Microbial Colorants

Name: Microbial Colorants | Chemistry, Biosynthesis and Applications
Brand: Wiley
Price: 211.99 EUR
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Chemistry, Biosynthesis and Applications

Luqman Jameel Rather Mohammad Shahid Salman Jameel(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

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Erschienen am 26. März 2025

565 Seiten

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Beschreibung

The book is a must-buy for anyone interested in the burgeoning field of microbial colorants, as it provides an extensive exploration of their sources, chemistry, and diverse applications, while addressing crucial aspects of environmental sustainability and regulatory considerations.

Microbial Colorants: Chemistry, Biosynthesis and Applications offers a comprehensive and in-depth exploration of microbial colorants, covering their sources, chemical properties, biosynthesis, and a wide range of applications. The volume compiles information on microbial and non-conventional pigment sources as well as environmental sustainability and regulatory aspects surrounding their use. The first half of the book delves into the sources and chemistry of microbial pigments, covering a variety of topics including bacterial pigments, fungal pigments, algal and cyanobacterial colorants, and more. Readers will gain insight into the diverse world of microbial pigments and the science behind their vibrant colors. The second half of the book focuses on the practical aspects of microbial colorants, including extraction and purification techniques, biotechnological approaches to enhance production, environmental sustainability, and regulatory considerations. It also explores the numerous applications of microbial colorants in industries such as food, cosmetics, textiles, and technology. Microbial colorants are gaining increasing attention due to their natural and sustainable properties. As the world seeks eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic dyes and colorants, microbial pigments offer a promising solution. This book aims to bridge the knowledge gap by providing a comprehensive resource for researchers, students, and professionals interested in this emerging field.

Readers will find the book:

Explores various microbial pigments and their sources;
Reviews pigment isolation, biosynthesis, and processing techniques;
Discusses potential applications of pigments across a range of products in the food and beverage industry, pharmaceutical industry, and textile dyeing industry;
Covers food safety and toxicity aspects of using microbial pigments as food colorants and includes the latest innovations in the use of microbial pigments in the textile industrial sector for dyeing and finishing purposes;
Provides regulatory considerations and compliance requirements for using microbial colorants in various industries.

Audience

The book is meant for researchers, academics, and industry experts working in fields related to pigment production, chemistry, isolation, and applications in the food and beverage, medicine, and textile industries. The book will be beneficial to synthetic organic chemists who work in the field of drug development.

