Engine Combustion

Name: Engine Combustion | Pressure Measurement and Analysis
Brand: SAE International
Price: 216.99 EUR
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Pressure Measurement and Analysis

David R. Rogers(Autor*in)

SAE International (Verlag)

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 30. Juni 2021

342 Seiten

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978-1-4686-0321-7 (ISBN)

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Inhalt

Cover
Table of Contents
Preface
CHAPTER 1 A Brief History of Engine Indicators
1.1 Early Engine Indicators
1.1.1 The First Indicators
1.1.2 Early Developments in Indicator Technology
1.1.3 Further Developments in Indicator Technology
1.1.4 Analysis of Indicator Diagrams
1.2 The Electronic Age
1.2.1 Oscilloscope Recording
1.2.2 Digital Systems
1.3 A Typical Measurement System
1.3.1 Complete System Components
Further Information
CHAPTER 2 The Measurement Chain: Encoders
2.1 The Angle Encoder
2.1.1 Basic Function
2.1.2 Required Resolution
2.1.3 Encoder Output Signals
2.1.4 Encoder Types
2.1.4.1 Standard-Closed Encoder
2.1.4.2 Open Encoders
2.1.5 Processing an Existing Encoder Signal
CHAPTER 3 The Measurement Chain: Combustion Pressure Transducers
3.1 Cylinder Pressure Transducers
3.1.1 Introduction
3.1.2 Piezoelectric Pressure Transducers for Engine Combustion Measurement
3.1.2.1 Introduction
3.1.2.2 Crystal Materials Used
3.1.2.3 Transducer Construction and Types
Cooled Type.
Uncooled Type.
3.1.2.4 Piezoelectric Transducer Properties
Introduction.
Environment Effects.
Transducer Properties and Specifications.
Transducer Thermodynamic Properties.
Summary: Transducer Design.
3.1.2.5 Transducer Installation and Adaptors
Introduction.
Intrusive Mounting.
Transducer Mounting Considerations and Positions.
Installation of Mounting Bores.
Nonintrusive Mounting.
Spark Plug Adaptors.
Glow Plug Adaptors.
3.1.2.6 Transducer Selection and Applications
Introduction.
Requirements of the Application.
Categories of Transducers.
Selection of Transducers for Common Applications.
CHAPTER 4 The Measurement Chain: Additional and Alternative Transducers
4.1 Alternatives to Piezoelectric Sensors for Cylinder Pressure Sensing
4.1.1 Introduction
4.1.2 Piezoresistive
4.1.3 Optical
4.1.4 Ion Current
4.2 Other Transducer and Signals for Combustion Measurement Applications
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Ignition Signals
4.2.3 Line Pressure
4.2.4 Needle Lift
4.2.5 Valve Lift
4.2.6 Exhaust and Inlet Pressure
CHAPTER 5 The Measurement Chain: Measurement Hardware
5.1 Signal Conditioning
5.1.1 Introduction
5.1.2 Piezoelectric Signals-The Charge Amplifier
5.1.2.1 Basic Function and Operation
5.1.2.2 Time Constant
5.1.2.3 Drift and Drift Compensation
5.1.2.4 Cabling and Interfaces to the Charge Amplifier
5.1.3 Analogue Signals
5.1.4 Other Amplifiers
5.1.4.1 Ignition Timing Amplifier
5.1.4.2 Carrier-Frequency Amplifier
5.1.5 Intelligent Amplifiers
5.1.5.1 Introduction
5.1.5.2 Sensor Recognition
TEDS.
5.1.5.3 Extended Functions for Monitoring and Measurement
PMax Monitoring.
Additional Evaluation Possibilities for Intelligent Amplifiers.
5.1.6 Summary-Signal Conditioning
5.2 Measurement Hardware-The Data Acquisition and Measurement System
5.2.1 Introduction and Overview
5.2.2 Operating Requirements
5.2.3 System Interfaces
5.2.3.1 Angle Encoder
5.2.3.2 Operator Interface
5.2.3.3 Analogue Inputs and Outputs
5.2.3.4 Digital Inputs and Outputs
5.2.4 A Typical System
CHAPTER 6 The Measurement Chain: Measurement System Software
6.1 Software-The User Interface
6.1.1 Introduction
6.1.2 User Interface
6.1.2.1 Parameterization
6.1.2.2 Display of Data
6.1.2.3 Data Management
6.2 Features and Operating Modes
6.2.1 Standard Measurement Operations
6.2.2 Special Measurement Modes
6.2.3 Other Applications
6.3 Software Interfaces
6.3.1 Remote System
6.3.2 Interface to the Engine Electronics Systems
6.3.3 CAN (Controller Area Network)
6.4 Calculations and Results
6.4.1 Introduction
6.4.2 Real-Time Results
6.4.3 User-Defined Results
6.4.4 Future Developments
6.5 Postprocessing and Data Management
6.5.1 Introduction
6.5.2 Basic Requirements for Data Format and Export
