Resilient Control Architectures and Power Systems

Name: Resilient Control Architectures and Power Systems
Brand: Wiley-Scrivener
Price: 114.99 EUR
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Craig Rieger Ronald Boring Brian Johnson Timothy McJunkin(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley-Scrivener (Verlag)

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 1. Dezember 2021

336 Seiten

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Beschreibung

Master the fundamentals of resilient power grid control applications with this up-to-date resource from four industry leaders

Resilient Control Architectures and Power Systems delivers a unique perspective on the singular challenges presented by increasing automation in society. In particular, the book focuses on the difficulties presented by the increased automation of the power grid. The authors provide a simulation of this real-life system, offering an accurate and comprehensive picture of a how a power control system works and, even more importantly, how it can fail.

The editors invite various experts in the field to describe how and why power systems fail due to cyber security threats, human error, and complex interdependencies. They also discuss promising new concepts researchers are exploring that promise to make these control systems much more resilient to threats of all kinds. Finally, resilience fundamentals and applications are also investigated to allow the reader to apply measures that ensure adequate operation in complex control systems.

Among a variety of other foundational and advanced topics, you'll learn about:

* The fundamentals of power grid infrastructure, including grid architecture, control system architecture, and communication architecture

* The disciplinary fundamentals of control theory, human-system interfaces, and cyber security

* The fundamentals of resilience, including the basis of resilience, its definition, and benchmarks, as well as cross-architecture metrics and considerations

* The application of resilience concepts, including cyber security challenges, control challenges, and human challenges

* A discussion of research challenges facing professionals in this field today

Perfect for research students and practitioners in fields concerned with increasing power grid automation, Resilient Control Architectures and Power Systems also has a place on the bookshelves of members of the Control Systems Society, the Systems, Man and Cybernetics Society, the Computer Society, the Power and Energy Society, and similar organizations.

