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This book presents detailed explanations of the topics of breast cancer and the medical imaging modalities that are used for breast cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment monitoring. It's presented in an understanding language with detailed clinical case studies in selected chapters, with the focus on various treatments for breast cancer patients, supported by detailed medical images. This project is based on four years of extended research and analysis by the authors, some of which has appeared within approved peer reviewed journal articles.
Mohammed Erkhawan Hameed Rasheed is a Chartered Scientist (CSci) and appointed Honorary Visiting Researcher within the Medical and Healthcare Technology Team in the Biomedical and Electronics Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK. He works as the Principal Investigator (PI) in Clinical Cancer Research on clinical case studies of various cancer types with focus on genetic testing, medical imaging and treatments. He is also the Research Scientist in charge of investigating artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning techniques for the enhancement of medical imaging modalities used for breast cancer and other types of cancer. He holds a PhD in Medical and Healthcare Technology from the University of Bradford, and he is a Fellow of the Institute of Biomedical Science.
Mansour Youseffi is a Reader in Biomaterials and Admission Tutor for the undergraduate and postgraduate MSc programmes within the Biomedical and Electronics Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK. He lectures in the following modules as the module leader: Materials Science and Engineering, Rehabilitation and Prosthetics, Functional Anatomy and Human Physiological Measurements, Biomaterials with Implant
Design and Technology, Clinical Biomechanics, Cell and Tissue Biology, Regenerative Medicine, and Design Build and Test. He holds a PhD in Engineering from Loughborough University of Technology, Loughborough, UK and he is a Registered Practitioner and Fellow of the Higher Education Academy.
Preface
Acknowledgements
Author biographies
List of abbreviations
1 Introduction
References
2 Breast cancer stages and risk factors
2.1 Background
2.2 Breast cancer stages
2.2.1 Stage 0
2.2.2 Stage I
2.2.3 Stage II
2.2.4 Stage III
2.2.5 Stage IV
2.3 Breast cancer risk factors
2.3.1 Age
2.3.2 Family history and genetics
2.3.3 Taking oral contraceptives
2.3.4 Taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
2.3.5 Pregnancy history
2.3.6 Race and ethnicity
2.3.7 Breast composition (density)
2.3.8 Drinking alcohol and its effect on breast cancer
3 Breast cancer prevention and breast cancer types
3.1 Breast cancer prevention
3.1.1 Modification of lifestyle and eating habits
3.1.2 Early pregnancy and breast feeding
3.1.3 Taking medicines
3.1.4 Prevention through surgery
3.2 Breast cancer control
3.3 Breast cancer symptoms
3.4 Breast cancer types
3.4.1 Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)
3.4.2 Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC)
3.4.3 Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)
3.4.4 Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC)
3.4.5 Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC)
3.4.6 Paget's disease of the nipple
3.4.7 HER2-positive breast cancer
3.5 Prevalence of breast cancer in young women
3.6 Breast cancer and pregnancy
3.7 Breast cancer in men
4 Breast cancer treatments
4.1 Surgery
4.2 Chemotherapy
4.3 Radiotherapy (RT)
4.4 Hormone treatment
4.5 Biological therapy (targeted therapy)
4.6 Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)
4.6.1 Cannabidiol
4.6.2 Graviola (soursop)
4.6.3 Origanum vulgare
4.6.4 Zamzam water
4.6.5 Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)
4.6.6 Paris polyphylla
4.7 Breast cancer recurrence
4.8 Blood marker test
5 Medical imaging
5.1 Background
5.2 Ionising radiation medical imaging techniques
5.2.1 X-ray (conventional radiography)
5.2.2 Mammography (mammogram)
5.2.3 Computed tomography (CT)
6 Non-ionising radiation medical imaging techniques
6.1 Ultrasound imaging (USI)
6.2 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
7 Radionuclide medical imaging techniques
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Positron emission tomography (PET)
7.1.2 Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
7.2 Medical image analysis
7.3 DICOM standard and Merge PACS
7.4 Medical image quality
7.5 Artificial intelligence (AI) and breast cancer imaging
8 Breast cancer and medical imaging clinical case studies
8.1 Information governance
8.2 Introduction to genetic counselling
8.3 Dense breast tissue case
8.3.1 Medical history of the patient
8.3.2 Breast imaging reporting and data system (BI-RADS)
8.3.3 Mammography of the patient
8.3.4 Ultrasound imaging of the patient
8.3.5 Treatment of the patient
8.3.6 Discussion
8.4 Metastatic breast cancer case
8.4.1 Breast screening mammography
8.4.2 Breast cancer and bone metastasis on a PET/CT scan of the patient
8.4.3 Discussion
8.5 High grade (G3) triple-negative metaplastic breast cancer
8.5.1 Introduction
8.5.2 Medical history of the patient
8.5.3 The patient's family history of cancer
8.5.4 Diagnostic tests
8.5.5 Treatment
8.5.6 Discussion
9 Discussion and conclusion
9.1 Discussion
9.2 Conclusion
9.3 Recommendations
9.4 Implications
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