Labour Relations in Aviation

Name: Labour Relations in Aviation
Brand: Wolters Kluwer
Price: 159.99 EUR
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Jacomo Restellini(Herausgeber*in)

Wolters Kluwer (Verlag)

Erschienen am 26. Oktober 2022

408 Seiten

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Inhalt

Intro
Half-Title Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Author
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
List of Abbreviations
Part I General Context of International Civil Aviation, Main Legal Sources and Actors of Air Law
Chapter 1 Main Legal Sources of Air Law
1 Definition of Air Law
2 Overview of the Main Sources of Air Law
2.1 Introductory Note
2.2 International Conventions
2.2.1 Chicago Convention of 1944
2.2.2 Other International Public Law Conventions
2.2.3 Other Private International Law Conventions
2.2.3.1 Air Carrier Liability
2.2.3.2 Conventions Dealing with Rights in Rem on Aircraft
2.3 International Air Services Agreements
2.3.1 Principle of Bilateral Agreements
2.3.2 'Bermuda' and 'Open Skies' - Type Agreements
2.4 European Law
2.5 National Law
2.6 Case Law and Legal Doctrine
3 Concluding Remarks
Chapter 2 International Civil Aviation Actors and Their Normative Functions
1 Introductory Note
2 ICAO
2.1 Organisation
2.2 Objectives
2.3 Composition
2.3.1 Assembly
2.3.2 Council
2.3.3 Air Navigation Commission
2.3.4 Secretariat
2.4 Normative Function of ICAO
2.4.1 Overview of Globally Harmonised Rules on Crew Members
2.4.1.1 Licences
2.4.1.2 Pilot-in-Command
2.4.1.3 Flight Duty Time
3 Other Intergovernmental Bodies
3.1 United Nations Specialised Agencies
3.1.1 Technical Institutions
3.1.2 International Labour Organization
4 European Union
4.1 EU's Normative Function
4.1.1 Aviation Safety Legislation
4.1.2 European Legislation in the Field of Social Law
5 Non-governmental Organisations
5.1 IATA
5.2 Other Non-governmental Organisations
5.3 Social Dialogue Between Air Transport Actors in Europe
6 Concluding Remarks
Part II Management of the International Air Transport Market in the EU
Chapter 3 Liberalisation of the European Air Transport Market and the New Operational Structures
1 Introductory Note
2 Regulation of Air Services in the EU
2.1 Background
2.2 Three Phases of the Liberalisation of the European Air Transport Market
2.2.1 General Context
2.2.2 First Phase of Liberalisation
2.2.3 Second Phase of Liberalisation
2.2.4 Third Phase of Liberalisation
2.3 Implementation of a 'Level Playing Field'
2.3.1 Context
2.3.2 Access to Routes
2.3.3 Operating Licences
2.3.4 Pricing Freedom
2.3.5 Exceptions
2.4 Synthesis
3 Economic Models and Operational Structures Resulting from Liberalisation
3.1 'Low Cost' and 'Hub and Spoke' Models
3.2 Operational Structures
3.2.1 Principal Place of Business
3.2.2 Secondary Establishment
3.2.3 Operational Base
4 Social Concerns
5 Concluding Remarks