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Inhalt

Cover
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgement
Part I: Microbial Pigment Sources and Diversity
Chapter 1 Introduction to Microbial Colorants
1.1 Background and Significance
1.2 Classification of Microbial Pigments
1.2.1 Classification Based on the Source
1.2.1.1 Bacterial Pigments
1.2.1.2 Fungal Pigments
1.2.1.3 Algal Pigments
1.2.1.4 Pigments from Cyanobacteria
1.2.1.5 Pigments from Lichens
1.2.1.6 Pigments from Yeasts, Actinomycetes, and Archaea
1.2.1.7 Conventional Microbial Pigment Sources
1.2.1.8 Nonconventional Microbial Pigment Sources
1.2.2 Classification Based on the Chemical Nature of Pigments
1.2.2.1 Carotenoids
1.2.2.2 Terpenoids
1.2.2.3 Chlorophylls
1.2.2.4 Flavins
1.2.2.5 Polyketides
1.2.2.6 Amino Acid Derivatives
1.2.2.7 Cyclic Peptides
1.2.2.8 Indigoids
1.2.2.9 Betalains
1.3 Industrial Applications of Microbial Pigments
1.3.1 Food Industry
1.3.2 Pharmaceutical Industry
1.3.3 Cosmetics Industry
1.3.4 Textile Industry
1.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Bacterial Pigments: Diversity and Biosynthesis Pathways
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Diversity of Bacterial Pigments
2.2.1 Carotenoids
2.2.1.1 Structure
2.2.1.2 Function
2.2.1.3 Biosynthesis
2.2.2 Prodiginines
2.2.2.1 Structure
2.2.2.2 Function
2.2.2.3 Biosynthesis
2.2.3 Pyocyanin
2.2.3.1 Structure
2.2.3.2 Function
2.2.3.3 Biosynthesis
2.2.4 Quinones
2.2.4.1 Structure
2.2.4.2 Function
2.2.4.3 Biosynthesis
2.2.5 Other Bacterial Pigments
2.2.5.1 Phycoerythrin
2.2.5.2 Phycocyanin
2.2.5.3 Melanin
2.2.5.4 Violacein
2.2.5.5 Indigoidine
2.2.5.6 Flexirubin
2.2.5.7 Pyoverdine
2.2.5.8 Aura Chin
2.3 Applications of Bacterial Pigments
2.3.1 Food Industry
2.3.2 Medical Field
2.3.3 Energy-Related Technologies
2.3.4 Other Applications
2.4 Future Research
2.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3 Fungal Pigments: A Sustainable Alternative to Synthetic Colors
3.1 Introduction
3.2 What are Fungal Pigments?
3.3 Why Fungal Pigments?
3.4 Source of Fungal Pigments
3.4.1 Alternaria spp.
3.4.2 Aspergillus spp.
3.4.3 Chaetomium spp.
3.4.4 Daldinia spp.
3.4.5 Fusarium spp.
3.4.6 Hypoxylon spp.
3.4.7 Monascus spp.
3.4.8 Neurospora spp.
3.4.9 Penicillium spp.
3.4.10 Pyrenophora spp.
3.4.11 Talaromyces spp.
3.4.12 Trichoderma spp.
3.4.13 Other Genera
3.5 Extraction Methods of Fungal Pigments
3.5.1 Extracellular Pigment Extraction
3.5.2 Intracellular Pigment Extraction
3.5.2.1 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Technique
3.5.2.2 Microwave-Assisted Extraction
3.5.2.3 Ionic Liquid-Assisted Extraction
3.5.2.4 Supercritical Extraction
3.5.2.5 Pulsed Electric Field
3.5.2.6 Pressurized Liquid Extraction
3.6 Applications of Fungal Pigments
3.6.1 Fungal Pigments in Food Industry
3.6.2 Fungal Pigments Applications in Textile Industry
3.6.3 Fungal Pigment as Antibacterial Agent
3.6.4 Fungal Pigments as Antioxidants
3.6.5 Fungal Pigments in Cosmetic Industry
3.6.6 Fungal Pigments as Anticancerous Agents
3.7 Limitations and Challenges
3.8 Mycotoxicity Testing
3.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Algal and Cyanobacterial Colorants: From Chlorophyll to Phycocyanin
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Microalgae Pigments
4.2.1 Chlorophyll Pigments
4.2.2 Phycobiliprotein Pigments
4.2.3 Carotenoid Pigments
4.3 Production and Extraction Methodologies for Enhancement the Pigment Productivity
4.3.1 Microalgae Production
4.3.1.1 Microalgae Cultivation Systems
4.3.1.2 Culture Conditions
4.3.2 Extraction of Microalgae Pigments
4.4 Industrial Applications and Market Trends of Microalgae Pigments
4.5 Sustainability of Microalgae Pigments and Future Perspectives
4.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Nonconventional Microbial Sources-Yeast, Actinomycetes, Archaea
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Nonconventional Microbes
5.2.1 Nonconventional Yeasts
5.2.1.1 Kluyveromyces marxianus
5.2.1.2 Kluyveromyces lactis
5.2.1.3 Yarrowia lipolytica
