Electrokinetic Remediation for Environmental Security and Sustainability

Name: Electrokinetic Remediation for Environmental Security and Sustainability
Brand: Wiley
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Alexandra B. Ribeiro Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

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Erschienen am 5. März 2021

720 Seiten

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Beschreibung

Electrokinetic Remediation for Environmental Security and Sustainability

Explore this comprehensive reference on the remediation of contaminated substrates, filled with cutting-edge research and practical case studies

Electrokinetic Remediation for Environmental Security and Sustainability delivers a thorough review of electrokinetic remediation (EKR) for the treatment of inorganic and organic contaminants in contaminated substrates. The book highlights recent progress and developments in EKR in the areas of resource recovery, the removal of pollutants, and environmental remediation. It also discusses the use of EKR in conjunction with nanotechnology and phytoremediation.

Throughout the book, case studies are presented that involve the field implementation of EKR technologies. The book also includes discussions of enhanced electrokinetic remediation of dredged co-contaminated sediments, solar-powered bioelectrokinetics for the mitigation of contaminated agricultural soil, advanced electro-fenton for remediation of organics, electrokinetic remediation for PPCPs in contaminated substrates, and the electrokinetic remediation of agrochemicals such as organochlorine compounds. Other topics include:
* A thorough introduction to the modelling of electrokinetic remediation
* An exploration of the electrokinetic recovery of tungsten and removal of arsenic from mining secondary resources
* An analysis of pharmaceutically active compounds in wastewater treatment plants with a discussion of electrochemical advanced oxidation as an on-site treatment
* A review of rare earth elements, including general concepts and recovery techniques, like electrodialytic extraction
* A treatment of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil in cold climate conditions

Perfect for environmental engineers and scientists, geologists, chemical engineers, biochemical engineers, and scientists working with green technology, Electrokinetic Remediation for Environmental Security and Sustainability will also earn a place in the libraries of academic and industry researchers, engineers, regulators, and policy makers with an interest in the remediation of contaminated natural resources.