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Inhalt

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Editors Biography
List of Contributors
Part I Introduction
Chapter 1 Basis, Definition, and Application
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Definition and Application
References
Chapter 2 General Use Case Introduction
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Importance of Resilient Controls for Power Systems
2.3 Power Systems Operations and Control
2.4 Summary
References
Part II Infrastructure Fundamentals
Chapter 3 Power Grid Architecture
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Classical Power System Architectures
3.3 Emerging Architecture Trends
3.3.1 Smart Grids
3.3.2 Microgrids
3.4 Power Systems Operations and Control
3.5 Power Systems Planning
3.5.1 Modeling and Simulation
3.6 Measures of Performance
3.7 Summary
Further Reading
References
Chapter 4 Control System Architecture
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Background
4.1.2 Basic Generator Control Loops
4.1.3 Load Frequency Control
4.1.4 The Generator
4.1.5 The Load
4.1.6 The Turbine-Based Prime Mover
4.1.7 The Speed Governor
4.1.8 The Load Frequency Control Loop
4.1.9 Multiple Generators Operating with LFC
4.2 Automatic Generation Control
4.2.1 Background
4.2.2 The AGC in Single Area Systems
4.2.3 The AGC in Multi-Area Systems
4.2.4 The Tie Line
4.2.5 Tie Line Control
4.2.6 AGC with Generation Allocation
4.3 Reactive Power and Voltage Control
4.3.1 Background
4.3.2 Voltage Sensor
4.3.3 Amplifier
4.3.4 Exciter
4.3.5 Generator
4.3.6 The Voltage Control Loop
4.4 Excitation System Stabilizer
4.4.1 Rate Feedback Method
4.4.2 PID Controller
4.5 Summary
Further Reading
Chapter 5 Communication Architecture
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Communication Media
5.2.1 Copper Wire
5.2.1.1 Telecommunication Industry Association (TIA)/Electronic Industries Association (EIA) RS-232
5.2.1.2 Twisted Pair (TIA RS-485)
5.2.1.3 Twisted Pair (Ethernet [10Base-T])
5.2.2 Fiber-Optic Cable
5.2.2.1 Optical Ground Wire (OPGW)
5.2.2.2 All-Dielectric Self-Supporting (ADSS) Cables
5.2.2.3 Underground Cables
5.2.2.4 Splice Box
5.2.2.5 Fiber-optic Terminations
5.2.3 Patch Panel
5.2.3.1 Patch Cables
5.2.3.2 Fiber-optic Loss Calculations
5.2.4 Radio-Frequency (RF) Communications
5.2.4.1 Microwave
5.2.4.2 VHF/UHF Radio
5.2.4.3 Spread-Spectrum Communication
5.2.4.4 Mesh Communication Networks
5.2.4.5 Radio Propagation and Path Studies
5.2.5 Local Area Networks
5.2.5.1 Business Enterprise Networks
5.2.5.2 Operational Enterprise Networks
5.2.5.3 Remote Outstation Networks
5.2.6 Backhaul Communications
5.2.7 Emerging Technologies and Other Considerations
5.3 Summary
References
Part III Disciplinary Fundamentals
Chapter 6 Introducing Interdisciplinary Studies
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Pathway to an Interdisciplinary Team
Further Reading
Chapter 7 Cybersecurity
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Systems and Control Systems
7.2.1 Systems, Subsystems, and Analysis Boundaries
7.2.2 System Subjects and Objects
7.2.3 Subject Communication and Cyber Systems
7.3 Fundamental Cybersecurity Objectives: The CIA Triad
7.3.1 Confidentiality
7.3.2 Integrity
7.3.3 Availability
7.4 Fundamental Cybersecurity Techniques
7.4.1 Cryptography
7.4.1.1 Symmetric Encryption
7.4.1.2 Asymmetric Encryption
7.4.1.3 Digital Signatures
7.4.2 Authentication and Identity
7.4.3 Authorization and Access Control
7.4.4 Accountability
7.4.5 Redundancy and Replication
7.5 Threats, Vulnerabilities, and Attacks
7.5.1 Definitions
7.5.2 Common Types of ICS Vulnerabilities
7.5.2.1 Human Related
7.5.2.2 Software or Firmware Based
7.5.2.3 Policies and Procedures
7.5.3 Attack Stages and the Cyber Kill Chain
7.5.3.1 Reconnaissance
7.5.3.2 Weaponization
7.5.3.3 Delivery
7.5.3.4 Exploitation
7.5.3.5 Installation
7.5.3.6 Command and Control
7.5.3.7 Actions on Objectives
7.5.3.8 ICS Cyber Kill Chain
7.6 Secure System Design Principles
7.6.1 Continuous Improvement
7.6.2 Defense in Depth
7.6.3 Least Privilege
7.6.4 Validated Design and Implementation
7.6.5 Fail-safe Defaults
7.6.6 Separation of Duties
7.6.7 Psychological Acceptability
7.6.8 Modularization
7.6.9 Accountability
7.7 Approaches for Threat and Risk Assessment and Mitigation
7.7.1 Risk Framing, Legal, and Compliance
7.7.2 Risk Assessment
7.7.3 Risk Response or Treatment
7.7.4 Risk Monitoring
7.7.5 Security Management and Continuous Improvement
7.8 Approaches for Incident Detection and Response
7.8.1 Incident and Intrusion Detection
7.8.1.1 Host-Based IDS
7.8.1.2 Network-Based IDS
7.8.1.3 Distributed or Hybrid IDS
7.8.1.4 Signature Detection
7.8.1.5 Anomaly Detection
7.8.2 Incident Response
7.9 Summary
7.10 Thoughtful Questions to Ensure Comprehension
Further Reading
References
Chapter 8 Control Theory
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Formal Statement of Optimal Control Problem
8.2 Deterministic Linear Systems
8.2.1 Open-Loop Optimal Control of Linear Systems
8.2.2 Closed-Loop Optimal Control of Linear Systems
8.2.3 Finite-Time Linear Quadratic Regulator: Time-Varying Case
8.2.4 Infinite-Interval Regulator System: Time-Invariant Case
8.2.5 Linear Quadratic Tracking System: Finite-Time Case
8.2.6 Gain Margin and Phase Margin
8.2.7 Gain Margin
8.2.8 Phase Margin
8.3 Pontryagin Principle and HJB Equation
8.3.1 The Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) Equation
8.4 Stochastic Linear Systems
8.4.1 Optimal Estimation
8.4.2 Optimal Control
8.5 Deterministic Nonlinear Systems
8.5.1 Finite-Horizon Regulation and Tracking for Nonlinear Systems
8.5.2 Finite-Horizon Regulator
8.5.3 Finite-Horizon Tracking for Nonlinear Systems
8.6 Summary
8.7 Thoughtful Questions to Ensure Comprehension
Further Reading
References
Chapter 9 Human System Interfaces