5.2.1.4 Hansenula polymorpha
5.2.1.5 Trichosporon oleaginosus
5.2.1.6 Debaryomyces hansenii
5.2.1.7 Dekkera bruxellensis
5.2.1.8 Pichia pastoris
5.2.1.9 Pichia kudriavzevii
5.2.1.10 Scheffersomyces stipitis
5.2.1.11 Rhodotorula toruloides
5.2.2 Actinomycetes
5.2.2.1 Corynebacterium
5.2.2.2 Rhodococcus
5.2.2.3 Streptomyces
5.2.3 Archaea
5.3 Nonconventional Hosts with Important Industrial Applications
5.4 Genetic Engineering Tools for Nonconventional Microbes
5.4.1 Plasmids
5.4.2 Promoters and Terminators
5.4.3 DNA Repair
5.4.4 RNA Interference
5.4.5 CRISPR/Cas9
5.5 Software Packaging Tools for CRISPR Screen Evaluation
5.5.1 MAGeCK-VISPR
5.5.2 CRISPhieRmix
5.5.3 JACKS
5.5.4 BAGEL2
5.5.5 acCRISPR
5.6 Comprehensive Understanding of Genetic Modification Tools on Microbial Nonconventional Platforms
5.7 Conclusion
References
Part II: Chemistry of Microbial Pigments
Chapter 6 Introduction to Chemistry of Microbial Colorants: Structures, Properties, and Biosynthesis
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Isoprenoid Pigments
6.2.1 Carotenoids
6.2.1.1 Properties of Carotenoids
6.2.1.2 Biosynthesis of Carotenoids
6.3 Flavins
6.3.1 Riboflavin (B2)
6.3.1.1 Properties of Riboflavin
6.3.1.2 Biosynthesis of Riboflavin
6.4 Tetrapyrrole-Containing Pigments
6.4.1 Chlorophylls
6.4.1.1 Biosynthesis of Chlorophylls
6.4.2 Phycobilins
6.4.2.1 Properties of Phycobilins
6.4.2.2 Biosynthesis of Phycobilins
6.4.3 Indigoids
6.4.3.1 Properties of Indigoids
6.4.3.2 Biosynthesis of Indigo
6.5 Alkaloid Pigments
6.5.1 Prodigiosines
6.5.1.1 Properties of Prodigiosines
6.5.1.2 Biosynthesis of Prodigiosin
6.5.2 Betalains
6.5.2.1 Properties of Betacyanins and Betaxanthins
6.5.2.2 Biosynthesis of Betalains
6.5.3 Violacein
6.5.3.1 Properties of Violacein
6.5.3.2 Biosynthesis of Violacein
6.5.4 Phenazines
6.5.4.1 Properties of Pyocyanin
6.5.4.2 Biosynthesis of Phenazines
6.6 Polyketide Pigments
6.6.1 Quinones
6.6.1.1 Properties of Quinones
6.6.1.2 Biosynthesis of Quinones
6.6.2 Azaphilones
6.6.2.1 Properties of Azaphilones
6.6.2.2 Biosynthesis of Azaphilones
6.7 Phenol-Containing Pigments
6.7.1 Styrylpyrones
6.7.1.1 Biosynthesis of Hispidin
6.8 Melanins
6.8.1 Properties of Melanins
6.8.2 Biosynthesis of Melanins
6.9 Siderophores
6.9.1 Properties of Siderophores
6.9.2 Biosynthesis of Siderophores
6.10 Conclusion and Future Prospectives
References
Chapter 7 Microbial Pigment Extraction and Purification Techniques
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Solid-Liquid Extraction Techniques
7.2.1 Conventional Solid-Liquid Extraction Techniques
7.2.2 Process Intensification Using Advanced Techniques
7.2.2.1 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
7.2.2.2 Microwave-Assisted Extraction
7.2.2.3 Pulsed Electric Field-Assisted Extraction
7.2.2.4 Pressurized-Liquid Extraction (PLE)
7.2.2.5 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)
7.2.2.6 Enzyme-Assisted Extraction (EAE)
7.2.3 Extraction Using Non-Conventional Solvents
7.3 Purification of Microbial Pigments
7.4 Polishing Operations
7.5 Conclusions
Declaration of Generative AI in Scientific Writing
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 8 Extraction and Purification of Microbial Pigments: Eco-Friendly Techniques and Applications
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Classification of Microbial Pigments
8.2.1 Pigments of Algal
8.2.2 Pigments of Bacteria
8.2.3 Pigments of Cyanobacteria
8.2.4 Pigments of Fungal
8.2.5 Pigments of Lichens
8.2.6 Pigments from Yeasts
8.3 Extraction Techniques
8.3.1 Ultrasound Extraction Process
8.3.2 Microwave Extraction Process
8.3.3 Enzyme Extraction Process
8.3.4 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
8.3.5 Pressurized Fluid Extraction Process
8.3.6 Ionic Liquids-Assisted Extraction
8.4 Purification Techniques
8.5 Applications
8.5.1 Usage in Food and Beverage Industry
8.5.2 Usage in Textile Industry
8.5.3 Usage in Cosmetic Industry
8.5.4 Usage in Medical
8.6 Challenges and Future Perspectives
8.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9 Chlorophylls: The Verdant World of Photosynthetic Pigments