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Inhalt

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Contributors
Chapter 1 An Overview of the Modeling of Electrokinetic Remediation
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Reactive Transport
1.2.1 One-Dimensional Electromigration Model
1.2.2 One-Dimensional Electromigration and Electroosmosis Model
1.2.3 One-Dimensional Electrodialytic Model
1.2.4 One-Dimensional Electroremediation Model Using Nernst-Planck-Poisson
1.3 Chemical Equilibrium
1.4 Models for the Future
1.4.1 Combining Chemical Equilibrium and Chemical Reaction Kinetics
1.4.2 Multiscale Models
1.4.3 Two- and Three-Dimensional Models
1.4.4 Multiphysics Modeling
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2 Basic Electrochemistry Tools in Environmental Applications
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Electrochemical Half-Cells
2.1.2 Electrode Potential
2.1.3 Electrical Double Layer
2.1.4 Electrochemical Processes
2.1.4.1 Polarization (Overvoltage)
2.1.4.2 Slow Chemical Reactions
2.2 Basic Bioelectrochemistry and Applications
2.3 Industrial Electrochemistry and the Environment
2.3.1 Isolation and Purification of Important Metals
2.3.2 Production of Important Chemical Intermediates by Electrochemistry
2.4 Electrokinetic Phenomena
2.4.1 Electroosmosis in Bioremediation
2.5 Electrophoresis and Its Application in Bioremediation
2.6 Biosensors in Environmental Monitoring
2.6.1 What Are Biosensors?
2.6.2 Biosensors as Environmental Monitors
2.7 Electrochemical Systems as Energy Sources
2.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3 Combined Use of Remediation Technologies with Electrokinetics
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Biological Processes
3.2.1 Electrobioremediation
3.2.2 Electro-Phytoremediation
3.3 Permeable Reactive Barriers
3.4 Advanced Oxidation Processes
3.4.1 Electrokinetics-Enhanced In Situ Chemical Oxidation (EK-ISCO)
3.4.2 Electro-Fenton
3.5 In Situ Chemical Reduction (ISCR)
3.6 Challenges for Upscaling
3.7 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 4 The Electrokinetic Recovery of Tungsten and Removal of Arsenic from Mining Secondary Resources: The Case of the Panasqueira Mine
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Tungsten Mining Resources: The Panasqueira Mine
4.2.1 The Development of the Industry
4.2.2 Ore Extraction Processes
4.2.3 Potential Risks
4.3 The Circular Economy of Tungsten Mining Waste
4.3.1 Panasqueira Old Slimes vs. Current Slimes
4.3.2 Tungsten Recovery
4.3.3 Building Material-Related Applications
4.4 Social, Economic, and Environmental Impacts
4.5 Final Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5 Electrokinetic Remediation of Dredged Contaminated Sediments
5.1 Introduction
5.2 EKR Removal of Pollutants from Harbor Sediments
5.2.1 Pollutants and Removal Efficiencies
5.2.1.1 Metals
5.2.1.2 Organic Pollutants and Organometallic Pollutants
5.2.2 Influence of Experimental Settings and Sediment Properties on the Efficiency of EKR
5.2.2.1 Enhancement of EKR - Changes in Design
5.2.2.2 Enhancement of EKR - Chemical Agents and Surfactants
5.2.2.3 Sediment Characteristics
5.3 Case Studies of Enhancement Techniques
5.4 Evaluation of the Best Available EKR Practice
5.4.1 Energy Consumption
5.4.2 Environmental Impacts
5.5 Scaling Up EKR for Remediation of Polluted Harbor Sediments
5.5.1 Results and Comments
5.6 Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 6 Pharmaceutically Active Compounds in Wastewater Treatment Plants: Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation as Onsite Treatment
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Emerging Organic Contaminants
6.1.2 Occurrence and Fate of EOCs
6.1.2.1 EOCs in WWTPs
6.1.3 Water Challenges
6.1.4 Technologies for Wastewater Treatment - Electrochemical Process
6.2 Electrochemical Reactor for EOC Removal in WWTPs
6.2.1 Experimental Design
6.2.1.1 Analytical Methodology
6.2.2 Electrokinetic Reactor Operating in a Continuous Vertical Flow Mode
6.3 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7 Rare Earth Elements: Overview, General Concepts, and Recovery Techniques, Including Electrodialytic Extraction
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Rare Earth Elements: Characterization, Applications, and Geo-Dependence
7.1.2 REE Mining and Secondary Sources
7.1.3 REE Extraction and Recovery from Secondary Resources
7.2 Case Study
7.3 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8 Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil in Cold Climate Conditions: Electrokinetic-Bioremediation Technology as a Remediation Strategy
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Hydrocarbon Contamination
8.1.2 Oil Spills in Arctic Environments
8.1.3 Remediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Soil
8.1.3.1 Electrokinetic Remediation (EKR)
8.2 Case Study
8.2.1 Description of the Site