Chapter 4 Limited Impact of Regulation 1008/2008 on the Working Conditions of Crew Members
1 Introductory Note
2 Limits of the Legal Basis Enshrined in the Treaties
3 Social Legislation and the Principal Place of Business
4 Spectre of Forum Shopping or Fraud
5 Concluding Remarks
Chapter 5 EU Social Regulations in Relation to Third States
1 Introductory Note
2 EU Competence
2.1 Nouvelles Frontiers Decision
2.2 EU External Aviation Policy
2.2.1 Open Skies Decisions
2.2.2 Horizontal Agreements
2.2.3 Comprehensive Agreements
3 Social Aspects in Bilateral Agreements with Third States
3.1 Introductory Remark
3.2 2010 Protocol to the 2007 EU-US Air Transport Agreement
3.2.1 Overview
3.2.2 Case of Norwegian Air
3.2.3 Synthesis
3.3 2019 EU-Qatar Comprehensive Air Transport Agreement
3.3.1 Overview
3.3.2 Synthesis
3.4 ASEAN-EU Comprehensive Air Transport Agreement
3.4.1 Overview
4 Concluding Remarks
Part III Position of Crew Members
Chapter 6 EU Harmonised Rules on Working Conditions of Crew Members
1 Introductory Note
2 Legal Harmonisation in the Field of Air Transport Safety
2.1 Flight and Duty Time Limitations and Rest Requirements
2.1.1 Context
2.1.2 Scope of Application
2.1.3 Main Concepts
2.1.3.1 Flight Duty Period
2.1.3.2 Flight Time
2.1.3.3 Duty Period
2.1.3.4 Rest Period
2.1.4 Recording of Working Time
2.1.4.1 Forms and Methods of Registration
2.1.4.2 Responsibility for Registration
2.1.4.3 Supervisory Responsibility and Enforcement Actions
2.1.5 Synthesis
2.2 Main Technical Requirements and Administrative Procedures
2.2.1 Legal Provisions
2.2.2 Crew Members' Medical Fitness
2.2.2.1 Core Principles
2.2.2.2 Limitations and Unfit Assessment
2.2.3 Curtailment of Privileges of Licence Holders Aged 60 Years or More in Commercial Air Transport
2.2.3.1 Core Principles
2.2.3.2 Case Law on Age Limitation
2.2.4 Other Safety Rules Having an Impact on Working Relationships
2.2.4.1 Protection of Pregnant Women
2.2.4.2 Case Law on Pregnant Women
2.2.5. Synthesis
3 Limitation of Working Time of Mobile Workers in Civil Aviation
3.1 Context
3.2 Scope of Application
3.3 Key Concepts
3.3.1 Working Time
3.3.2 Block Flying Time
3.3.3 Paid Annual Leave
3.3.3.1 Principle
3.3.3.2 Case Law on Paid Leave
3.3.4 Synthesis
4 Concluding Remarks
Chapter 7 Social Security Law Applicable to Crew Members
1 Introductory Note
2 Regulation 883/2004 and Regulation 987/2009
2.1 Coordination of National Legislations
2.2 Scope of Application
2.3 General Principles
2.3.1 Single Applicable Legislation
2.3.2 Lex Loci Laboris
2.3.3 Multi-activity
2.3.3.1 Residence
2.3.3.2 Substantial Part of the Activity
3 Specific Regime Applicable to Crew Members
3.1 Main Issue
3.2 Notion of Home Base
3.3 CJEU Case C-33/21 of 19 May 2022: INPS v. Ryanair
3.4 Legal Uncertainties
3.4.1 Notion of Operator
3.4.2 Multiple Home Base
3.4.3 Bogus Home Base
4 Concluding Remarks
Chapter 8 Competent Court and Applicable Labour Law for Crew Members' Employment Relationship