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Control Systems
9.1.2 History of Humans and Control Systems
9.1.3 Common Elements of Control System HSIs
9.1.4 Consequences of Poor HSIs in Control Systems
9.2 Basic Methods
9.2.1 Introduction to User-Centered Design
9.2.2 Design Planning
9.2.3 Prototyping Process
9.2.4 Evaluation Process
9.2.5 Validation versus Verification
9.3 Summary
Further Reading
References
Part IV Metrics Fundamentals
Chapter 10 Differentiating Resilience
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Conventional Views of Grid Resilience
10.3 Grid Characteristics
10.4 Grid Resilience and the Relationship to Electric Reliability
10.5 Characterization of Resilience
10.5.1 Stress and Stressors
10.5.2 Physical Scale
10.5.3 Temporal Scale
10.5.4 Strain
10.5.5 Resilience Domains
10.5.5.1 Stress Avoidance
10.5.5.2 Stress Resistance
10.5.5.3 Strain Adjustment
10.5.6 Foundational Support
10.6 Architectural Principles and Concepts for Resilience
10.6.1 All Hazards Approach
10.6.2 Situational Awareness
10.6.3 ULS Normal Failures Approach
10.6.4 System Hardness
10.6.5 Flexibility
10.6.6 Extensibility
10.6.7 Agility
10.6.8 Distributed Versus Centralized Systems
10.6.9 Buffering
10.6.10 Structural Resilience
10.6.11 Redundancy
10.7 Structural Resilience Quantification and Valuation
10.8 Summary
Further Reading
References
Chapter 11 Cross-architecture Metrics
11.1 Definition of Resilience
11.2 Notional Capture of Resilience Adaptive Capacity
11.3 Response Epoch: Adaptive Capacity on an Asset-Level Development
11.4 Adaptive Capacity on an Aggregated-Level Development
11.5 Cybersecurity Considerations
11.6 Consideration of Resist Epoch (Inertia)
11.7 Consideration of Recover and Restore Epochs
References
Part V Resilience Application
Chapter 12 Introducing the Grid Game
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Download/Install the Game
12.3 Play the Grid Game
12.4 Fundamentals
12.5 Evaluate the Grid Game and Players (Yourself and Others)
12.6 Play Together
12.7 Improve the Game
References
Chapter 13 Cybersecurity and Resilience for the Power Grid
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Operation Technologies in the Power Grid
13.3 Cyberattacks to the Power Grid
13.3.1 Attacks in Ukraine
13.3.2 Other Potential Attacks
13.4 Research Efforts
13.4.1 Classical Power Grid Systems
13.4.2 Smart Grid Systems
13.4.3 Grid Simulator
13.5 Summary
13.6 Thoughtful Questions to Ensure Comprehension
Further Reading
References
Chapter 14 Control Challenges
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Resiliency Challenges in Control Systems
14.3 Resiliency Design Framework
14.3.1 Control of Autonomous Systems in Adversarial Environment
14.3.2 Cross-Layer Defense for Cloud-Enabled Internet of Controlled Things
14.4 Resiliency for Decentralized Control Systems
14.5 Summary
14.6 Thoughtful Questions to Ensure Comprehension
Further Reading
References
Chapter 15 Human Challenges
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Experiential Learning and the Multidisciplinary Grid Game
15.2.1 Grid Game Case Study
15.2.2 Grid Operations and Cybersecurity
15.2.2.1 Grid Operations
15.2.2.2 Microgrid Stability and Generation Control System
15.2.2.3 Generator Inertia
15.2.2.4 Energy Storage
15.2.3 Cyber Adversarial Decision-Making
15.2.4 Cyber Defender Decision-Making
15.2.4.1 Group Dynamics and Divisions of Labor
15.2.4.2 Cybersecurity Preparations
15.2.4.3 Response to Cyberattacks
15.2.5 Cyber-Field Research
15.2.5.1 Designing and Conducting Research
15.2.5.2 Weaving Multiple Methods in RealTime
15.2.5.3 Exposure to All Phases of Research
15.3 Benefits of Gamifying Cybersecurity
15.3.1 Discipline-Specific Benefits
15.3.2 Challenges
15.4 Summary
Further Reading
References
Part VI Additional Design Considerations
Chapter 16 Interdependency Analysis
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Dependencies and Interdependencies
16.1.2 Electric-Grid System Dependencies
16.2 Approaches to Infrastructure Dependency Analysis
16.2.1 Engineering Models
16.2.2 Systems Engineering
16.2.3 Geospatial Modeling
16.2.4 All-Hazards Analysis
16.3 Bulk Power Systems Interdependency Case Studies
16.3.1 Natural Gas Expansion
16.3.1.1 Natural Gas Interdependencies for Electric Generation
16.3.1.2 Seasonal Impacts
16.3.2 Water Interdependencies
16.4 Summary
Further Reading
References
Chapter 17 Multi-agent Control Systems
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 What Is an Agent?
17.1.2 Intelligent Agent
17.1.3 Resilient Agent
17.1.4 Multi-agents and Benefit to Resilience
17.2 Control System Design
17.2.1 Tiers of Control
17.2.2 Decomposition of Operational Philosophy into Management and Coordination Layers
17.2.3 Decomposition of Operational Philosophy into Execution Layer
17.2.4 Data-driven Methodology for Application of Tiered Control
17.2.5 Cyber-Physical Degradation Assessment
17.3 Control System Application
17.3.1 Human Decision Integration into Management and Execution Layers
17.3.2 Distributed Control and the Execution Layer Formulation
17.3.3 Domain Application
17.4 Summary
Further Reading
An overview of a HMADS for power system applications:
References
Chapter 18 Other Examples of Resilience Application
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Resilient Design Capacities
18.3 Anticipative Capacity
18.4 Absorptive Capacity
18.5 Adaptive Capacity
18.6 Restorative Capacity
18.7 Considerations for Resilient Design
18.8 System of Interest
18.9 Threat Space
18.10 Operational Constraints
18.11 Summary
Further Reading
References
Part VII Conclusions
Chapter 19 Summary and Challenge for the Future
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Resilience Is Not a Design Layer, It Is a Philosophy
19.3 Resilience and the Road to Autonomous Systems
References
Index
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