8.2.2 Soil Sampling
8.2.3 Electrokinetic Remediation (EKR) Experiments
8.2.4 Analytical Procedures
8.2.4.1 Soil Characterization
8.3 Determination of Metals and Phosphorus
8.3.1 Results and Discussion
8.3.1.1 Soil Characteristics
8.3.1.2 EKR Experiments
8.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9 Electrochemical Migration of Oil and Oil Products in Soil
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Specific Nature of Soils Polluted by Oil and Its Products
9.3 Influence of Mineral Composition
9.4 Influence of Soil Dispersiveness
9.5 Influence of Physical Soil Properties
9.6 Influence of Physico-Chemical Soil Properties
9.7 Influence of the Initial Water/Oil Ratio in a Soil
9.8 Influence of the Oil Aging Process
9.9 Influence of Oil Composition
9.10 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10 Nanostructured TiO2-Based Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) Electrocatalysts: A Preliminary Feasibility Study in Electrodialytic Remediation with Hydrogen Recovery
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Electrokinetic Technologies: Electrodialytic Ex Situ Remediation
10.1.2 Nanostructured TiO2 Electrocatalysts Synthesized Through Electrochemical Methods
10.2 Case Study
10.2.1 Aim and Scope
10.2.2 Experimental
10.2.2.1 TiO2 Based Electrocatalyst Synthesis and Characterization
10.2.2.2 ED Experiments
10.2.3 Discussion
10.2.3.1 Blank Tests: Electrocatalysts Effectiveness toward HER
10.2.3.2 ED Remediation for Sustainable CRMs Recovery
10.3 Final Considerations
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 11 Hydrogen Recovery in Electrodialytic-Based Technologies Applied to Environmental Contaminated Matrices
11.1 Scope
11.2 Technology Concept
11.2.1 Potential Secondary Resources
11.2.2 Electrodialytic Reactor
11.2.2.1 Electrodes
11.2.2.2 Ion-Exchange Membranes
11.2.2.3 PEMFC System
11.3 Economic Assessment of PEMFC Coupled with Electroremediation
11.3.1 Scenario Analysis
11.3.2 Hydrogen Business Model Canvas
11.3.3 SWOT Analysis
11.4 Final Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 12 Electrokinetic-Phytoremediation of Mixed Contaminants in Soil
12.1 Soil Contamination
12.2 Phytoremediation
12.3 Electroremediation
12.3.1 EK Process Coupled with Phytoremediation
12.3.2 EK-Assisted Bioremediation in the Treatment of Inorganic Contaminants
12.3.3 EK-Assisted Bioremediation in the Treatment of Organic Contaminants
12.4 Case Study of EK and Electrokinetic-Assisted Phytoremediation
12.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13 Enhanced Electrokinetic Techniques in Soil Remediation for Removal of Heavy Metals
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Electrokinetic Mechanism and Phenomenon
13.3 Limitations of the Electrokinetic Remediation Process
13.4 Need for Enhancement in the Electrokinetic Remediation Process
13.5 Enhancement Techniques
13.5.1 Surface Modification
13.6 Cation-Selective Membranes
13.7 Electro-Bioremediation
13.8 Electro-Geochemical Oxidation
13.9 LasagnaT Process
13.10 Other Potential Processes
13.11 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 14 Assessment of Soil Fertility and Microbial Activity by Direct Impact of an Electrokinetic Process on Chromium-Contaminated Soil
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Experimental Section
14.2.1 Soil Characteristics and Preparation of Contaminated Soil
14.2.2 Electrokinetic Tests, Experimental Setup, and Procedure
14.2.3 Testing Procedure
14.2.4 Extraction and Analytical Methods
14.2.5 Soil Nutrients
14.2.6 Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon Analysis
14.2.7 Quality Control and Quality Assurance
14.3 Results and Discussion
14.3.1 Electrokinetic Remediation of Chromium-Contaminated Soil
14.3.1.1 Electrical Current Changes During the Electrokinetic Experiment
14.3.2 pH Distribution in Soil During and After the Electrokinetic Experiment
14.4 Removal of Cr
14.4.1 The Distribution of Total Cr and Its Electroosmotic Flow During the Electrokinetic Experiment
14.5 Effects of the Electrokinetic Process on Some Soil Properties
14.5.1 Soil Organic Carbon
14.5.2 Soil-Available Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, and Calcium
14.5.3 Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon
14.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 Management of Clay Properties Based on Electrokinetic Nanotechnology
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Objects of the Study
15.3 Methods of the Study
15.4 Results and Discussion
15.4.1 Regulation of Soil ??
15.4.2 Regulation of Oxidation-Reduction Potential
15.4.3 Regulation of Soil Particle Surface-Charge Density
15.4.4 EDL Parameter Regulation
15.4.5 Regulation of Clay CEC
15.4.6 Regulation of Physico-Chemical Parameters of Soils
15.4.7 Regulation of Soil Texture and Structure
15.4.8 Regulation of Physical Clay Properties
15.4.9 Regulation of Soil Strength and Deformability