1 Introductory Note
2 Competent Court: Brussels Ia Regulation
2.1 Scope of Application
2.2 Freedom of Choice
2.3 Legal Actions
2.3.1 Action Brought by the Employer
2.3.2 Action Brought by the Employee
3 Applicable Labour Law: Rome I Regulation
3.1 Scope of Application
3.2 Connecting Factors
3.2.1 Freedom of Choice
3.2.2 Absence of a Choice
3.2.2.1 Habitual Place of Work
3.2.2.2 Place of Hiring
3.2.2.3 Escape Clause
3.3 Overriding Mandatory Provisions
4 CJEU Case Law: Ryanair v. Nogueira and Others
4.1 Habitual Place of Work
4.1.1 Facts of the Case
4.1.2 Reasoning of the CJEU
4.1.3 Synthesis
4.2 Critical Analysis
4.2.1 Partial Convergence with the Notion of 'Home Base'
4.2.2 Multiple Places of Work
4.2.3 Misuse of the Escape Clause
5 Concluding Remarks
Chapter 9 Posted Crew Members
1 Introductory Note
2 Peculiarities of the Posting: Social Security
2.1 Notion of Posting
2.2 Continuation of the Applicable Regime
2.2.1 Conditions for the Continuation
2.2.2 Certificate of Coverage
2.3 CJEU Case C-370/17 of 2 April 2020: Vueling Airlines SA
2.4 Synthesis
3 Peculiarities of the Posting: Labour Law
3.1 Directive 96/71/EC
3.1.1 Scope of Application
3.1.2 Notion of Posted Workers and Forms of Posting
3.1.2.1 Duration of the Posting
3.1.2.2 Different Usual Place of Work
3.2 Applicable Principles
3.2.1 Rome I Regulation: Continuation of the Legal Regime
3.2.2 Directive 96/71/EC: Application of the Mandatory Rules of the Host Member State
3.3 Posted Crew Members
3.3.1 Overview
3.3.2 Case Law
3.3.2.1 Nogueira and Others v. Crewlink Ireland Ltd.
3.3.2.2 Michael Dobersberger v. Magistrat der Stadt Wien
3.3.2.3 Federatie Nederlandse Vakbeweging v. Van den Bosch Transporten BV and Others
3.3.3 Situations Not Covered by Directive 96/71/EC
3.3.3.1 No Posting Activity
3.3.3.2 Self-Employed Flight Crew
3.3.3.3 No Temporary Assignment
3.3.3.4 Floating Pilots
3.3.4 Situations Covered by Directive 96/71/EC
3.3.4.1 Temporary Assignment to Another Member State
3.3.4.2 Interim Crew Members
3.4 Synthesis
4 Wet Lease
4.1 Definition
4.2 Main Characteristics
4.3 Social Issues
4.3.1 Social Security
4.3.1.1 EU Home Base
4.3.1.2 Non-EU Home Base
4.3.2 Labour Law
4.3.2.1 EU Lessor
4.3.2.2 Non-EU Lessor
4.3.3 Applicability of Directive 96/71/EC
4.3.3.1 EU Lessor
4.3.3.2 Non-EU Lessor
4.3.4 Social Protection of Regulation 1008/2008
4.4 Synthesis
5 Concluding Remarks
Chapter 10 Raising Challenges in the Employment of Crew Members
1 Emergence of New Forms of Atypical Employment
2 Temporary Work
2.1 Key Figures
2.2 EU Legal Framework
2.2.1 Definition
2.2.2 Principle of Equal Treatment
2.3 Temporary Work among Crew Members
2.4 Employment Benefits and Concerns
3 Pay-to-Fly Practice
3.1 Key Figures
3.2 EU Legal Framework
3.2.1 Requirements for Piloting
3.2.2 Notion of 'Worker'
3.3 Employment Benefits and Concerns
4 Independent Flight Crew
4.1 Key Figures
4.2 EU Legal Framework
4.3 Self-Employment among Flight Crew
4.4 Employment Benefits and Concerns
5 EU Position on the Social Situation of Crew Members
5.1 Main Developments
5.2 Commission's Position
5.2.1 Temporary Work
5.2.2 Pay-to-Fly
5.2.3 Self-Employment
6 Concluding Remarks
Chapter 11 Data Protection of Crew Members
1 Introductory Note
2 Evolution of the Applicable European Legislation
2.1 Background
2.2 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
2.3 Convention 108 by the Council of Europe and the OECD Guidelines
2.4 Directive 95/46/EC
2.5 2009 Madrid Resolution and Other EU Public Consultations
3 GDPR
3.1 Adoption of the GDPR
3.2 Key Definitions and Fundamental Principles of the GDPR
3.2.1 Personal Data
3.2.2 Processing Operations
3.2.3 Controllers, Processors and Other GDPR Roles
3.2.3.1 Controller
3.2.3.2 Processor
3.2.3.3 Independent Controllers
3.2.3.4 Joint Controllers
3.2.3.5 Crew Members
3.2.3.6 Illustration
3.2.4 Sanctions and Fines
3.3 Territorial Scope of the GDPR and Its Impact on International Airlines
3.3.1 EU Establishment Criterion
3.3.2 Targeting Criterion
3.3.3 Compliance with the Provisions of the GDPR
3.3.4 Competent Data Protection Authorities
3.4 Personal Data of Crew Members
3.4.1 Ordinary Personal Data
3.4.2 Sensitive Personal Data
3.4.3 Processing Personal Data of Crew Members: Focus on Interoperability Arrangements
3.5 Designation of a Data Protection Officer
