent Based Approach [Seite 301]
20.3.1 - 13.3.1 Augmented Lagrange Formulation [Seite 301]
20.3.2 - 13.3.2 Implementation Algorithm [Seite 301]
20.4 - 13.4 Case Studies and Simulation Results [Seite 303]
20.4.1 - 13.4.1 Case Studies [Seite 303]
20.4.2 - 13.4.2 Simulation Results [Seite 303]
20.4.2.1 - 13.4.2.1 Performance Comparison Between Multi?Agent Based and Single?Agent Based System [Seite 304]
20.4.2.2 - 13.4.2.2 Impacts of General Parameters on the Proposed Control Scheme's Performance [Seite 305]
20.4.2.3 - 13.4.2.3 Impacts of Multi?Agent Parameters on the Proposed Control Scheme's Performance [Seite 305]
20.5 - 13.5 Conclusions [Seite 306]
20.6 - References [Seite 307]
21 - Chapter 14 Operation of Distribution Systems Within Secure Limits Using Real?Time Model Predictive Control [Seite 309]
21.1 - 14.1 Introduction [Seite 309]
21.2 - 14.2 Basic MPC Principles [Seite 311]
21.3 - 14.3 Control Problem Formulation [Seite 311]
21.4 - 14.4 Voltage Correction With Minimum Control Effort [Seite 314]
21.4.1 - 14.4.1 Inclusion of LTC Actions as Known Disturbances [Seite 315]
21.4.2 - 14.4.2 Problem Formulation [Seite 316]
21.5 - 14.5 Correction of Voltages and Congestion Management with Minimum Deviation from References [Seite 317]
21.5.1 - 14.5.1 Mode 1 [Seite 318]
21.5.2 - 14.5.2 Mode 2 [Seite 318]
21.5.3 - 14.5.3 Mode 3 [Seite 320]
21.5.4 - 14.5.4 Problem Formulation [Seite 321]
21.6 - 14.6 Test System [Seite 322]
21.7 - 14.7 Simulation Results: Voltage Correction with Minimal Control Effort [Seite 324]
21.7.1 - 14.7.1 Scenario A [Seite 325]
21.7.2 - 14.7.2 Scenario B [Seite 326]
21.8 - 14.8 Simulation Results: Voltage and/or Congestion Corrections with Minimum Deviation from Reference [Seite 328]
21.8.1 - 14.8.1 Scenario C: Mode 1 [Seite 328]
21.8.2 - 14.8.2 Scenario D: Modes 1 and 2 Combined [Seite 330]
21.8.3 - 14.8.3 Scenario E: Modes 1 and 3 Combined [Seite 331]
21.9 - 14.9 Conclusion [Seite 332]
21.10 - References [Seite 334]
22 - Chapter 15 Enhancement of Transmission System Voltage Stability through Local Control of Distribution Networks [Seite 337]
22.1 - 15.1 Introduction [Seite 337]
22.2 - 15.2 Long?Term Voltage Stability [Seite 339]
22.2.1 - 15.2.1 Countermeasures [Seite 340]
22.3 - 15.3 Impact of Volt?VAR Control on Long?Term Voltage Stability [Seite 342]
22.3.1 - 15.3.1 Countermeasures [Seite 344]
22.4 - 15.4 Test System Description [Seite 345]
22.4.1 - 15.4.1 Test System [Seite 345]
22.4.2 - 15.4.2 VVC Algorithm [Seite 347]
22.4.3 - 15.4.3 Emergency Detection [Seite 348]
22.5 - 15.5 Case Studies and Simulation Results [Seite 349]
22.5.1 - 15.5.1 Results in Stable Scenarios [Seite 349]
22.5.1.1 - 15.5.1.1 Case A1 [Seite 349]
22.5.1.2 - 15.5.1.2 Case A2 [Seite 350]
22.5.2 - 15.5.2 Results in Unstable Scenarios [Seite 352]
22.5.2.1 - 15.5.2.1 Case B1 [Seite 352]
22.5.2.2 - 15.5.2.2 Case B2 [Seite 352]
22.5.3 - 15.5.3 Results with Emergency Support From Distribution [Seite 354]
22.5.3.1 - 15.5.3.1 Case C1 [Seite 354]
22.5.3.2 - 15.5.3.2 Case C2 [Seite 355]
22.5.3.3 - 15.5.3.3 Case C3 [Seite 359]
22.6 - 15.6 Conclusion [Seite 360]
22.7 - References [Seite 360]
23 - Chapter 16 Electric Power Network Splitting Considering Frequency Dynamics and Transmission Overloading Constraints [Seite 363]
23.1 - 16.1 Introduction [Seite 363]
23.1.1 - 16.1.1 Stage One: Vulnerability Assessment [Seite 363]