15.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 16 Technologies to Create Electrokinetic Protective Barriers
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Conventional Electrokinetic Barriers
16.2.1 Cationic Contaminants
16.2.2 Anionic Pollutants
16.2.3 Advanced EKB Implementations
16.2.4 Using EKBs for Soil Remediation
16.3 Electrokinetic Barrier with Ion-Selective Membranes (IS-EKB)
16.4 Electrokinetic Barrier Based on Geosynthetics (EKG-B)
16.5 Bio-Electrokinetic Protective Barrier (Bio-EKB)
16.6 Electrokinetic Permeable Reactive Barriers (EK-PRB)
16.6.1 EK-PRBs Based on Activated Carbon
16.6.2 EK-PRBs Based on Iron Compounds
16.6.2.1 ZVI-Based EK-PRBs
16.6.2.2 EK-PRBs Based on Ferric/Ferrous Compounds
16.6.3 EK-PRBs Based on Red Mud
16.6.4 EK-PRBs Based on Zeolites
16.6.5 EK-PRBs Based on Clays or Modified Soils
16.6.6 Other Materials for the Creation of EK-PRBs
16.7 Electrokinetic Permeable Reactive Barriers to Prevent Radionuclide Contamination
16.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 17 Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater: Sensor Potential for Monitoring Electroremediation Systems
17.1 Scope
17.2 Removal Technologies: Electroremediation Treatment
17.3 Monitoring Tool: Electronic Tongues Devices
17.3.1 Sensor Design
17.3.1.1 Thin-Film Nanomaterials
17.3.1.2 Promising Thin-Film Deposition Techniques
17.3.1.3 Electrical Measurements: Impedance Spectroscopy
17.3.2 Data Treatment
17.4 Critical View on Coupling EK and Electronic Tongues
17.5 Final Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 18 Perspectives on Electrokinetic Remediation of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Soil
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Soil Pollution
18.1.2 Contaminants of Emerging Concern
18.2 Electrokinetic Process
18.2.1 Removal Mechanisms
18.2.2 Electro-Degradation Mechanisms
18.2.3 Enhanced Bio-Degradation
18.3 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 19 Electrokinetic Remediation for the Removal of Organic Waste in Soil and Sediments
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Organic Soil Pollution
19.2.1 The Fate of Organic Soil Pollutants
19.2.2 Biomagnification and Bioaccumulation of Soil Pollutants
19.3 Soil Remediation Methods
19.3.1 Physical Methods
19.3.1.1 Capping
19.3.1.2 Thermal Desorption
19.3.1.3 Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE)
19.3.1.4 Incineration
19.3.1.5 Air Sparging
19.3.2 Chemical Methods
19.3.2.1 Soil Washing/Flushing
19.3.2.2 Chemical Oxidation Remediation
19.3.3 Bioremediation
19.3.3.1 Microbial Remediation
19.3.3.2 Phytoremediation
19.4 Electrokinetic Remediation (EKR)
19.4.1 Basic Principles of EKR
19.4.1.1 Electrolysis of Pore Water
19.4.1.2 Electromigration
19.4.1.3 Electroosmosis
19.4.1.4 Electrophoresis
19.5 EKR for the Treatment of Soils and Sediments
19.5.1 Enhancement Techniques Coupled with EKR
19.5.1.1 Techniques Used to Enhance the Solubility of Contaminants
19.5.1.2 Techniques to Control Soil pH
19.5.1.3 Coupling with Other Remediation Techniques
19.5.2 Facilitating Agents for PAH Removal
19.5.2.1 Cyclodextrin-Enhanced EKR
19.5.2.2 Surfactant-Enhanced EKR
19.5.3 Cosolvent-Enhanced EKR
19.5.4 Biosurfactant-Enhanced EKR
19.6 Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Electrokinetic Remediation
19.6.1 Effect of pH
19.6.2 Effect of Electrolytes
19.6.3 Effect of Soil Characteristics
19.6.4 Effect of the Voltage Gradient
19.7 Conclusions and Future Perspective
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 20 The Integration of Electrokinetics and In Situ Chemical Oxidation Processes for the Remediation of Organically Polluted Soils
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Principles Underlying EK-ISCO Remediation Technology
20.2.1 Desorption and Migration of Organic Pollutants
20.2.2 Oxidant Migration
20.3 Factors that Influence EK-ISCO Technology
20.3.1 Soil Properties
20.3.2 Dosage and Methods Used to Add Oxidants to Soil
20.3.3 Concentration and Aging of Organic Pollutants
20.4 Enhanced EK-ISCO Remediation Methods
20.4.1 Electro-Fenton Process
20.4.2 pH Control
20.4.3 Ion-Exchange Membranes
20.4.4 Adding Solubilizers
20.4.5 Electrode Activation/Electrode Thermal Activation
20.4.6 Nanomaterial-Enhanced Methods
20.5 Pilot/Field-Scale Studies of EK-ISCO Remediation Technologies
20.5.1 Experimental Design
20.5.1.1 Electrode Materials
20.5.1.2 Configuring Electrode Settings
20.5.1.3 Power Supply Modes
20.5.2 Pilot Cases
20.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 21 Electrokinetic and Electrochemical Removal of Chlorinated Ethenes: Application in Low- and High-Permeability Saturated Soils
21.1 Introduction
21.1.1 Chlorinated Ethenes
21.1.2 Low-Permeability Saturated Soils
21.1.3 High-Permeability Saturated Soils
21.2 Electrokinetically Enhanced Remediation in Low-Permeability Saturated Soils