3.6 Designation of an EU Representative for Non-EU Air Carriers
3.7 Transfers of Personal Data
3.8 Crew Member's Training for the Safe Personal Data Collection on Behalf of Airlines
4 Conclusion
Chapter 12 Right to Strike for Crew Members
1 Crew Members Strike
1.1 Overview
1.2 Recent Examples
2 Right to Strike
2.1 Definition
2.2 ILO Principles Concerning the Right to Strike
2.3 EU Legal Basis
2.4 Right to Strike in Collective Labour Agreements and Crew Members' Employment
3 Consequences of Strikes
3.1 Legal Versus Illegal Strikes
3.2 Liability of Air Carriers with Respect to Passengers
3.2.1 Regulation 261/2004 and the Notion of 'Extraordinary Circumstances'
3.2.2 Krüsemann and Others v. TUIfly GmbH
3.2.3 Recent Case Law: SAS v. Airhelp
3.3 Other Types of Strikes Affecting Aviation
4 Concluding Remarks
Part IV Various Aspects of Employment in Air Transport
Chapter 13 Transfers of Undertakings in Civil Aviation
1 Introduction
2 Directive 2001/23/EC
2.1 Origin and Goal
2.2 Territorial Scope
2.3 Transfer of Undertaking
2.3.1 Definition
2.3.1.1 Legal Transfer or Merger
2.3.1.2 Organised Economic Entity
2.3.1.3 Retention of the Identity
2.3.1.4 Synthesis
2.3.2 Asset-Reliant Activity Versus Labour-Intensive Activity
2.3.2.1 Asset-Reliant Activity
2.3.2.2 Labour-Intensive Activity
2.3.2.3 Synthesis
2.3.3 Public or Private Nature of the Entity
2.3.4 Bankruptcy
2.4 Worker's Protection
2.4.1 Overview
2.4.2 Automatic Transfer of Employment Relationships
2.4.3 Joint and Several Liability
2.4.4 Dismissal Protection
2.4.5 Information and Consultation
3 Transfer of Undertakings in Civil Aviation
3.1 Introductory Note
3.2 CJEU Case: Ferreira da Silva and Others v. Estado Português
3.2.1 Facts of the Case
3.2.2 Reasoning of the CJEU
3.3 Court of Appeal of The Hague: Eisers v. KLM c.s
3.3.1 Facts of the Case
3.3.2 Reasoning of the Court of Appeal of The Hague
3.4 Other Court Decisions
3.5 Analysis
4 Concluding Remarks
Chapter 14 Gender Equality in Civil Aviation
1 Introductory Note
2 Barriers to Women in Civil Aviation
2.1 Gendering of Jobs
2.1.1 Key Figures
2.1.2 Working Conditions and Societal Stereotypes
2.2 Wage Inequalities
2.3 Breastfeeding and Pregnancy Concerns
2.3.1 Breastfeeding
2.3.2 Radiation Exposure
2.4 Work-Life Balance
2.5 Violence and Sexual Harassment
2.6 Synthesis
3 Role of Air Transport Actors in Gender Equality
3.1 Introductory Note
3.2 United Nations and Its Specialised Agencies
3.2.1 Sustainable Development Goals
3.2.2 ICAO
3.2.3 Chicago Convention
3.2.4 ILO
3.3 European Union
3.3.1 Legislative Action
3.3.2 European Commission
3.3.3 Civil Aviation Social Dialogue Committee
3.4 IATA
3.5 Airlines
3.6 Other Civil Society Associations
4 Concluding Remarks
Chapter 15 Trade Unions in Air Transport
1 Introductory Note
2 Background and Structure of Employment in the Aviation Sector
2.1 Personnel Wage Policies
2.1.1 Crew Members' Remuneration
3 Role of Trade Unions in the Field of Air Navigation
3.1 Fixed Costs and Negotiable Working Conditions
3.2 Historical Developments and Unionisation
3.3 Role of Trade Unions after Liberalisation
4 Ryanair
4.1 Ryanair's Policy
4.2 Ryanair's Change of Strategy
4.3 Recent Developments
5 Concluding Remarks
Chapter 16 Collective Labour Agreements in Air Transport
1 Introductory Note
2 Different Levels of CLAs, Function and Parties
2.1 Overview
2.2 First-Level Agreements
2.3 Second-Level Agreements
3 Contents of CLAs
3.1 Regulatory Section
3.2 Mandatory Section
3.3 Air Carriers' Specific Provisions
4 Air Transport Collective Agreements in the EU
4.1 Context
4.2 Harmonisation Attempts
4.3 National Models
4.3.1 French Model
4.3.2 German Model
4.3.3 Czech Model
4.3.4 Icelandic Model
5 Italian Experience
5.1 Subjective Effectiveness of Collective Agreements
5.2 Legal Basis of CLAs in the Italian Framework
5.3 Effects of Collective Bargaining on the Regulation of the Employment Relationship
5.4 Historical Background of Italian Air Transport CLAs
5.5 Parties to National Collective Bargaining in the Air Transport Sector
5.6 CLA in the Italian Air Transport Sector
5.6.1 General Part
5.6.2 Specific Parts
5.6.3 Commitment to CLAs
5.6.4 Further CLAs
5.7 Peculiarities of Italian Air transport CLAs' Contents
6 Concluding Remarks
Annex: Excerpt of Relevant Legal Texts (31 July 2022)
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