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Photosynthesis Types
9.3 Photosynthetic Micro-Organisms
9.4 Structural Diversity of Chlorophyll
9.4.1 Chlorophylls
9.4.2 Chlorophylls in Cyanobacteria
9.4.3 Photosynthetic Systems of Cyanobacteria
9.4.4 Chlorophylls in Microbial Algae
9.4.5 Chlorophylls a and b in Green Algae
9.4.6 Chlorophyll c in Brown Algae
9.4.7 Chlorophyll d in Red Algae
9.4.8 Chlorophylls Specific to Other Groups of Algae
9.5 Bacteriochlorophylls (BChl)
9.5.1 Bacteriochlorophylls a, b, c, d, e, f, g
9.6 Chlorophyll Biosynthetic Pathway
9.7 Enzymes Implicated in Chlorophyll Pathways
9.8 The Function of Chlorophylls in Microbes
9.9 Biotechnological Applications of Microbial Chlorophylls
9.10 Prospects for Research and Applications
9.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Phycobiliproteins: Algal and Cyanobacterial Pigments Radiating Vivid Colors
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Phycobiliproteins- Types and the Structural Architecture
10.2.1 Phycoerythrin (PE)
10.2.2 Allophycocyanin (APC)
10.2.3 Phycocyanin (PC)
10.3 Biosynthesis of Phycobiliprotein
10.4 Phycobiliproteins: Production Modus Operandi
10.4.1 Production and Scale Up
10.4.1.1 Bioreactors
10.4.1.2 Photobioreactor (PBR)
10.4.1.3 Open Ponds
10.4.1.4 Nutrition
10.4.1.5 Light
10.4.1.6 Temperature
10.4.2 Sources of Phycobiliproteins
10.4.3 Industrial Production of Phycobiliproteins
10.4.3.1 Upstream Processing
10.4.3.2 Downstream Processing
10.5 Applications of Phycobiliproteins (PBPs)
10.5.1 Phycocyanin
10.5.2 Phycoerythrin
10.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 From Cells to Pigments: A Comprehensive Overview of Microbial Flavin Production and Applications of the Yellow Pigments
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Sources of Natural Yellow Pigment
11.3 Biosynthesis of Microbial Yellow Pigment
11.4 Synthesis Optimization of Microbial Yellow Pigment
11.5 Applications of Yellow Pigment
11.5.1 Application in Food Industry
11.5.2 Application in Cosmetic Industry
11.5.3 Application in Textile Industry
11.5.4 Application in Pharmaceutical Industry
11.6 Conclusion and Future Aspect
References
Chapter 12 Polyketides: Complex Pigments From Microbes with Medicinal Potential
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Polyketide Biosynthesis
12.3 Polyketide Pigment from Insects
12.4 Polyketide Pigment from Microbes
12.4.1 Quinones
12.4.2 Naphthoquinones
12.4.3 Anthraquinones
12.4.4 Hydroxyanthraquinones
12.4.5 Azaphilones
12.4.6 Melanin
12.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 Amino Acid-Derived Pigments: Microbial Mastery in Coloration
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Different Types of Amino Acid-Derived Pigments
13.2.1 Violacein
13.2.1.1 Sources and Biosynthetic Pathway of Violacein
13.2.1.2 Applications of Violacein
13.2.2 Prodigiosin
13.2.2.1 Sources and Biosynthetic Pathway of Prodigiosin
13.2.2.2 Applications of Prodigiosin
13.2.3 Melanin
13.2.3.1 Sources and Biosynthetic Pathway of Melanin
13.2.3.2 Applications of Melanin
13.2.4 Betalain
13.2.4.1 Sources and Biosynthetic Pathway of Betalain
13.2.5 Indigoidine
13.2.5.1 Sources and Biosynthetic Pathway of Indigoidine
13.2.5.2 Applications of Indigoidine
13.3 Technical Challenges and Possible Solutions
13.4 Circular Economy and Waste Valorization
13.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Cyclic Peptides and Betalains: Microbial Pigments Unveiling Nature's Structural Elegance and Colorful Palette
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Cyclic Peptides
14.2.1 Structural Features of Cyclic Peptides
14.2.2 Classification of Cyclic Peptides
14.2.2.1 Classification of Cyclic Peptides Based on Molecular Sizes
14.2.2.2 Classification of Cyclic Peptides Based on Ring Numbers
14.2.2.3 Classification of Cyclic Peptides Based on Physical Properties
14.2.2.4 Classification of Cyclic Peptides Based on the Type of Cyclization
14.2.3 Biochemical Synthesis of Cyclic Peptides
14.2.4 Natural Sources of Cyclic Peptides