6.5.3 Requirements for Engine and System Parameters
6.5.4 Typical Environment
CHAPTER 7 Applications
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Measurement Chain Properties
7.2.1 Introduction and Overview
7.2.2 Special Considerations for Combustion Measurement Instrumentation
Measurement in the Angle Domain
Angle Encoders
Pressure Measurement
Signal Conditioning
Measurement Hardware
External Interfaces for Control and Data Transfer
7.3 Zero-level Correction, or Pegging
7.3.1 Introduction
7.3.2 Fixed Point and Reference Value
7.3.3 Fixed Point and Measured Value
7.3.4 Thermodynamic
7.3.5 Alternative Methods via Post Processing
7.3.6 General Comments
7.4 TDC Measurement
7.4.1 Introduction
7.4.2 Methods
7.4.2.1 Static Determination
7.4.2.2 Pressure Curve Determination
AVL.
FEV.
D2T.
General Comment-Motored Curve Method.
7.4.2.3 Capacitive Probe
7.4.3 Comparison and Discussion of the Methods
7.4.4 General Considerations
7.5 Thermodynamic Analysis
7.5.1 Introduction
7.5.2 Basic Principles and Early Work
7.5.3 Methods for Real-Time Analysis
7.5.4 Further Discussion-Offline Analysis
7.5.4.1 Wiebe Function
7.5.5 General Comments
7.6 Low Pressure Measurement and Gas Exchange Analysis
7.6.1 Introduction
7.6.2 Measurement Task and Goal
7.6.3 Typical Measurement Setup
7.6.4 Measurement and Analysis
7.6.5 Summary
CHAPTER 8 Abnormal Combustion Measurement and Evaluation
8.1 Combustion Knock and Abnormal Combustion (SI Engines)
8.1.1 Introduction
8.1.2 What Are Abnormal Combustion and Knock?
8.1.3 Why Is Knock Important?
8.1.4 Knock Measurement and Analysis
8.1.4.1 Knock Measurement Techniques
8.1.4.2 Knock Detection via Cylinder Pressure Measurements
Introduction.
Frequency of Knock.
Signal Processing.
Filtering.
Acquisition Frequency.
Acquisition Window.
Calculation of Knock Overpressure.
8.1.4.3 Further Processing and Calculation Methods
Knock Pressure Peak and Knock Intensity.
AVL Real Time.
FEV CAS.
AVL KI (Knock Index).
AVL Transient/VDO.
AVL Histogram.
Third Derivative.
8.1.4.4 Considerations for Knock Measurements
Transducer Position, Type, and Properties.
Measurement Range and Resolution.
Measurement System Setup.
8.1.4.5 Summary
8.2 Combustion Noise
8.2.1 Introduction
8.2.2 What Is Combustion Noise?
8.2.3 Measuring Combustion Noise
Signal Processing and Calculation
Filters Used in the Calculation.
8.2.4 Summary
8.3 Cold Start
8.3.1 Introduction
8.3.2 What Is a Cold Start Measurement?
8.3.3 Typical System Configuration and Results
8.3.3.1 Preconditions Prior to Measurement
8.3.3.2 Executing the Measurement
8.3.3.3 Data Visualization and Processing
8.3.4 Summary
CHAPTER 9 Successful Measurements
9.1 Problems and Errors
9.1.1 Introduction
9.1.2 Typical Sources of Error
9.1.2.1 Transducer
9.1.2.2 Cabling
9.1.2.3 Encoder
9.1.2.4 Amplifier
9.1.2.5 Measurement Device
9.1.2.6 Summary
9.2 Successful Setup and Diagnostics
9.2.1 Basic Setup
9.2.2 System Prechecks
9.2.2.1 Introduction
9.2.3 Diagnostic and Reference Measurements
9.3 Software and Data Handling
9.3.1 Introduction
9.3.2 Measured Data Requirements
9.3.3 Plausibility Checks and Data Validation
9.3.4 Best Practice and Summary
9.4 Hardware Handling and Maintenance
9.4.1 Introduction
9.4.2 Measurement Hardware and System
9.4.3 Engine-Mounted Equipment: Encoder
9.4.4 Engine-Mounted Equipment: Transducers
9.4.4.1 Introduction
9.4.4.2 Installation and Handling
9.4.4.3 Maintenance and Repair
9.4.4.4 Calibration
9.5 Summary
CHAPTER 10 Specification and Integration into the Test Environment
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Technical Considerations-Features and Functions
10.2.1 Introduction
10.2.2 Typical Systems and Applications
10.2.2.1 Low-End System
10.2.2.2 Mid-Range System
10.2.2.3 High-End System
10.3 Interfaces to Additional Equipment
10.3.1 Introduction
10.3.2 Interfaces-Measurement Chain Components
10.3.2.1 Angle Encoder to Measurement System
10.3.2.2 Transducer to Charge Amplifier
10.3.2.3 Charge Amplifier to Measurement System
10.3.3 Interfaces-Data Transfer and Control
10.3.3.1 Digital Control and Data Transfer Interface
10.3.3.2 Analogue and Digital Hybrid Interface
Bibliography
References
About the Author
Index

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