Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomena

Name: Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomena
Brand: Wiley
Price: 102.99 EUR
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Milton J. Rosen(Autor*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

3. Auflage

Erschienen am 7. September 2004

500 Seiten

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Inhalt

Intro
SURFACTANTS AND INTERFACIAL PHENOMENA
Contents
Preface
1 Characteristic Features of Surfactants
A Conditions Under Which Interfacial Phenomena and Surfactants Become Significant
B General Structural Features and Behavior of Surfactants
1 General Use of Charge Types
2 General Effects of the Nature of the Hydrophobic Group
I Characteristic Features and Uses of Commercially Available Surfactants
I.A Anionics
1 Carboxylic Acid Salts
2 Sulfonic Acid Salts
3 Sulfuric Acid Ester Salts
4 Phosphoric and Polyphosphoric Acid Esters
5 Fluorinated Anionics
I.B Cationics
1 Long-Chain Amines and Their Salts
2 Acylated Diamines and Polyamines and Their Salts
3 Quaternary Ammonium Salts
4 Polyoxyethylenated (POE) Long-Chain Amines
5 Quaternized POE Long-Chain Amines
6 Amine Oxides
I.C Nonionics
1 POE Alkylphenols, Alkylphenol ''Ethoxylates''
2 POE Straight-Chain Alcohols, Alcohol ''Ethoxylates''
3 POE Polyoxypropylene glycols
4 POE Mercaptans
5 Long-Chain Carboxylic Acid Esters
6 Alkanolamine ''Condensates,'' Alkanolamides
7 Tertiary Acetylenic Glycols and Their ''Ethoxylates''
8 POE Silicones
9 N-Alkylpyrrolidones
10 Alkylpolyglycosides
I.D Zwitterionics
1 pH-Sensitive Zwitterionics
2 pH-Insensitive Zwitterionics
I.E Newer Surfactants Based Upon Renewable Raw Materials
1 a-Sulfofatty Acid Methyl Esters (SME)
2 Acylated Aminoacids
3 N-Acyl L-Glutamates (AG)
4 N-Acyl Glycinates
5 N-Acyl DL-Alaninates
6 Other Acylated Aminoacids
7 Nopol Alkoxylates
II Environmental Effects of Surfactants
II.A Surfactant Biodegradability
II.B Surfactant Toxicity To and Bioconcentration in Marine Organisms
III Some Useful Generalizations
References
Problems
2 Adsorption of Surface-Active Agents at Interfaces: The Electrical Double Layer
I The Electrical Double Layer
II Adsorption at the Solid-Liquid Interface
II.A Mechanisms of Adsorption and Aggregation
II.B Adsorption Isotherms
1 The Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm
II.C Adsorption from Aqueous Solution Onto Adsorbents with Strongly Charged Sites
1 Ionic Surfactants
2 Nonionic Surfactants
3 pH Change
4 Ionic Strength
5 Temperature
II.D Adsorption from Aqueous Solution Onto Nonpolar, Hydrophobic Adsorbents
II.E Adsorption from Aqueous Solution Onto Polar Adsorbents without Strongly Charged Sites
II.F Effects of Adsorption from Aqueous Solution on the Surface Properties of the Solid Adsorbent
1 Substrates with Strongly Charged Sites
2 Nonpolar Adsorbents
II.G Adsorption from Nonaqueous Solution
II.H Determination of the Specific Surface Areas of Solids
III Adsorption at the Liquid-Gas (L/G) and Liquid-Liquid (L/L) Interfaces
III.A The Gibbs Adsorption Equation
III.B Calculation of Surface Concentrations and Area per Molecule at the Interface By Use of the Gibbs Equation
III.C Effectiveness of Adsorption at the L/G and L/L Interfaces
III.D The Szyszkowski, Langmuir, and Frumkin Equations
III.E Efficiency of Adsorption at the L/G and L/L Interfaces
III.F Calculation of Thermodynamic Parameters of Adsorption at the L/G and L/L Interfaces
III.G Adsorption from Mixtures of Two Surfactants
References
Problems
3 Micelle Formation by Surfactants
I The Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC)
II Micellar Structure and Shape
II.A The Packing Parameter
II.B Surfactant Structure and Micellar Shape
II.C Liquid Crystals
III Micellar Aggregation Numbers
IV Factors Affecting the Value of the CMC in Aqueous Media
IV.A Structure of the Surfactant
1 The Hydrophobic Group
2 The Hydrophobic Group
3 The Counterion in Ionic Surfactants: Degree of Binding to the Micelle
4 Empirical Equations
IV.B Electrolyte
IV.C Organic Additives
1 Class I Materials
2 Class II Materials
IV.D The Presence of a Second Liquid Phase
IV.E Temperature
V Micellization in Aqueous Solution and Adsorption at the Aqueous Solution-Air or Aqueous Solution-Hydrocarbon Interface
V.A. The CMC/C(20) ratio
VI CMCs in Nonaqueous Media
VII Equations for the CMC Based on Theoretical Considerations
VIII Thermodynamic Parameters of Micellization
IX Mixed Micelle Formation in Mixtures of Two Surfactants
References
Problems
4 Solubilization by Solutions of Surfactants: Micellar Catalysis
I Solubilization in Aqueous Media
I.A Locus of Solubilization
I.B Factors Determining the Extent of Solubilization
1 Structure of the Surfactant
2 Structure of the Solubilizate
3 Effect of Electrolyte
4 Effect of Monomeric Organic Additives
5 Effect of Polymeric Organic Additives
6 Mixed Anionic-Nonionic Micelles
7 Effect of Temperature
8 Hydrotropy
I.C Rate of Solubilization
II Solubilization in Nonaqueous Solvents
II.A Secondary Solubilization