14.2.4.1 Cyclic Peptides Derived from Plants
14.2.4.2 Bacterial Sources of Cyclic Peptides
14.2.4.3 Cyclic Peptides Derived from Terrestrial Fungi
14.2.4.4 Cyclic Peptides Derived from Animals
14.2.4.5 Cyclic Peptides Derived from Marine Sources
14.2.5 Applications of Cyclic Peptides
14.2.5.1 Contribution of Cyclic Peptides to Medical Field
14.2.5.2 Contribution of Cyclic Peptides to Agriculture
14.2.5.3 Contribution of Cyclic Peptides to Electronics
14.2.5.4 Applications of Cyclic Peptides in Biosensors
14.2.5.5 Applications of Cyclic Peptides in Photoresponsive Materials
14.3 Betalains
14.3.1 Structural Features and Diversity of Betalains
14.3.2 Biochemical Synthesis of Betalains
14.3.3 Natural Sources of Betalains
14.3.3.1 Betalains Obtained from Plant Sources
14.3.3.2 Fungal and Bacterial Sources of Betalains
14.3.3.3 Betalains Produced from Genetically Engineered Microorganisms
14.3.4 Applications of Betalains
14.3.4.1 Contribution of Betalains to Human Health
14.3.4.2 Contribution of Betalains to Food Safety and Coloration
14.3.4.3 Contribution of Betalains to Environment
14.3.4.4 Applications of Betalains Beyond the Usual
14.4 Elucidation Techniques for Determining Molecular Structure
14.4.1 Analytical Methods for Determining Structures of Cyclic Peptides
14.4.1.1 Mass Spectrometry (MS)
14.4.1.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry
14.4.2 Analytical Methods for Determining Structures of Betalainas
14.4.3 Advanced Molecular Structure Identification Techniques
14.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 15 Indigoid Pigments: Unveiling the Blues and Violets of Microbial Artistry
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Chronicles of Discovery of Indigoid Pigments
15.3 Diversity of Indigoid Pigments
15.4 Characteristics of Indigoid Pigments
15.4.1 Visual Characteristics
15.4.2 Chemical Characteristics
15.5 Sources of Natural Indigoid Pigments
15.5.1 Plant Sources
15.5.2 Animal Sources
15.5.3 Microbial Sources
15.5.3.1 Bacteria
15.5.3.2 Fungi
15.5.3.3 Microalgae
15.6 Extraction Technique of Indigoid Pigment from Plant Sources
15.7 Biosynthesis of Indigoid Pigments
15.7.1 The Naphthalene Dioxygenase (NDO) Pathway
15.7.2 Multicomponent Phenol Hydroxylases (mPHs) for Indigo Production
15.7.3 Cytochrome P450s for Engineered Indigo Production
15.7.4 Peroxygenases for Bio-Based Indigo Production
15.7.5 Flavin-Dependent Monooxygenases for Indigo Production
15.7.6 Flavin-Containing Monooxygenases and Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenases
15.7.7 2-Hydroxybiphenyl 3-Monooxygenase and the Potential of FAD-Containing Hydroxylases for Indigo Production
15.8 Applications and Uses
15.8.1 Industrial Applications
15.8.1.1 Textile Industry
15.8.1.2 Food Industry
15.8.2 Medication
15.8.3 Cosmetics
15.8.4 Artistry
15.9 Challenges and Future Perspectives
15.10 Conclusion
References
Part III: Applications and Sustainable Impacts
Chapter 16 Microbial Pigments in Cosmetics and Personal Care
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Analysis of Current Market Trends in the Cosmetics Industry
16.3 The Impact of Synthetic Pigments on the Health of Cosmetics
16.4 Plant-Derived Pigments
16.5 Microbial-Derived Natural Pigments
16.5.1 Melanin
16.5.2 Astaxanthin
16.5.3 Prodigiosin
16.5.4 Indigoidine
16.5.5 Violacein
16.5.6 Azaphilones
16.5.7 Lycopene
16.5.8 Phycocyanin and Phycoerythrin
16.6 Utilization of Microbial Pigments for Cosmetic Purposes
16.6.1 The Inclusion of Sunscreen in Cosmetic Products
16.6.2 Products Designed to Slow Down or Reverse the Effects of Aging
16.6.3 Cosmetics and Skincare Items
16.6.4 Moisturizing Products Containing Microbial Pigments
16.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17 Microbial Pigments in Fashion, Art, and Packaging
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Microbial Pigments
17.3 Use of Microbial Pigments in Fashion and Textile
17.4 Use of Microbial Pigments in Art
17.5 Use of Microbial Pigments in Packaging