21.2.1 Electrokinetically Enhanced Bioremediation (EK-BIO)
21.2.1.1 EK-Induced Delivery of Microbial Cultures and Electron Donors
21.2.1.2 Current State of Development from an Applied Perspective
21.2.2 Electrokinetically Enhanced In Situ Chemical Oxidation (EK-ISCO)
21.2.2.1 EK-Induced Delivery of Oxidants
21.2.2.2 Current State of Development from an Applied Perspective
21.2.3 Electrokinetically Enhanced Permeable Reactive Barriers (EK-PRB)
21.2.3.1 EK-Induced Mobilization of Chlorinated Ethenes
21.2.3.2 EK-Controlled Reactivity of the Filling Material
21.2.3.3 Current State of Development from an Applied Perspective
21.3 Electrochemical Remediation in High-Permeability Saturated Soils
21.3.1 Electrochemistry in Complex Environmental Settings
21.3.2 Electrochemical Remediation in Complex Environmental Settings
21.3.2.1 Electrochemically Induced Changes in Hydrogeochemistry
21.3.2.2 Current State of Development from an Applied Perspective
21.4 Summary
References
Chapter 22 Chlorophenolic Compounds and Their Transformation Products by the Heterogeneous Fenton Process: A Review
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Heterogeneous Fenton Processes
22.2.1 Effect of Catalyst Type and Possible Reaction Mechanisms
22.2.1.1 Iron Oxides
22.2.1.2 Pyrite
22.2.1.3 Zero-Valent Iron (ZVI)
22.2.1.4 Multimetallic Iron-Based Catalysts
22.2.1.5 Supported Iron-Based Catalyst Materials
22.3 Factors Affecting CP Removal Efficiency in Heterogeneous Fenton Processes
22.3.1 Effect of Catalyst Size
22.3.2 Effect of Catalyst Dosage
22.3.3 Effect of pH
22.3.4 Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide Dose
22.3.5 Effect of Organic Ligands
22.4 Reaction By-Products
22.5 Mode of Implementation, Reactor Configuration, and Biodegradability
22.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 23 Clays and Clay Polymer Composites for Electrokinetic Remediation of Soil
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Electrokinetic Remediation Technique: An Overview
23.3 Clay Soil and Minerals
23.4 Clay Mineral Classifications and Structure
23.5 Layer Charge
23.6 Active Bond Sites in Clay Minerals
23.7 Properties of Clay Minerals
23.8 Clay Minerals and Their Modifications
23.9 Organoclays and Their Properties
23.10 Factors Affecting the Mechanism of Transporting Contaminants in Clay Soils
23.10.1 Structural Parameters
23.10.2 Mass Transport
23.10.3 Electrokinetic Potential (Zeta Potential)
23.10.4 Polymeric Agent Enhanced Electrokinetic Decontamination of Clay Soils
23.10.5 Future Perspectives
23.11 Summary
References
Chapter 24 Enhanced Remediation and Recovery of Metal-Contaminated Soil Using Electrokinetic Soil Flushing
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Metal Contamination in Mining Areas
24.3 Treatment of Metal-Contaminated Soil Using EKSF
24.3.1 Soil Flushing
24.3.2 Fundamental Equation for EK Remediation
24.3.3 Electrokinetic Soil Flushing (EKSF)
24.3.4 Flushing Fluid Enhanced EKSF Performance
24.3.5 Preventing pH from Acidification
24.3.6 Other Factors that Enhance EKSF Performance
24.3.7 Energy Requirements and Future Perspectives
24.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 25 Recent Progress on Pressure-Driven Electro-Dewatering (PED) of Contaminated Sludge
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Electro-Dewatering for Sludge Treatment
25.2.1 Conventional Sludge Treatment Systems
25.2.2 Overview of Electro-Dewatering Systems
25.2.3 Fundamental Equations of EDW Systems
25.3 Design Considerations for PED Systems
25.3.1 Reducing Electrical Resistance in PED Systems
25.3.2 Maintaining Optimum pH and Salinity
25.3.3 Determining Sludge Characteristics and Properties
25.3.4 Operating PED Under Constant Voltage or Current
25.3.5 Determining Appropriate Electrodes (Anodes and Cathodes)
25.3.6 Reducing Energy Consumption
25.4 Future Perspectives
25.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 26 Removing Ionic and Nonionic Pollutants from Soil, Sludge, and Sediment Using Ultrasound-Assisted Electrokinetic Treatment
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Overview of Technologies
26.2.1 Ultrasonication
26.2.2 Electrokinetic Remediation
26.3 Desorption and Degradation Mechanism
26.3.1 Removing Contaminants by Ultrasonication
26.3.2 Ultrasonic Wave Effect
26.3.2.1 Cavitation
26.3.2.2 Thermal Effect
26.3.2.3 Chemical Effect
26.3.2.4 Biological Effect
26.3.3 Electrokinetic Remediation Process
26.3.3.1 Electrolysis
26.3.3.2 Electromigration and Electrophoresis
26.3.3.3 Electroosmosis
26.3.3.4 Electrooxidation/Reduction
26.4 Ultrasonication-Assisted Electrokinetic Remediation
26.4.1 Recent Progress in Ultrasonication-Assisted Electrokinetic Remediation (US-EK)
26.4.2 Factors Affecting Performance
26.4.2.1 System Parameters
26.4.2.2 Contaminant and Environmental Parameters
26.4.3 Future Directions
26.5 Conclusions
References
Index
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