III Some Effects of Solubilization
III.A Effect of Solubilization on Micellar Structure
III.B Change in the Cloud Points of Aqueous Solutions of Nonionic Surfactants
III.C Reduction of the CMC
III.D Miscellaneous Effects of Solubilization
IV Micellar Catalysis
References
Problems
5 Reduction of Surface and Interfacial Tension by Surfactants
I Efficiency in Surface Tension Reduction
II Effectiveness in Surface Tension Reduction
II.A The Krafft Point
II.B Interfacial Parameter and Chemical Structural Effects
III Liquid-Liquid Interfacial Tension Reduction
III.A Ultralow Interfacial Tension
IV Dynamic Surface Tension Reduction
IV.A Dynamic Regions
IV.B Apparent Diffusion Coefficients of Surfactants
References
Problems
6 Wetting and Its Modification by Surfactants
I Wetting Equilibria
I.A Spreading Wetting
1 The Contact Angle
2 Measurement of the Contact Angle
I.B Adhesional Wetting
I.C Immersional Wetting
I.D Adsorption and Wetting
II Modification of Wetting by Surfactants
II.A General Considerations
II.B Hard Surface (Equilibrium) Wetting
II.C Textile (Nonequilibrium) Wetting
II.D Effect of Additives
III Synergy in Wetting by Mixtures of Surfactants
IV Superspreading (Superwetting)
References
Problems
7 Foaming and Antifoaming by Aqueous Solutions of Surfactants
I Theories of Film Elasticity
II Factors Determining Foam Persistence
II.A Drainage of Liquid in the Lamellae
II.B Diffusion of Gas Through the Lamellae
II.C Surface Viscosity
II.D The Existence and Thickness of the Electrical Double Layer
III The Relation of Surfactant Chemical Structure to Foaming in Aqueous Solution
III.A Efficiency as a Foaming Agent
III.B Effectiveness as a Foaming Agent
III.C Low-Foaming Surfactants
IV Foam-Stabilizing Organic Additives
V Antifoaming
VI Foaming of Aqueous Dispersions of Finely Divided Solids
References
Problems
8 Emulsification by Surfactants
I Macroemulsions
I.A Formation
I.B Factors Determining Stability
1 Physical Nature of the Interfacial Film
2 Existence of an Electrical or Steric Barrier to Coalescence on the Dispersed Droplets
3 Viscosity of the Continuous Phase
4 Size Distribution of Droplets
5 Phase Volume Ratio
6 Temperature
I.C Inversion
I.D Multiple Emulsions
I.E Theories of Emulsion Type
1 Qualitative Theories
2 Kinetic Theory of Macroemulsion Type
II Microemulsions
III Nanoemulsions
IV Selection of Surfactants as Emulsifying Agents
IV.A The HLB Method
IV.B The PIT Method
IV.C The HLD Method
V Demulsification
References
Problems
9 Dispersion and Aggregation of Solids in Liquid Media by Surfactants
I Interparticle Forces
I.A Soft (electrostatic) and van der Waals Forces: DLVO Theory
1 Limitations of the DLVO Theory
I.B Steric Forces
II Role of the Surfactant in the Dispersion Process
II.A Wetting of the Powder
II.B Deaggregation or Fragmentation of Particle Clusters
II.C Prevention of Reaggregation
III Coagulation or Flocculation of Dispersed Solids by Surfactants
III.A Neutralization or Reduction of the Potential at the Stern Layer of the Dispersed Particles
III.B Bridging
III.C Reversible Flocculation
IV The Relation of Surfactant Chemical Structure to Dispersing Properties
IV.A Aqueous Dispersions
IV.B Nonaqueous Dispersions
References
Problems
10 Detergency and Its Modification by Surfactants
I Mechanisms of the Cleaning Process
I.A Removal of Soil from Substrate
1 Removal of Liquid Soil
2 Removal of Solid Soil
I.B Suspension of the Soil in the Bath and Prevention of Redeposition
1 Solid Particulate Soils: Formation of Electrical and Steric Barriers
Soil Release Agents
2 Liquid Oily Soil
I.C Skin Irritation
I.D Dry Cleaning
II Effect of Water Hardness
II.A Builders
II.B Lime Soap Dispersing Agents
III Fabric Softeners
IV The Relation of the Chemical Structure of the Surfactant to Its Detergency
IV.A Effect of Soil and Substrate
1 Oily Soil
2 Particulate Soil
3 Mixed Soil
IV.B Effect of the Hydrophobic Group of the Surfactant
IV.C Effect of the Hydrophilic Group of the Surfactant
IV.D Dry Cleaning
References
Problems
11 Molecular Interactions and Synergism in Mixtures of Two Surfactants
I Evaluation of Molecular Interaction Parameters
I.A Notes on the Use of Equations 11.1-11.4
II Effect of Chemical Structure and Molecular Environment on Molecular Interaction Parameters
III Conditions for the Existence of Synergism
III.A Synergism or Antagonism (Negative Synergism) in Surface or Interfacial Tension Reduction Efficiency
III.B Synergism or Antagonism (Negative Synergism) in Mixed Micelle Formation in Aqueous Medium
III.C Synergism or Antagonism (Negative Synergism) in Surface or Interfacial Tension Reduction Effectiveness
III.D Selection of Surfactants Pairs for Optimal Interfacial Properties
IV The Relation between Synergism in Fundamental Surface Properties and Synergism in Surfactant Applications
References
Problems
12 Gemini Surfactants
I Fundamental Properties
II Interaction with Other Surfactant
III Performance Properties
References
Problems
Answers to Problems
Index

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