17.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 18 Microbial Colorants for Eco-Friendly Textile Coloration
18.1 Textile Industry Overview
18.2 Synthetic Dyes in Textile Dyeing and Printing
18.3 Potential of Microbial Colorants in Textile Dyeing
18.4 Potential of Microbial Colorants in Textile Printing
18.5 Emerging Dyeing and Printing Techniques
18.6 Final Remarks and Future Perspectives
Declaration of Generative AI in Scientific Writing
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 19 Microbial Colorants for Sustainable Dyeing and Printing of Textiles
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Colorants Used in Textile Industry
19.2.1 Natural Colorants of Microbial Origin
19.3 Dyeing Procedure
19.3.1 Steps of Dyeing with Microbial Colorants
19.3.2 Dyeing of Textiles with Bacterial Pigment
19.3.2.1 Prodigiosins
19.3.3 Dyeing of Cotton
19.3.3.1 Violacein
19.3.3.2 Melanin
19.3.4 Dyeing of Textiles with Fungal Pigment
19.3.4.1 Quinones
19.3.4.2 Anthraquinones
19.3.4.3 Carotenoids
19.3.4.4 Azaphilones
19.3.5 Dyeing of Textiles with Algal Pigments
19.3.6 Mordant Used for Dyeing Textiles with Microbial Colorants
19.4 Microbial Pigments in Textile Printing
19.4.1 Bacterial Pigment
19.4.2 Fungal Pigment
19.4.3 Algal Pigment
19.5 Challenges and Opportunities for the Industrial Application of Microbial Pigments
19.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 20 Microbial Colorants in Technological Advancements: From Sensors to Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Microbial Colorants in Colorimetric Sensors
20.2.1 A pH Colorimeter with Microalgae Containing Nanofibers
20.2.2 pH-Responsive Color Changing Sensor Based on Bacterial Pigment
20.2.3 Fluorescent Chemo Sensor for Detection of Biomolecules
20.2.4 A Whole-Cell Biosensor Based on Microbial Pigments for Heavy Metal Detection
20.2.4.1 Cadmium Detection
20.2.4.2 Copper Detection
20.2.5 Pros and Cons of Microbial Colorants in Sensors
20.3 Microbial Colorants in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
20.3.1 Bacterial Pigment as a Sensitizer
20.3.1.1 Prodigiosin Bacteria
20.3.1.2 Non-Sulfur Bacteria
20.3.1.3 Antarctic Bacteria
20.3.2 Fungal Pigment as a Sensitizer
20.3.2.1 Cortinarius Fungi
20.3.2.2 Cultured Fungi
20.3.3 Pigment Extracted from Algae
20.3.3.1 Microalgae
20.3.4 Cyanobacterial Colorants as a Sensitizer
20.3.5 Pigment Extracted from Archaea
20.3.6 Challenges of Microbial Colorants in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
20.3.7 Future Prospects of Microbial Pigments in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
20.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21 Microbiological Colorants in Fabrication of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells and Sensors
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Importance of Microbial Colorants
21.3 Literature Review
21.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 22 Environmental and Sustainability Aspects of Microbial Pigment Production
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Why it is Important to Consider Sustainability Aspects?
22.3 What Domains of Sustainability are to Consider?
22.3.1 The Pillars of Sustainability and Sustainable Development
22.3.1.1 Environmental Sustainability (Planet)
22.3.1.2 Economic Sustainability (Profit)
22.3.1.3 Social Sustainability (People)
22.3.2 Weak vs Strong Sustainability
22.4 Different Stages of Microbial Pigment Production and their Sustainable Aspects
22.4.1 Extraction of Microbial Pigment
22.4.1.1 Conventional Extraction of Microbial Pigments
22.4.1.2 Ecofriendly Extraction Techniques of Microbial Pigments
22.4.2 Purification and Characterization of Microbial Pigment
22.5 Pigment from Plant vs Microorganisms
22.6 Life Cycle Assessment of Microbial Pigment Production
22.7 Different Sustainable Aspects of Microbial Pigment in Different Industries
22.7.1 Food Industry
22.7.2 Textile Industry
22.7.3 Pharmaceutical Industry
22.7.4 Cosmetic Industry
22.8 Conclusion and Future Prosperity
References
Index
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