23.1.2 - 16.1.2 Stage Two: Islanding Process [Seite 364]
23.2 - 16.2 Network Splitting Mechanism [Seite 366]
23.2.1 - 16.2.1 Graph Modeling, Update, and Reduction [Seite 367]
23.2.2 - 16.2.2 Graph Partitioning Procedure [Seite 368]
23.2.3 - 16.2.3 Load Shedding/Generation Tripping Schemes [Seite 369]
23.2.4 - 16.2.4 Tie?Lines Determination [Seite 370]
23.3 - 16.3 Power Imbalance Constraint Limits [Seite 370]
23.3.1 - 16.3.1 Reduced Frequency Response Model [Seite 371]
23.3.2 - 16.3.2 Power Imbalance Constraint Limits Determination [Seite 373]
23.4 - 16.4 Overload Assessment and Control [Seite 374]
23.5 - 16.5 Test Results [Seite 375]
23.5.1 - 16.5.1 Power System Collapse [Seite 375]
23.5.2 - 16.5.2 Application of Proposed Methodology [Seite 377]
23.5.3 - 16.5.3 Performance of Proposed ACIS [Seite 380]
23.6 - 16.6 Conclusions and Recommendations [Seite 382]
23.7 - References [Seite 383]
24 - Chapter 17 High?Speed Transmission Line Protection Based on Empirical Orthogonal Functions [Seite 387]
24.1 - 17.1 Introduction [Seite 387]
24.2 - 17.2 Empirical Orthogonal Functions [Seite 389]
24.2.1 - 17.2.1 Formulation [Seite 389]
24.3 - 17.3 Applications of EOFs for Transmission Line Protection [Seite 391]
24.3.1 - 17.3.1 Fault Direction [Seite 392]
24.3.2 - 17.3.2 Fault Classification [Seite 393]
24.3.2.1 - 17.3.2.1 Required EOF [Seite 394]
24.3.2.2 - 17.3.2.2 Fault Type Surfaces [Seite 394]
24.3.2.3 - 17.3.2.3 Defining the Fault Type [Seite 394]
24.3.3 - 17.3.3 Fault Location [Seite 395]
24.4 - 17.4 Study Case [Seite 395]
24.4.1 - 17.4.1 Transmission Line Model and Simulation [Seite 395]
24.4.2 - 17.4.2 The Power System and Transmission Line [Seite 396]
24.4.3 - 17.4.3 Training Data [Seite 396]
24.4.4 - 17.4.4 Training Data Matrix [Seite 396]
24.4.4.1 - 17.4.4.1 Data Window [Seite 398]
24.4.4.2 - 17.4.4.2 Sampling Frequency [Seite 398]
24.4.5 - 17.4.5 Signal Conditioning [Seite 399]
24.4.5.1 - 17.4.5.1 Superimposed Component [Seite 399]
24.4.5.2 - 17.4.5.2 Centering the Variables [Seite 399]
24.4.5.3 - 17.4.5.3 Scaling [Seite 399]
24.4.6 - 17.4.6 Energy Patterns [Seite 399]
24.4.7 - 17.4.7 EOF Analysis [Seite 402]
24.4.7.1 - 17.4.7.1 Computing the EOFs [Seite 402]
24.4.7.2 - 17.4.7.2 Fault Patterns Using EOF [Seite 404]
24.4.8 - 17.4.8 Evaluation of the Protection Scheme [Seite 405]
24.4.8.1 - 17.4.8.1 Fault Direction [Seite 405]
24.4.9 - 17.4.9 Fault Classification [Seite 406]
24.4.9.1 - 17.4.9.1 Classification [Seite 407]
24.4.10 - 17.4.10 Fault Location [Seite 408]
24.5 - 17.5 Conclusions [Seite 409]
24.6 - Appendix 17.A Study Cases: WECC 9?bus, ATPDraw Models and Parameters [Seite 410]
24.7 - References [Seite 412]
25 - Chapter 18 Implementation of a Real Phasor Based Vulnerability Assessment and Control Scheme: The Ecuadorian WAMPAC System [Seite 415]
25.1 - 18.1 Introduction [Seite 415]
25.2 - 18.2 PMU Location in the Ecuadorian SNI [Seite 416]
25.3 - 18.3 Steady?State Angle Stability [Seite 417]
25.4 - 18.4 Steady?State Voltage Stability [Seite 421]
25.5 - 18.5 Oscillatory Stability [Seite 424]
25.5.1 - 18.5.1 Power System Stabilizer Tuning [Seite 428]
25.6 - 18.6 Ecuadorian Special Protection Scheme (SPS) [Seite 433]
25.6.1 - 18.6.1 SPS Operation Analysis [Seite 435]
25.7 - 18.7 Concluding Remarks [Seite 436]
25.8 - References [Seite 436]
26 - Index [Seite 439]
27 - EULA [Seite 451]
