The Shias of Pakistan

1. General Historical Background The spreading of Shi'ism in North-West India until 1947 Shia-Sunni issues from Mughal times to 1939 The emergence of Shia communalism in British India 2. Shias and the Pakistan Movement Shia contributions to Muslim political awakening until 1939 From the Lahore Resolution to the establishment of Pakistan 3. Shias in Pakistan until 1958 Communal reorganization and new internal divisions The struggle for constitutional safeguards and other Shia demands Shia 'ulamâ' and dînî madâris in the 1950s Growing resistance against Shia religious ceremonies The demand for 'reserved seats' 4. The Ayub Khan Era, 1958-1968 The impact of martial law and secularism The 1963 riots and their aftermath Sayyid Muhammad Dihlavi and his new Shia movement Conflicts between orthodox 'ulamâ' and popular preachers Towards official acceptance of Shia demands 5. The Yahya Khan and Bhutto Era, 1969-1977 New issues and partial successes in the interim era The Bhutto government and Shia demands Divisions among the Shia 'ulamâ' at their climax Re-emergence of the sectarian problem Decline of the Shia Mutâlabât Movement 6. The Zia-ul-Haqq Era, 1977-1988 The impact of Zia's Islamization policy and the Iranian revolution The TNFJ under Mufti Ja'far Husain, 1979-1983 Sayyid 'Arif Husain al-Husaini and the radicalization of the TNFJ The challenge of Sunni extremism in the 1980s 7. The Interim Democratic Decade, 1988-1999 From TNFJ to TJP: Return to pragmatism The sectarian vendetta in the 1990s Decline of the TJP 8. The Musharraf and Zardari Eras, 2000-2013 Escalating terrorist violence against the Shia minority The Shias of Kurram Agency under siege Responses from Shia communal organizations 9. Summary and Conclusion Glossary Bibliography Index