Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry

INTRODUCTION
SOLUTE-SOLVENT INTERACTIONS
Solutions
Intermolecular Forces
Solvation
Preferential Solvation
Micellar Solvation (Solubilization)
Ionization and Dissociation
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLVENTS
Classification of Solvents According to Chemical Constitution
Classification of Solvents Using Physical Constants
Classification of Solvents in Terms of Acid-Base Behaviour
Classification of Solvents in Terms of Specific Solute/Solvent Interactions
Classification of Solvents Using Multivariate Statistical Methods
SOLVENT EFFECTS ON THE POSITION OF HOMOGENEOUS CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA
General Remarks
Solvent Effects on Acid/Base Equilibria
Solvent Effects on Tautomeric Equilibria
Solvent Effects on other Equilibria
SOLVENT EFFECTS ON THE RATES OF HOMOGENEOUS CHEMICAL REACTIONS
General Remarks
Gas-Phase Reactivities
Qualitative Theory of Solvent Effects on Reaction Rates
Quantitative Theories of Solvent Effects on Reaction Rates
Specific Solvation Effects on Reaction Rates
SOLVENT EFFECTS ON THE ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
General Remarks
Solvent Effects on UV/Vis Spectra
Solvent Effects on Infrared Spectra
Solvent Effects on Electron Spin Resonance Spectra
Solvent Effects on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra
EMPIRICAL PARAMETERS OF SOLVENT POLARITY
Linear Gibbs Energy Relationships
Empirical Parameters of Solvent Polarity from Equilibrium Measurements
Empirical Parameters of Solvent Polarity from Kinetic Measurements
Empirical Parameters of Solvent Polarity from Spectroscopic Measurements
Empirical Parameters of Solvent Polarity from Other Measurements
Interrelation and Application of Solvent Polarity Parameters
Multiparameter Approaches
SOLVENTS AND GREEN CHEMISTRY
Green Chemistry
Reduction of Solvent Use
Green Solvent Selection
Non-Traditional Solvents
Outlook
APPENDIX: PROPERTIES, PURIFICATION, AND USE OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS
Physical Properties
Purification of Organic Solvents
Spectroscopic Solvents
Solvents as Reaction Media
Solvents for Recrystallization
Solvents for Extraction and Partitioning (Distribution)
Solvents for Adsorption Chromatography
Solvents for Acid/Base Titrations in Non-Aqueous Media
Solvents for Electrochemistry
Toxicity of Organic Solvents